seminar on health education

1. Seminar :
HEALTH EDUCATION
AND
PROPOGANDA
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Master of Public Health Programme
Presented by :
Rutuj Waghmare
MPH 2nd SEM

2.  Introduction
 Definition
 Aims and objective
 Approaches in health education
 Models of health education
 Methods of health education
 Health education in India
 Health propaganda
 Summary
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3.  To define health education and to know about the various
approaches, modes, and principles of health education
 To discuss about the methods of health education
 To know the role of government of India and various other
agencies in health education
 To know about propaganda and the difference between health
education and propaganda.
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4.  Since ancient time, man has been in search of cure for illness or
disease and aspired to be healthy and fit.
 Various civilizations in the past have witnessed the rise and
development of medicine aiming at treatment of the sick
 The concept of public health has provided a broader perspective
with an increased emphasis on prevention of disease and promotion
of health.
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5.  Health education is the process of imparting information about
health in such a way that the recipient is motivated to use that
information for the protection or advancement of his own, his
family’s or his community’s health.
 Health education is an active learning process, which aims at
favorably changing attitudes and influencing behavior w.r.t
health practices
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6.  Health is multidimensional.
 The WHO defined Health as: “A complete state of physical,
mental and social well-being and not merely absence of
disease or infirmity.”
(WHO 1948)
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9.  Health education is any combination of learning
experiences designed to help individuals and
communities to improve their health, by increasing
their knowledge or influencing their attitudes.
(WHO 1969)
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11.  The Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978) by emphasizing the need
for “ individual and community participation” gave a new
meaning and direction to the practice of Health education
 The dynamic definition of health education is now as
follows:
“A process aimed to encouraging peoples to wants to be
healthy, to know how to do what they can individually and
collectively to maintain health, and to seek help when needed.”
-TRS690 P-8 1983
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12.  Historically Health education has been committed to
disseminationing information and changing human behavior.
 Following the Alma-Ata Declaration adopted in 1978, the
emphasis has shifted from-
a) Prevention of disease to promotion of healthy lifestyle
b) The modification of individual behavior to modification of
“social environment ” in which the individual lives.
c) Community participation to community involvement
d) Promotion of individual and community “self-reliance”
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13. 1. To encourage people to adopt and sustain health promoting
lifestyle and practice.
2. To promote proper use of health services available to them
3. To arouse interest, provide new knowledge, improve skills
and change attitude in making rational decision to solve
their on problem.
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14. REGULATORY
APPROACH
SERVICE APPROACH
EDUCATIONAL APPROACH
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE APPROACH
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15.  This approach makes use of the law to protect the health of
people. The government makes laws and regulation in order to
safeguard the health of peoples.
 Regulations may be promulgated by the state by a variety of
administrative agencies.
 Regulations may takes many form ranging from prohibition to
imprisonment.
 Examples-
Pollution act,
Food Adulteration Act,
Environmental act,
Child marriage act
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16.  Advantages: Simple , Quick
 Limitations-
• They are applicable only in certain times or in limited
situations
• They may not alter the behavior of the individual.
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17.  It is also called as Administrative approach
 This approach was tried by basic health services in 1960’s.
 Intends to provide all the health facilities needed by the people at
their door steps on the assumption that people would use them to
improve their own health.
 Limitation-:not based on the felt-needs of people
 Example-when water seal latrines were provided, free of cost, in
some villages in India under the Community Development
Programme, people did not use them.
This serves to illustrate that we may provide free service to the
people, but there is no guarantee that the service will be used by
them.
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18.  This form of approach is found to be most effective means for
achievement of changes in the health practices and life styles
of community.
 Components :
1. Motivation
2. Communication
3. Decision making
 The results obtained from this approach may be slow, but
permanent and enduring.
 Another important Sufficient time for an individual to bring
about changes and learning new facts as well as unlearning
wrong information as well.
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19.  Radically new approach starting from the people with their
full participation and active involvement in the planning and
delivery of health services based on principals of health care
via community involvement and intersectoral coordination.
 This can be achieved by providing the necessary guidance of
help people identify their health problems and to find solution
to these problems.
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MODELS OF HEALTH
EDUCATION
MEDICAL
MODEL
MOTIVATIONAL
MODEL
SOCIAL
INTERACTION
MODEL

21.  Mostly this model is concerned with disease or illness.
 This model is primarily interested in the recognition and
treatment of disease and technological advances to facilitate
the process.
 Health information is provided to peoples hoping that they
will use this information to improve their health.
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22.  When people did not use the information provided to them, it
was felt that just providing information is not sufficient ; the
individual must have to motivated to translate the health
information into action.
 It is a process consisting of several stages through which an
individual is likely to pass before adoption. These are
awareness, motivation and action.
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Awareness
Motivation Interest
Evaluation
Decision making
Action Adaptation or acceptance

23.  The traditional motivation approach is insufficient to achieve
behavioral change hence it is the social environment which
needs to be changed.
 Example: reducing smoking, adoption of small family norm,
raising the age of marriage, elimination of dowry, etc.
 It is often found that people will not readily accept and try
something new or novel until it has been approved by the
group to which they belong. Most of us prefer to do only the
things commonly done by our group.
 Example: adoption of new idea like vasectomy or loop
insertion is facilitated if there is a group support etc.
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• HUMAN BIOLOGY
• NUTRITION
• HYGIENE
• FAMILY HEALTH
• DISEASE PREVENTION & CONTROL
• MENTAL HEALTH
• PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS
• USE OF HEALTH SERVICES

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1.CREDIBILITY
2.INTEREST
3.PARTICIPATION
4.MOTIVATION
5.COMPREHENSION
6.REINFORCEMENT

26. 7.LEARNING BY DOING
8.KNOWN TO UNKNOWN
9.SETTING AN EXAMPLE
10.GOOD HUMAN RELATIONS
11.FEEDBACK
12.COMMUNITY LEADERS
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27.  Auditory Aids– radio, tape recorder, microphone, amplifiers,
earphone
 Visual Aids– Chalk board, leaflet, posters, charts Slides, film
strips etc.
 Combined AV Aids– TV, Sound films, Slide-tape combination
No health education can be effective with out audiovisual aids.
They help to simplify the unfamiliar concepts.
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28. INDIVIDUAL
APPROACH
• Personal contact
• Home visits
• Personal letters
GROUP
APPROACH
• Lectures
• Demonstration
• Discussion method
MASS
APPROACH
• Television
• Radio
• Newspaper
• Poster
• Internet
• Folk method

29. Health education occurs in a variety of places, these
include
1. Schools
2. Worksites
3. Health Care Organizations
4. Health Departments
5. Voluntary Health Agencies
6. Community Settings
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30. SETTING PRIMARY MISSION WHO IS SERVED?
School Education Children/adolescents
Worksite Produce goods and services;
Make a profit (if applicable)
Consumers of products and
services
Hospitals Treat illness and trauma Patients
Community primary care
setting
Prevent, detect, and treat
illness and trauma
Patients
Health Department Chronic and infectious
disease prevention and
control
Public
Voluntary health agencies Prevention and control
Targeted disease/condition
Public
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31.  People specialize in health education (trained and/or certified
health education specialists).
 Para-professionals and health professionals -perform selected
health education functions as part of what they consider their
primary responsibility (medical treatment, nursing, social
work, physical therapy, oral hygiene, etc.)
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33.  The Government of India is responsible for providing
countrywide education to the people on health care and
management.
 The Directorate General of Health Services set up Central
Health Education Bureau (CHEB) in 1956 to coordinate
health education services through various divisions in the
country.
 Formed on the recommendation of the Bhore committee and
the Planning commission
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34.  Functions-
1. Interpret the plans, programs and achievements of the Ministry
of Health and Family Welfare.
2. Design, guide and conduct research in health Behavior, health
education processes and aids.
3. Produce and distribute ‘proto-type’ health promotion and
education material in relation to various health problems and
programs in country.
4. Provide guidelines for the organizational setup, functioning of
health education units at the state, district and other levels.
5. Collaborating with international agencies in promoting health
education activities.
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35. Health Promotion & Education Division
Media & Editorial Division
School & Adolescent Health Education Division
Training, Research & Evaluation Division
Administrative Division
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36.  School health services are managed by respective State
Governments and Union Territories.
 The aim of school health programme is to provide
comprehensive health care to all school children in both urban
and rural areas.
 It comprises of medical examination, treatment, preventive
medicine, follow-up action, sanitation, hygiene, safe
environment and other aspects of health management.
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37.  There is a provision for health check-up twice in a year
undertaken by government or private agencies under the
supervision of a Medical Officer who is in charge of medical
inspection.
 Medical fee is collected in schools for the purpose of health
care which is compulsory.
 This arrangement is made with a view to bring about
awareness among parents and teachers
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38.  Health instruction is not considered a part of the total school
curriculum.
 Health instruction component is missing from primary school
to university levels in India.
 Systematical health instruction is not imparted on mandatory
and regular basis
 Health universities and medical colleges are imparting
professional health education and training.
 The students do get the benefit of incidental teaching on
health care resources and methods
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39.  Printed materials, audio-visual programme, demonstrations,
exhibitions, poster campaigns, group discussions, lecture
programme, field trips, health clubs and other health
instructional opportunities are made available to the students
at various levels.
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40.  Mass media like newspapers, magazines, film, radio and
television are diffusing health information throughout the
country in their own way.
 Mass media can play a complementary role in facilitating
health for all.
 In reality, mass media in India have not accorded a place of
pride to health education
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41. The print media have played a limited role in promoting
health consciousness among the people.
Once in a while reports, articles, features, profiles and
other health-centered contents appear in the press
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42.  All India Radio is well known in the world as the
largest radio network.
 Radio also provides series of special audiences
programme on variety of subjects including health
education and management.
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43.  Television has become the massest of all mass media in India
and everywhere.
 Doordarshan which is managed by the Prasar Bharathi
Corporation provides Information, Education and
Communication (IEC) support to Health and Family Welfare
through telecasts during different time slots allover the
country.
 Discussions, interviews, quickies, quizzes, special chunks,
spots, jingles etc., are broadcast by Doordarshan Kendras with
a focus on burning health issues of our time.
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44.  Film is a powerful medium of communication.
 India produces largest feature films, newsreels and
documentaries in the world.
 Newsreels and documentaries which focus the attention of the
audience on health, nutrition, family welfare and environment
protection.
 These newsreels and documentaries are screened in cinema
theatres and non-theatrical channels which include community
halls, educational institutions, industrial houses, cultural
organizations etc.
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45.  Telecommunication channels, satellite communication
channels and computer communication channels
predominantly constitute new communication technologies in
the present times.
 These technologies have given rise to telemedicine, video
conferencing and other latest tools of health communication
and health education.
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46.  There are many NGOs operating in urban and rural areas.
 They are providing education, training and guidance to the
people on various developmental themes including health
education .
 They are also using multi-media for the purpose of health
education.
 They include: posters, wall writings, lectures, group
discussions, seminars, workshops, photo exhibitions,
demonstrations and so on.
 NGOs are playing an active role in promoting health education
in urban and rural areas even under certain constraints and
limitations.
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47.  Shikshantar -The Peoples' Institute for Rethinking Education
and Development
 Manzil -A Youth Empowerment and Learning Center
 Saakshar
 Prajwala
 Lok Biradari Prakalp of Prakash and Manda Amte
 Smile Foundation
 The Akanksha Foundation
 Azim Premji Foundation
 Teach For India
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49.  The National Institution for Transforming India, also
called NITI Aayog, was formed via a resolution of the Union
Cabinet on January 1, 2015.
 NITI Aayog is the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the
Government of India.
 At the core of NITI Aayog’s creation are two hubs – Team
India Hub and the Knowledge and Innovation Hub.
 The Team India Hub leads the engagement of states with the
Central government, while the Knowledge and Innovation
Hub builds NITI’s think-tank capabilities. These hubs reflect
the two key tasks of the Aayog.
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50.  Unnat Bharat Abhiyan is inspired by the vision of
transformational change in rural development processes by
leveraging knowledge institutions to help build the
architecture of an Inclusive India
 Their mission is conceptualized as a movement to enable
processes that connect institutes of higher education with local
communities to address the development challenges of rural
India through participatory processes and appropriate
technologies for accelerating sustainable growth
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51.  It also aims to create a virtuous cycle between the society and
an inclusive university system by providing knowledge and
practices for emerging professions and to upgrade the
capabilities of both the public and the private sectors.
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52.  ASHA will be a health activist in the community who will
create awareness on health and its social determinants and
mobilize the community towards local health planning and
increased utilization and accountability of the existing health
services.
 She would be a promoter of good health practices by
educating people.
 ASHA will take steps to create awareness and provide
information to the community on determinants of health such
as nutrition, basic sanitation & hygienic practices, healthy
living and working conditions, information on existing health
services and the need for timely utilization of health & family
welfare services
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53.  Health education has not been accorded a place of pride in
government organizations, non-government agencies,
educational institutions and media organizations in India..
 Health education is not managed compulsorily, systematically
and meticulously in India.
 The future agenda for the Central Government, State
Governments/Union Territories and Panchayati Raj institutions
must deal with the process of people’s participation in health
education in which related processes, such as evolving a
suitable health education policy, developing health curriculum,
imparting health education, training health educators,
monitoring health education services and achieving the goal of
‘Health for All’ are also addressed at various levels.
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55.  Propaganda is information that is used to promote or publicize
a point of view or a cause. (ref)
 Propaganda often has the connotation of being biased or
misleading in some way-not telling the entire truth because of
the need to promote a view, cause, product, or person.
 Examples of Propaganda:
1. Advertisements of any kind are propaganda used to promote
a product or service.
For example, an ad that promotes one brand of toothpaste over
another is an example of propaganda.
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56.  Propaganda is merely a publicity campaign aimed at
presenting a particular thing or concept in a particular thing or
concept in a favorable right in such a way that the public may
accept it without thinking it analytically.
 Health education on the other hand, promote active thinking
and assessment of the problem by the people and encourages
them to decide for themselves whether they want to change
and in what manner.
 REF
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57. Health Education Propaganda
Knowledge and skills actively
acquired(active thinking)
Knowledge instilled in the minds of the
people(facts)
Develops reflective behavior .Trains
people to use judgment before acting
Develops reflexive behavior; aims at
impulsive action
Appeals to reason Appeals to emotion
Develops individuality ,personality and
self expression
Develops a standard pattern of attitudes
and behaviors according to would used
Knowledge acquired through self reliant
activity
Knowledge is spoon fed ad received
The process is behavior centered aims at
developing favorable attitudes , habits and
skills
The process is information centered – no
change of attitude or behavior designed

58.  Health education is any combination of learning experiences
designed to help individuals and communities improve their
health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their
attitudes.
 Approaches- regulatory approach, service approach,
educational approach, primary health care approach
 Models-medical model, motivational model, social interaction
model.
 Health education is a complex activity in which different
individuals, groups and organization play a part
 Parents, teachers, medical professional health workers,
government and non-government agencies are active partners
in health education team
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59.  Health education is a major and important component in any
preventive and primitive public health programs.
 Health education is also an important , integral part of social
sciences. Hence the scope of health education exceeds beyond
the conventional health sector
 It covers every aspect of family and community health.
 Propaganda is merely a publicity campaign aimed at
presenting a particular thing or concept in a particular thing or
concept in a favorable right in such a way that the public may
accept it without thinking it analytically
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