IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes research on modifying the microstructure of aluminum alloys through heat treatment and titanium addition. Key findings include:
1) Adding 0.09% titanium partially modifies the silicon particle structure, while 0.18% titanium achieves full modification.
2) Heat homogenization changes the shape of silicon particles from lamellar to spherical through a six-stage process.
3) Higher titanium content (0.18%) refines the aluminum dendrites and inhibits silicon growth, improving mechanical properties.
OPTIMIZATION OF INVESTMENT CASTING PARAMETERS OF A443 ALLUMINIUM ALLOY WITH A...IAEME Publication
In the present investigation A443 aluminium alloy has been taken to make the castings. A443 alloy comprises Silicon (4.5-6.0%), Copper (0.6%), Magnesium (0.5%), Zinc (0.5%), Manganese (0.5%) and aluminium as the balance. It is a high strength and low weight alloy used in aerospace engineering application. Owing to their good corrosion properties, high specific strength and low costs for shape forming, cast aluminium alloys are wised used in engineering applications, such as engines for vehicles, helicopters and fan hubs, etc. Due to its above features it could also be used in making engine blocks and other automotive parts. Reduce the shrinkage defects from the casting a trace element is added in the A443 aluminium alloy and optimize investment casting parameter using Taguchi method.
Published paper october 2016 former phd scholar vit chennai dr t rv dr nara a...Dr.T.R. Vijayaram
This document summarizes research on aluminum matrix hybrid composites produced via semisolid processing and the associated process parameters. It discusses how hybrid composites can yield desirable properties by combining two or more secondary particles in the aluminum matrix. Semisolid processing of composites involves mechanical stirring of an aluminum melt containing ceramic reinforcements in a semisolid state, which allows for uniform distribution of particles and porous-free castings with improved mechanical properties. Key processing parameters that influence composite properties include stirring speed, particle size and shape, melting temperature, and wettability between the aluminum melt and ceramic particles. Ultrasonic vibration application during semisolid processing can further improve particle distribution and casting quality.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of friction stir processing (FSP) on the microstructure and hardness of AA6061 aluminum sheet metal. The following key points are made:
1) FSP was used to refine the grain structure of AA6061, decreasing the average grain size by 70% compared to the untreated metal.
2) Hardness testing found that hardness increased with additional FSP passes, with hardness up to 1.75 times higher than untreated areas after 4 passes.
3) Microstructural analysis found that FSP effectively refined the grain structure through severe plastic deformation during processing, leading to improved mechanical properties like increased hardness.
This document summarizes a study on developing a full mould casting process using polystyrene foam as a pattern. A polystyrene cutting machine was fabricated to cut foam into patterns. An aluminum-silicon alloy was used for casting. Modification was done to improve mechanical properties. Tests found that the casting process produced parts with good shape, mechanical properties, and surface finish using the polystyrene foam pattern and modifier. The full mould casting process allows for complex shapes without draft or flash at lower cost, energy use, and waste compared to other casting methods.
Study of effect of process parameter setting on porosity levels of aluminium ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methodology to examine the effect of die casting process parameters on porosity levels in aluminum alloy SAE 308. An experiment was conducted using an L9 orthogonal array to test combinations of four process parameters (first phase speed, second phase speed, first phase length, and injection pressure) at three levels each. Porosity measurements from cast samples were used to calculate signal-to-noise ratios for each trial. Analysis of variance found that injection pressure had the greatest effect on porosity levels, followed by first phase length, second phase speed, and first phase speed. Optimum parameter settings were estimated to minimize porosity, along with a confidence interval for the predicted mean porosity value.
Microstructure and Hardness of Aluminium Alloy- Fused Silica Particulate Comp...AM Publications
Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) refer to the class of light weight high performance aluminum centric
material systems. The reinforcement in AMCs could be in the form of continuous/discontinuous fibers, whiskers or particulates,
in volume fractions. Properties of AMCs can be tailored to the demands of different industrial applications by suitable
combinations of matrix, reinforcement and processing route. This work focuses on the fabrication of aluminum alloy (LM13)
matrix composites reinforced with 9%, 12% &15% fused silica particulates using stir casting route. The microstructure and
hardness of the fabricated composite were analyzed and reported.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes research on modifying the microstructure of aluminum alloys through heat treatment and titanium addition. Key findings include:
1) Adding 0.09% titanium partially modifies the silicon particle structure, while 0.18% titanium achieves full modification.
2) Heat homogenization changes the shape of silicon particles from lamellar to spherical through a six-stage process.
3) Higher titanium content (0.18%) refines the aluminum dendrites and inhibits silicon growth, improving mechanical properties.
OPTIMIZATION OF INVESTMENT CASTING PARAMETERS OF A443 ALLUMINIUM ALLOY WITH A...IAEME Publication
In the present investigation A443 aluminium alloy has been taken to make the castings. A443 alloy comprises Silicon (4.5-6.0%), Copper (0.6%), Magnesium (0.5%), Zinc (0.5%), Manganese (0.5%) and aluminium as the balance. It is a high strength and low weight alloy used in aerospace engineering application. Owing to their good corrosion properties, high specific strength and low costs for shape forming, cast aluminium alloys are wised used in engineering applications, such as engines for vehicles, helicopters and fan hubs, etc. Due to its above features it could also be used in making engine blocks and other automotive parts. Reduce the shrinkage defects from the casting a trace element is added in the A443 aluminium alloy and optimize investment casting parameter using Taguchi method.
Published paper october 2016 former phd scholar vit chennai dr t rv dr nara a...Dr.T.R. Vijayaram
This document summarizes research on aluminum matrix hybrid composites produced via semisolid processing and the associated process parameters. It discusses how hybrid composites can yield desirable properties by combining two or more secondary particles in the aluminum matrix. Semisolid processing of composites involves mechanical stirring of an aluminum melt containing ceramic reinforcements in a semisolid state, which allows for uniform distribution of particles and porous-free castings with improved mechanical properties. Key processing parameters that influence composite properties include stirring speed, particle size and shape, melting temperature, and wettability between the aluminum melt and ceramic particles. Ultrasonic vibration application during semisolid processing can further improve particle distribution and casting quality.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of friction stir processing (FSP) on the microstructure and hardness of AA6061 aluminum sheet metal. The following key points are made:
1) FSP was used to refine the grain structure of AA6061, decreasing the average grain size by 70% compared to the untreated metal.
2) Hardness testing found that hardness increased with additional FSP passes, with hardness up to 1.75 times higher than untreated areas after 4 passes.
3) Microstructural analysis found that FSP effectively refined the grain structure through severe plastic deformation during processing, leading to improved mechanical properties like increased hardness.
This document summarizes a study on developing a full mould casting process using polystyrene foam as a pattern. A polystyrene cutting machine was fabricated to cut foam into patterns. An aluminum-silicon alloy was used for casting. Modification was done to improve mechanical properties. Tests found that the casting process produced parts with good shape, mechanical properties, and surface finish using the polystyrene foam pattern and modifier. The full mould casting process allows for complex shapes without draft or flash at lower cost, energy use, and waste compared to other casting methods.
Study of effect of process parameter setting on porosity levels of aluminium ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methodology to examine the effect of die casting process parameters on porosity levels in aluminum alloy SAE 308. An experiment was conducted using an L9 orthogonal array to test combinations of four process parameters (first phase speed, second phase speed, first phase length, and injection pressure) at three levels each. Porosity measurements from cast samples were used to calculate signal-to-noise ratios for each trial. Analysis of variance found that injection pressure had the greatest effect on porosity levels, followed by first phase length, second phase speed, and first phase speed. Optimum parameter settings were estimated to minimize porosity, along with a confidence interval for the predicted mean porosity value.
Microstructure and Hardness of Aluminium Alloy- Fused Silica Particulate Comp...AM Publications
Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) refer to the class of light weight high performance aluminum centric
material systems. The reinforcement in AMCs could be in the form of continuous/discontinuous fibers, whiskers or particulates,
in volume fractions. Properties of AMCs can be tailored to the demands of different industrial applications by suitable
combinations of matrix, reinforcement and processing route. This work focuses on the fabrication of aluminum alloy (LM13)
matrix composites reinforced with 9%, 12% &15% fused silica particulates using stir casting route. The microstructure and
hardness of the fabricated composite were analyzed and reported.
STUDIES ON ALUMINIUM-SILICON EUTECTIC ALLOY CASTING AND DESIGN APPROACH OF IT...IAEME Publication
LM-6 alloy, an eutectic alloy of Aluminium and Silicon is widely used in automobile industries and aircraft industries due to its high strength to weight ratio, high wear resistance, corrosion resistance etc. In this project work, to improve the mechanical properties of LM-6 alloy such as tensile strength, hardness and percentage elongation, modification treatment is carried out along with grain refinement, fluxing and degassing. Modification is a treatment of metal in molten condition which leads to the formation of fine grain structure improves the mechanical properties of the metal.
EFFECT OF ANTIMONY ADDITION RELATIVE TO MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERT...Rautomead Limited
It is well documented that the addition of antimony in pure lead increases tensile strength and reduced elongation. The goal of the present work is to identify the cause of these phenomena by investigation of the effects of the addition of Sb (1.25%) on the structure of pure continuously cast lead and lead alloy rods. The microstructure and morphology of both pure lead and lead 1.25% antimony were examined by digital optical microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to identify alloying elements. The results showed that the effect of additions of antimony on mechanical properties of lead-antimony alloys is mainly due to the solid solubility of the antimony element. Homogenized distribution of the antimony results in a decrease in the grain size of the pure lead. These smaller grains mean higher strength so long as there is a homogeneous grain structure
ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL AND MICRO STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF AL BASED METAL MATRI...IAEME Publication
In recent years Metal matrix composites have been considered as one of the most important materials which offer excellent wear resistance and stiffness, low weight, economic and high
strength to weight ratio. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with ball milled nano particles ,also called metal matrix –nano composite, are spreading rapidly in worldwide due to their various demands in the field of engineering and science like automobiles, aerospace, energy, defence,materials, electronics and bio technology.
A practical approach to eliminate defects in gravity die cast al alloy castin...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with elimination of defects in aluminium alloy castings produced by gravity die casting process. The main intention of work is to investigate the defects and improve quality of a gravity die cast component using Computer Aided Casting Simulation Software. In this study an industrial gravity casting die is used which was producing defective components. The die and components produced by the die are studied to eliminate the defects using virtual simulations. The defects in the components are identified to be solidification shrinkage, cracks, unfilled riser and incomplete mould cavity. The reasons for the defects are analyzed as either improper selection of process parameters, or improper design of gating and risering system. SOLIDCast simulation software is used for simulating the solidification process of casting and visualizing outputs showing possible problematic areas or defects which may occur in the cast product. The work is carried out in two stages. In first stage, few test castings are produced by modifying the process parameters (pouring temperature, pouring time, pre heat and alloy type) and results are compared with simulation results produced using same parameters. The pouring and simulation results are observed to be in good accordance with each other. In second stage, number of virtual iterations of casting is performed by changing riser dimensions. It was found from the simulation results that riser with 35mm diameter is required to produce casting with zero defects. The die is modified accordingly with the simulation results and metal is poured. The castings produced are observed to be sound and contain no defects; and also it is verified that solidification simulation helps in locating the defects, eliminating them and ultimately improving the quality of castings without any shop-floor trails.
Keywords: Aluminum-Alloys, Casting Defects, Gravity Die Casting, Material Density and SOLIDCast Simulation
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy (LM6) Reinforced with SiC...IOSR Journals
This work deals with fabricating or producing aluminium based metal matrix composite and then
studying its microstructure and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength and wear
behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop aluminium
based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of
producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir
casting technique has been adopted. Aluminium Alloy (LM6) and SiC, Fly Ash has been chosen as matrix and
reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of Fly Ash ( 5%
and 15%) while keeping SiC constant(5%). The result shown that the increase in addition of Fly Ash increases
the Tensile Strength, Impact Strength, Wear Resistance of the specimen and decreases the percentage of
Elongation
Intelligent traffic regulation system for roads using car two way communicationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Real time energy data acquisition and alarming system for monitoring power co...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
User search goal inference and feedback session using fast generalized – fuzz...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document describes the synthesis and morphology of silicon nanoparticles deposited on a silicon dioxide substrate using low pressure chemical vapor deposition with varying deposition times. Atomic force microscopy and image analysis software were used to characterize the nanoparticles and found that their height, density, and size varied with deposition time, with heights between 1-3 nm, densities from 2x1011 to 3.5x1011 particles/cm2, and sizes of 2-10 nm. The goal was to study how the morphological and electrical characteristics of the nanoparticles changed with different deposition parameters.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative analysis of edge based and region based active contour using leve...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and implementation of autonomous maneuvering robotic vehicle using glo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
STUDIES ON ALUMINIUM-SILICON EUTECTIC ALLOY CASTING AND DESIGN APPROACH OF IT...IAEME Publication
LM-6 alloy, an eutectic alloy of Aluminium and Silicon is widely used in automobile industries and aircraft industries due to its high strength to weight ratio, high wear resistance, corrosion resistance etc. In this project work, to improve the mechanical properties of LM-6 alloy such as tensile strength, hardness and percentage elongation, modification treatment is carried out along with grain refinement, fluxing and degassing. Modification is a treatment of metal in molten condition which leads to the formation of fine grain structure improves the mechanical properties of the metal.
EFFECT OF ANTIMONY ADDITION RELATIVE TO MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERT...Rautomead Limited
It is well documented that the addition of antimony in pure lead increases tensile strength and reduced elongation. The goal of the present work is to identify the cause of these phenomena by investigation of the effects of the addition of Sb (1.25%) on the structure of pure continuously cast lead and lead alloy rods. The microstructure and morphology of both pure lead and lead 1.25% antimony were examined by digital optical microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to identify alloying elements. The results showed that the effect of additions of antimony on mechanical properties of lead-antimony alloys is mainly due to the solid solubility of the antimony element. Homogenized distribution of the antimony results in a decrease in the grain size of the pure lead. These smaller grains mean higher strength so long as there is a homogeneous grain structure
ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL AND MICRO STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF AL BASED METAL MATRI...IAEME Publication
In recent years Metal matrix composites have been considered as one of the most important materials which offer excellent wear resistance and stiffness, low weight, economic and high
strength to weight ratio. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with ball milled nano particles ,also called metal matrix –nano composite, are spreading rapidly in worldwide due to their various demands in the field of engineering and science like automobiles, aerospace, energy, defence,materials, electronics and bio technology.
A practical approach to eliminate defects in gravity die cast al alloy castin...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with elimination of defects in aluminium alloy castings produced by gravity die casting process. The main intention of work is to investigate the defects and improve quality of a gravity die cast component using Computer Aided Casting Simulation Software. In this study an industrial gravity casting die is used which was producing defective components. The die and components produced by the die are studied to eliminate the defects using virtual simulations. The defects in the components are identified to be solidification shrinkage, cracks, unfilled riser and incomplete mould cavity. The reasons for the defects are analyzed as either improper selection of process parameters, or improper design of gating and risering system. SOLIDCast simulation software is used for simulating the solidification process of casting and visualizing outputs showing possible problematic areas or defects which may occur in the cast product. The work is carried out in two stages. In first stage, few test castings are produced by modifying the process parameters (pouring temperature, pouring time, pre heat and alloy type) and results are compared with simulation results produced using same parameters. The pouring and simulation results are observed to be in good accordance with each other. In second stage, number of virtual iterations of casting is performed by changing riser dimensions. It was found from the simulation results that riser with 35mm diameter is required to produce casting with zero defects. The die is modified accordingly with the simulation results and metal is poured. The castings produced are observed to be sound and contain no defects; and also it is verified that solidification simulation helps in locating the defects, eliminating them and ultimately improving the quality of castings without any shop-floor trails.
Keywords: Aluminum-Alloys, Casting Defects, Gravity Die Casting, Material Density and SOLIDCast Simulation
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy (LM6) Reinforced with SiC...IOSR Journals
This work deals with fabricating or producing aluminium based metal matrix composite and then
studying its microstructure and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength and wear
behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop aluminium
based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of
producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir
casting technique has been adopted. Aluminium Alloy (LM6) and SiC, Fly Ash has been chosen as matrix and
reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of Fly Ash ( 5%
and 15%) while keeping SiC constant(5%). The result shown that the increase in addition of Fly Ash increases
the Tensile Strength, Impact Strength, Wear Resistance of the specimen and decreases the percentage of
Elongation
Intelligent traffic regulation system for roads using car two way communicationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Real time energy data acquisition and alarming system for monitoring power co...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
User search goal inference and feedback session using fast generalized – fuzz...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document describes the synthesis and morphology of silicon nanoparticles deposited on a silicon dioxide substrate using low pressure chemical vapor deposition with varying deposition times. Atomic force microscopy and image analysis software were used to characterize the nanoparticles and found that their height, density, and size varied with deposition time, with heights between 1-3 nm, densities from 2x1011 to 3.5x1011 particles/cm2, and sizes of 2-10 nm. The goal was to study how the morphological and electrical characteristics of the nanoparticles changed with different deposition parameters.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative analysis of edge based and region based active contour using leve...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design and implementation of autonomous maneuvering robotic vehicle using glo...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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Semi solid heat treatment of hypereutectic al-18% si alloy containing iron-rich intermetallics
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 746
SEMI-SOLID HEAT TREATMENT OF HYPEREUTECTIC Al-18% Si
ALLOY CONTAINING IRON-RICH INTERMETALLICS
M. Ramadan1
, N. Fathy2
, M. A. Waly3
, A. A. Nofal4
1
Senior Researcher, Foundry Technology Department, Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute
(CMRDI), Cairo, Egypt
2
Assistant Professor, Physics Department, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
3
Professor, Foundry Technology Department, Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI),
Cairo, Egypt
4
Professor, Foundry Technology Department, Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI),
Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
In this research the effect of semi-solid heat treatment on matrix structure and iron-rich intermetallics of hyper-eutectic Al-18% Si
containing 0.95%Fe is studied. Semi-solid heat treatment at heating temperature of 585 C shows a significant refinement of iron-
rich intermetallic phase. In as cast samples ,needle-like iron-rich intermetallics phases was observed, otherwise, plate-like and
fine plate-like iron-rich intermetallics phases was observed for all samples heat treated in semi-solid state. Hardness values for
semi-solid heat treated Al-18% Si Alloy for all heating time range (10-40 min) are relatively higher compared with the as cast
one. Hardness value of 72.5 HRB is achieved by heating Al-18% Si alloy at heating temperature of 585 C for 20 min. At the early
stages of heating time (up to 20 min), a significant decreases of weight loss is observed in Al-18% Si alloy when semi-solid
isothermal heat treatment was applied at 585 C heating temperature. However, semi-solid isothermal heat treatment performed
above heating time of 25 min might result in increases of weight. The optimum semi-solid heating treatment condition was
achieved at the temperature of 565C for the range of 15 to 25 mins.
Keywords: Al-18% Si, Intermetallics, Heat treatment, Microstructure, Semi-solid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
It is well established that hypereutectic Al–Si cast alloys
have the good potential for tribological applications. Silicon
as a hard material increases the wear resistance of Al–Si
hypereutectic alloys. The presence of Fe and its compounds
can be a problem in hypereutectic Al–Si alloys. Iron as an
impurity in Al–Si alloys or as necessaryelement in the die-
cast process can leave some serious detrimental effects on
the mechanical properties of the casting parts. This is due
mainly to the precipitation of brittle β-Al5FeSi
intermetallics that appear as needles or plate-like
morphologies in the microstructure. However,in Al–Si
piston alloys, iron is a desirable element that helps to
enhance high temperature properties and thermal stability of
the alloy. Attempts have to be made to modify the negative
effects of iron intermetallics, e.g., by refining their size and
by modifying them to the lessdeleterious morphologies [1].
Hypereutectic Al–Si alloys such as A390 (Al–17% Si–4.5%
Cu–0.5% Mg) are used in applications that require high
resistance to wear and corrosion, good mechanical
properties, low thermal expansion and reduced density.
These properties are of particular interest to the automobile
industry for the production of fuel-efficient vehicles using
light-weight components produced from these alloys such as
connecting rods, pistons, air conditioner compressors,
cylinder liners and engine blocks [2]. Their good mechanical
properties and high resistance to wear are essentially
attributed to the presence of hard primary silicon particles
distributed in the matrix. Therefore, the size and
morphology of primary silicon in hypereutectic Al–Si alloys
influence the mechanical properties of the alloys [3].
Taghiabadi et al. [4] have shown that addition of about 0.7
wt.% Fe increased the hardness and improved the wear
resistance of the F332 Al–Si alloy. Addition of iron up to
2.5 wt.% increased the hardness, but decreased the wear
resistance.
This investigation has been focused on the effect semi-solid
heat treatment on iron-rich intermetallics and to study their
effects on hardness and wear loss of hypereutectic Al–Si
piston alloy containing 0.95% Fe.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
The alloy was melted in 30 kg capacity medium frequency
induction furnace. The chemical composition of alloy
samples is shown in Table 1. After flux treated, the melt
was held at 750 C for 5 min and then poured into a
permanent mould whose size of mould cavity is ø50
mm×200mm.
The differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC) for the
studied Al-Si alloy was conducted showing that solidus
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 747
temperature of 575.5 C, as shown in Fig.1. Specimens of
approximate dimensions 15x15x15 mm were cut for
isothermal heat treatment as well as microstructure
examination and hardness measurements. All specimens
were heated to 585 0
C hold for 10, 20, 30 and 40 mins,
respectively in an electrically heated resistance furnace with
heating rate of 10 C.min-1
. After the semi-solid heat
treatment, the samples were taken out immediately for air
cooling.
Table 1Chemical analysis of Al-Si samples, wt.-%
Si 17.95 Mn 0.02
Cu 4.20 Sn 0.07
Mg 0.55 Ti 0.06
Fe 0.95 V 0.03
S 0.01 TL(0
C)a
690
Ni 0.33 Ts (0
C)b
575.5
a
Liquidus temperature ,b
Solidus temperature
Specimens in either as cast or heat treated condition were
grinded, polished, etched with a solution consist of 0.5% HF
and 99.5% H2O and examined metallographically using an
optical microscope and photomicrographs were taken.
Microstructure and iron-rich intermetallics were measured
and analyzed with Scentis image analyzer software (with
errors 5%). Rockwell hardness test were also performed
using 1/16 inch diameter ball and 100 kgf load. The wear
tests were conducted on pin-on-disc machine. It consists of a
hardened steel disc and a holder for specimen pin. The tests
were conducted at content load of 0.4 bar and a sliding
velocity on 150 rpm for constant time of 30 min.
Fig.-1 DSC curve of hypereutectic al-18% Si alloy
containing 0.95% Fe.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. 2 shows the microstructure of Al-18% Si alloy for as
cast and semi-solid isothermal heated samples at 585 C for
range of 10 to 40 min. The microstructure of as cast
sample(see Fig.2 and Table 2) is characterized by needle-
like iron-rich intermetallics phses, otherwise, plate-like and
fine plate-like iron-rich intermetallics phases was observed
for all samples heat treated in semi-solid state at 585 0
C for
range of 10-30 heating time. Pervious study [5] reported that
the microstructure of semi-solid isothermal heat treated Al-
18% Si alloy is characterized by a relatively fine primary Si
particles in a matrix of -Al, eutectic Si and some
intermetallic particles compared with as-cast one, moreover,
At the early stages of heating time (up to 25 min), A
significant refinement of primary Si particle is observed in
Al-18% Si alloy when semi-solid isothermal heat treatment
was applied at 585 C heating temperature.
Table-2 Quantitative measurement of structural features of
as cast Al-18% Si alloy.
α-Al grain size, µm 155
α -Al grain sphericity 0.35
Primary Si particle size, µm 70
Primary Si particle sphericity 0.50
Hardness, HRB 62
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 748
Fig.-2 Microstructure of Al- 18% Si alloy for as cast and
isothermal heat treated at 585 0
C; a) As cast b) heating time
of 10 min; c ) heating time of 20 min; d ) heating time of 30
min; e ) heating time of 40 min.
Fig.3 shows generally that hardness values for semi-solid
heat treated Al-18% Si Alloy for all heating time range (10-
40 min) are relatively higher compared with the as cast one.
Hardness value of 72.5 HRB is achieved by heating Al-18%
Si alloy at heating temperature of 585 0
C for 25 min.
Hardness value increases with heating time up to 20 min due
to the grain refining of primary Si particle and α-Al grain,
meanwhile, hardness value decreases with heating time
above 25 min due to coalescence and particles
agglomerations.
Fig.-3 Hardness of as cast and isothermal heat treated Al-
18% Si alloy at 585 0
C as a function of heating time.
The variation in weight loss of Al-18% Si alloy containing
0.95 % Fe measured as a function of semi-solid heating at
5850
C for 10 to 40 min heating time is presented in Fig.4. It
is clear that at early stage of heating time (up to about 25
min.) the weight loss significantly decreases (wear resist
increases) by increasing the heating time. Increasing the
heating time above 25 min. shows increasing in weight loss
(wear resist decreases).
Fig. - 4 Weight loss as a function of heating time.
Pervious study [6] indicate that The isothermal holding at
the temperature near the eutectic point enhances the
separation of α (Al) and Si eutectic phases, and therefore,
the Al in the solution can easily precipitate on the existing α
(Al). After the fine holding time, low melting point phase
melts which distributes in the recrystallization grain
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
As cast value
Hardness,HRB
Heating Time, min
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
As cast value
Weightloss(x10
-3
g)
Heating time, min
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 749
boundaries or within grain as a result of the holding
temperature that is higher than the solidus. With increasing
holding time, many small liquid droplets within grain
combine and form several big liquid drops in order to reduce
the interfacial energy. After full recrystallization and then
increasing the holding time, Ostwald ripening and
coalescence play an important role to make the average size
of the solid particles increase. Ostwald ripening involves the
growth of large particles at the expense of small particles,
and it is governed by the Gibbs–Thompson effect which
alters the chemical potential of solutes at the particle/liquid
interface, depending on the curvature of the interface [7].
The reduction of interfacial energy between the solid phase
and liquid phase provides the driving force for grain
coarsening. Note that there are still a small number of
irregular-shaped grains, which probably result from the
coalescence of two spheroidal grains. Moreover, these
irregular-shaped grains possibly originating from the
extruded grains have not yet been completely broken up.
When the holding time is long enough, which makes the
solid volume fraction lower down, the Ostwald ripening
mechanism also begins after the structural coarsening. The
larger grain gradually becomes spheroidal to lower the
solid/liquid interfacial energy. It is clear that the high
semisolid It is clear that the high semisolid isothermal
temperature reduces the volume fraction of solid and
accelerates the spherical evolution of the solid particles,
long isothermal time makes the semisolid particles more
globular, but the size of the particles would grow larger [6].
It is clear that by increasing the heating time at semi-solid
temperature the amount of liquid will increases. The
separation of -Al phase leads to segregation of iron-rich
intermetallic phase to the liquid grain boundary that change
its morphology make it fineer and wider( plate-like), as
shown in Fig.2. Increasing of hardness by heating time up to
25 min (see Fig. 3) could be due to improve matrix structure
and primary Si as well as the iron-rich intermetallic phase
morphology. However, semi-solid isothermal heat treatment
performed above heating time of 25 min might result in
coarsening and agglomeration of primary Si.
Current and previous study [1] in a good agreement that the
reduction in wear resistance of as-cast alloy compared to the
semi-solid heat treated one, as shown in Fig. 4, can be
explained based on the microstructural features of the alloys.
Fig. 2 shows that addition semi-solid heat treatment of Al-
18% Si alloy containing Fe led to change of the precipitation
β-phase intermetallic in the matrix. β-Al5FeSi from needle-
like(as- cast samples) to fine plate-like( heat treated
samples).
3. CONCLUSIONS
The effect of the semi-solid heat treatment on microstructure
hardness and wear resist of hyper-eutectic Al-18% Si alloy
iron-rich intermetallics phses was investigated, which led to
the following conclusions:
1. In as cast samples ,needle-like iron-rich intermetallics
phases was observed, otherwise, plate-like and fine plate-
like iron-rich intermetallics phases was observed for all
samples heat treated in semi-solid state.
2.Hardness values for semi-solid heat treated Al-18% Si
Alloy for all heating time range (10-40 min) are relatively
higher compared with the as cast one. Hardness value of
72.5 HRB is achieved by heating Al-18% Si alloy at heating
temperature of 585 C for 20 min.
3. At the early stages of heating time (up to 25 min), a
significant decreases of weight loss is observed in Al-18%
Si alloy when semi-solid isothermal heat treatment was
applied at 585 C heating temperature. However, semi-solid
isothermal heat treatment performed above heating time of
25 min might result in increases of weight.
4. The optimum semi-solid heating treatment condition was
achieved at the temperature of 565 ◦C for the range of 15 to
25 mins.
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wear behaviour of hypereutectic Al–Si piston alloys
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