Partial veener crowns /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

PARTIALPARTIAL
VENEERVENEER
CROWNSCROWNS
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMYINDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental EducationLeader in continuing Dental Education
www.indiandentalacademy.com

“No other treatment in fixed prosthodontics
reveals the skill, care and judgment used by a
dentist than the quality of tooth
preparation”
www.indiandentalacademy.co
m

Man for centuries has mutilated,
adorned and decorated his teeth.
Throughout prehistoric time down
through the ages man has inflicted
mutilations and wounds upon himself
inspired by vanity, fashion, generosity,
mystical and religious ideas and
perversion of the senses. The esthetic
sense has indeed been profound. It
seems that the most ancient dental
prosthetic appliances have been of the
fixed bridgework type.
m

CONTENTS:
1.HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
2.TERMINOLOGIES
3. ROTARY INSTRUMENTS FOR PARTIAL
VENEER CROWN PREPARATION
4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
5. INDICATIONS AND
CONTRAINDICATIONS
6. TREATMENT PLANNING
m

7.MAXILLARY POSTERIOR THREE
QUARTER CROWN
8. MANDIBULAR POSTERIOR THREE
QUARTER CROWN AND ITS VARIATIONS.
9. THE ANTERIOR THREE QUARTER
CROWN
10. PIN MODIFIED THREE QUARTER
CROWN
11.REVIEW OF LITERATURE
12. CONCLUSION
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Fixed prosthodontic crown and bridge work
dates back as far as 300-400 B.C, where in
one of the oldest tombs of Sidon an extant
Phoenician specimen was recovered
consisting of gold wire fastening six anterior
teeth two of them being pontics.
m

1828: F. Maury:First presentation of
modern methods of supplying missing
teeth by means of bridgework.
1885: Benneti’s vertical half cap crown
1906: Carmicheal introduced the partial
veneer gold crown. Its construction
consisted of wire staple fitted into slots
cut into teeth over a burnished gold
plate the two united and strengthened
with solder
m

1910 : E.T. Tinker : developed a casting
technique largely facilitating the
fabrication of the so called three quarter
partial veneer gold crown. Technically
this was a refinement of the Carmicheal
crown.
Thereafter developments took place in
the direction of more accurate methods
of recording surface details, casting and
also design of the preparation to restore
not only the anterior teeth but also the
posterior teeth with partial veneer
crown. www.indiandentalacademy.co
m

TERMINOLOGIESTERMINOLOGIES
Tooth preparation: is defined as the
mechanical treatment of dental disease or
injury to hard tissues that restores a tooth
to original form. (Tylman)
Crown / artificial crown: a metal, plastic, or
ceramic restoration that covers three or
more axial surfaces and the occlusal surface
or incisal edge of a tooth (GPT-7; 1999)
m

Chamfer Finish line: A finish line design for
tooth preparation in which the gingival
aspect meets the external axial surface at
an obtuse angle (GPT-7; 1999)
Shoulder finish line : A finish line design for
tooth preparation in which the gingival floor
meets the external axial surfaces at
approximately a right angle(GPT-7; 1999)
Partial veneer crown:A restoration thatPartial veneer crown:A restoration that
restores all but onerestores all but one
coronal surface of a tooth usually notcoronal surface of a tooth usually not
covering the facial surface(GPT-7;1999covering the facial surface(GPT-7;1999))
m

Retention form :Retention form : The feature of a toothThe feature of a tooth
preparation that resists dislodgement ofpreparation that resists dislodgement of
crown in a vertical direction or along thecrown in a vertical direction or along the
path of placement (GPT-7; 1999)path of placement (GPT-7; 1999)
Resistance form :Resistance form : The features of a toothThe features of a tooth
preparation that enhance the stability of apreparation that enhance the stability of a
restoration and resist dislodgement alongrestoration and resist dislodgement along
an axis other than the path of placementan axis other than the path of placement
(GPT-7; 1999)(GPT-7; 1999)
Bevel :Bevel : The process of slanting the finishThe process of slanting the finish
line and curve of a tooth preparation (GPT-line and curve of a tooth preparation (GPT-
7; 1999)7; 1999)
m

ROTARY INSTRUMENTS FOR PARTIALROTARY INSTRUMENTS FOR PARTIAL
CROWN PREPARATIONCROWN PREPARATION
ROUND END
TAPERERED
DIAMOND
1.DEPTH ORIENTATION GROOVES
2.OCCLUSAL REDUCTION
3.FUNCTIONAL CUSP
TORPEDO
DIAMOND
1.AXIAL REDUCTION
2. CHAMFER FINISH LINE
SHORT NEEDLE INITIAL INTERPROXIMAL
REDUCTION IN POST. TEETH
LONG NEEDLE INITIAL INTERPROXIMAL
REDN. IN ANT. TEETHwww.indiandentalacademy.co
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SMALL WHEEL
DIAMOND
LINGUAL REDUCTION IN ANTERIOR
TEETH
TAPERED
FISSURE BUR
1.SEATING GROOVE
2.PROXIMAL GROOVE
3.OCCLUSAL AND INCISAL BEVELS
4.SMOOTHENING AND FINISHING
SMALL DIAMOND
(1/2 DIAMOND)
INITIAL PIN PREPARATION
TWIST DRILL
0.6MM/0.7MM
PIN PREPARATION
TORPEDO BUR AXIAL WALL FINISHING
CHAMFER FINISHING
FLAME BUR FLARE AND BEVEL FINISHINGwww.indiandentalacademy.co
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Advantages::
Tooth structure is spared.Tooth structure is spared.
Much of the margin is accessible to the dentistMuch of the margin is accessible to the dentist
for finishing and to the patient for cleaning.for finishing and to the patient for cleaning.
Less restoration margin is in proximity to theLess restoration margin is in proximity to the
gingival crevice lowering the possibility ofgingival crevice lowering the possibility of
periodontal irritation.periodontal irritation.
An open faced partial veneer crown is moreAn open faced partial veneer crown is more
easily seated completely during cementationeasily seated completely during cementation
while a full veneer crown tends to act like awhile a full veneer crown tends to act like a
hydraulic cylinder containing a viscous fluid.hydraulic cylinder containing a viscous fluid.
With some of the margins visible, completeWith some of the margins visible, complete
seating of a partial veneer crown is more easilyseating of a partial veneer crown is more easily
verified.verified.
If an electric pulp test ever needs to beIf an electric pulp test ever needs to be
conducted on the tooth a portion of enamel isconducted on the tooth a portion of enamel is
unveneered and accessible.unveneered and accessible.
m

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES::
Partial veneer crowns have less retentionPartial veneer crowns have less retention
and resistance than full coverage crowns.and resistance than full coverage crowns.
Preparing a tooth for this kind ofPreparing a tooth for this kind of
treatment is difficult primarily becausetreatment is difficult primarily because
only limited adjustments can be made inonly limited adjustments can be made in
the path of withdrawal.the path of withdrawal.
The placement of grooves, boxes andThe placement of grooves, boxes and
pinholes requires dexterity from thepinholes requires dexterity from the
operator.operator.
Some metal is displayed in the completedSome metal is displayed in the completed
restoration which may be unacceptablerestoration which may be unacceptable
to patients with high cosmeticto patients with high cosmetic
expectations.expectations.
m

INDICATIONSINDICATIONS
Posterior teeth that have lost moderatePosterior teeth that have lost moderate
amounts of tooth structure provided theamounts of tooth structure provided the
buccal wall is intact and well supportedbuccal wall is intact and well supported
by sound tooth structure.by sound tooth structure.
Can be used as retainers for FPDs orCan be used as retainers for FPDs or
when restoration or alteration of occlusalwhen restoration or alteration of occlusal
surface is needed.surface is needed.
In anterior region they can be used asIn anterior region they can be used as
retainers to reestablish anterior guidanceretainers to reestablish anterior guidance
and to splint teeth.and to splint teeth.
Particularly suitable for teeth withParticularly suitable for teeth with
sufficient bulk because they cansufficient bulk because they can
accommodate the necessary retentiveaccommodate the necessary retentive
featuresfeatures
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CONTRAINDICATIONS:CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Teeth with short clinical crowns becauseTeeth with short clinical crowns because
retention might not be adequate.retention might not be adequate.
Contraindicated as retainers for longContraindicated as retainers for long
span bridges.span bridges.
Rarely suitable for endodontically treatedRarely suitable for endodontically treated
teeth (esp. anteriors) becauseteeth (esp. anteriors) because
insufficient tooth structure remains forinsufficient tooth structure remains for
the retentive features.the retentive features.
In dentitions with active caries and / orIn dentitions with active caries and / or
periodontal disease.periodontal disease.
In teeth that are proximally bulbous.In teeth that are proximally bulbous.
In poorly aligned teeth.In poorly aligned teeth.
5&6- problem of unsupported5&6- problem of unsupported
enamel.enamel.www.indiandentalacademy.co
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TYPES OF PARTIAL VENEERTYPES OF PARTIAL VENEER
CROWNSCROWNS::
For posterior teethFor posterior teeth::
• Three quarterThree quarter
• Modified three quarterModified three quarter
• Seven-eighthsSeven-eighths
For anterior teethFor anterior teeth::
• Three quarterThree quarter
• PinledgesPinledges
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Mesial half crownMesial half crown: A three quarter: A three quarter
crown rotated 90 degrees,crown rotated 90 degrees,
preserving the distal surface whilepreserving the distal surface while
veneering the remaining surfaces.veneering the remaining surfaces.
Indicated primarily for the distalIndicated primarily for the distal
retainer of a mandibular FPD withretainer of a mandibular FPD with
tilted molar abutment.tilted molar abutment.
Reverse Three quarter crownReverse Three quarter crown: When: When
the lingual surface of a posteriorthe lingual surface of a posterior
tooth esp mandibular molar istooth esp mandibular molar is
preserved. Indicated in case ofpreserved. Indicated in case of
severe lingual tilt esp. ofsevere lingual tilt esp. of
mandibular molar being used asmandibular molar being used as
FPD abutment.FPD abutment.
m

They derive their names from theThey derive their names from the
number of axial surfaces involvednumber of axial surfaces involved
( ROSENSTEIL)( ROSENSTEIL)
Encompass that fraction of theEncompass that fraction of the
gingival circumference of the toothgingival circumference of the tooth
( TYLMAN).( TYLMAN).
m

TREATMENT PLANNING FOR PARTIAL
VENEER CROWN:
Caries incidence :A three quarter crown
has a longer periphery than a full crown
and should only be undertaken when
caries is not extensive.
Pulp vitality should be assessed. The
position of the pulp should be assessed on
a radiograph to ensure retentive grooves
or pins do not violate pulp space.
m

The shape of the tooth and its bulk are
important to ensure that a retentive
preparation can be made and that the
prepared crown can support the crown.
Periodontal tissue and supporting bone
assessment in relation to probable life of
the tooth particularly if it is being used as
an abutment.
Occlusion: the manner in which the tooth
contacts the opposing teeth in centric as
well as eccentric excursions should be
carefully evaluated.
m

RETENTION FORM:RETENTION FORM:
The quality of a preparation that prevents
the restoration from being dislodged by
forces parallel to the path of withdrawal.
Factors to be considered are:
Magnitude of dislodging forces.
Geometry of tooth preparation
-TAPER
-SURFACE AREA
-STRESS CONCENTRATION
-TYPE OF PREPARATION
Roughness of the fitting surface of the
restoration.
Materials being cemented
Film thickness of the luting cement.
m

RESISTANCE FORMRESISTANCE FORM::
Adequate resistance form depends on
the following:
Magnitude and direction of
dislodging forces
geometry of tooth preparation
physical properties of the luting
agent.
m

ESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS:ESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS:
Accomplishment of an esthetically
acceptable result without the use of
metal ceramic is preferred because…
Esthetic partial coverage restorations
depend on accurate placement of the
potentially visible facial and proximal
margins..
m

The proximal marginThe proximal margin::
The mesial margin…
The distal margin…..
Tooth preparation angulation…..
The facial marginThe facial margin
Maxillary post: just beyond the
occlusofacial line angle…..
Mand post: Well beyond the
occlusofacial line angle….
Anterior teeth: just short of the
incisofacial line angle….www.indiandentalacademy.co
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MAXILLARY POSTERIOR THREEMAXILLARY POSTERIOR THREE
QUARTER CROWNQUARTER CROWN
THE MIDSAGITTAL INDEX: Adapt one
half of silicone putty over the tooth to
be prepared plus one or two adjacent
teeth
m

OCCCLUSAL
REDUCTION:
Make depth orientation
cuts with ROUND –
END TAPERED
DIAMOND BUR on the
triangular ridges and
major developmental
grooves of occlusal
surface.
Recommended range
being 1-1.5 mm with
1.5 mm on thewww.indiandentalacademy.co
m

FUNCTIONAL CUSP
BEVEL
Begin the functional
cusp bevel by
placing three to five
depth orientation
grooves 1.5 mm
deep using a ROUND
END TAPERED
DIAMOND and NO.
171 BUR. The bur is
held at 45 degrees
to the long axis of
the preparation.
It should extend
from the central
groove on the
proximal surface
around to the
central on the
other proximal
surfacewww.indiandentalacademy.co
m

LINGUAL AXIAL
REDUCTION:
While reducing the
lingual surface
with a TORPEDO
DIAMOND be
careful not to over
incline the lingual
wall.
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PROXIMAL AXIAL
REDUCTION:
SHORT NEEDLE-
Breaking of contact
TORPEDO
DIAMOD- Reduction.
As the axial reduction
is done, a CHAMFER
finish line is formed.
This also serves as a
guide to producing
adequate axial
The removal of
tooth structure
near the finish
margin should
equal to one half
of the diameter of
the diamond or
0.5 mm.www.indiandentalacademy.co
m

Common errors:
Under extension of the axial reduction in a
facial direction can cause shortened
grooves.
Inadequate extension in a gingival
direction on the proximal surface opposite
from the pontic can lead to poor
RETENTION AND RESISTANCE.
Under extension of the gingivofacial angle.
It is important to keep the finish line AT
THE SAME LEVEL APICALLY throughout its
entire length. ( Most likely area of ¾
crown to fail).
m

PROXIMAL
GROOVES:
TAPERED FISSURE
BUR
They are directed to
the opposite lingual
corner of the tooth
forming a lingual
hook. Must be cut
along a line parallel
with a line tangent to
the outermost
curvature of the
tooth. (Tjan et al).
They must be
placed as FACIALLY
AS POSSIBLE
without
undermining the
facial enamel. They
should parallel the
long axis of the
tooth
m

The groove is extended to its full length in
segments of 0.5 mm as far gingivally as
possible ending about 0.5 mm above the
chamfer finish line.
The proximal groove should have a
definite LINGUAL WALL ( retention to
lingual tipping). They must be directed
toward the middle of the tooth at right
angles to the outer surface of the tooth
( prevents undermining of facial enamel
and avoids sharp unsupported wings of
tooth structure).
The distal groove should be cut so that it
parallels the mesial groove.
m

OCCLUSAL
OFFSET: tapered
fissure bur.
It is a 1.0 mm wide
ledge or flat terrace
on the lingual
incline of the facial
cusp. It connects
the grooves and
assuming the shape
of an inverted ‘V’.
It helps in casting
rigidity by tying
together the
proximal grooves to
form a reinforcing
staple.
Finish it with a end
cutting burwww.indiandentalacademy.co
m

FACIAL BEVEL:
FLAME DIAMOND
AND TAPERED
FISSURE BUR
Place a narrow
occlusal finish bevel
of 0.5mm width
along the
occlusofacial line
angle taking care to
keep it
perpendicular to the
path of insertion
The bevel, both
flares and the
chamfer should
connect smoothly to
form one continuous
finish line without
sharp angles.
m

VARIATIONS:
Proximal boxes instead of grooves:
This design is employed especially in cases
where caries or previous restorations are
already present on the proximal surface.
This design is more retentive than the
classic design.
Two proximal grooves:
This design is used to augment retention
and resistance and it is not as destructive a
design as a proximal box.
m

MANDIBULAR POSTERIOR THREEE
QUARTER CROWN
It is indicated as a bridge retainer or
single tooth restoration on second
premolars and molars for patients who do
not object to displaying some metal.
-How the preparation differs form its
maxillary counterpart?
1. Here the facial cusps are the functional
cusps
2. Hence the functional cusp bevel is
placed on the buccal cusp.
3. Occlusal shoulder is placed.
4. Facial bevel is placed.www.indiandentalacademy.co
m

THE SEVEN EIGHTHS CROWN
.
It can be judiciously applied on many
maxillary and mandibular molars and
premolars.
Indications and advantages:
Excellent esthetics as compared to full
coverage.
Significantly better retention and
resistance than does the three quarter
crown.
Considered for a bridge retainer on an
abutment with short crown lengthwww.indiandentalacademy.co
m

Also considered as a retainer for bridges
whose span exceeds one pontic when the
greater retention of a full coverage retainer
is not needed but esthetics is a
consideration.
This preparation is suitable on teeth
having an intact
mesiofacial cusp
but restoration,
caries,
decalcification or
fracture of the
distofacial cusp
m

THE PROXIMAL
HALF CROWN
INDICATIONS:
1.TILTED
MAN.MOLAR/
PREMOLAR
ABUTMENT
2.THE DISTAL
SURFACE IS CARIES
FREE
3.MINIMAL
INTERPROXIMAL
CARIES ELSEWHERE
m

ANTERIOR THREE QUARTER CROWN
A silicone putty index is made which can be
most helpful in gauging the preparation- a
midsagittal index and a wrap around
horizontal index.
m

LINGUAL
REDUCTION- Small
wheel diamond
make atleast 4 depth
orientation cuts
(small round
diamond) on the
lingual surface.
When buried in the
enamel to the shaft
the depth of the cut
will be
approximately 0.7
mm.
Use the small round
edged diamond wheel
to create two
concave depressions
on the lingual
surface.
m

INCISAL REDUCTION-
Small wheel diamond
Depth orientation cuts
on the incisal edge
barely breaking through
the facioincisal line
angle.—a depth of 0.7
mm.
the actual incisal
reduction is made using
the small wheel diamond
and parallels the
inclination of the un cut
incisal edge. www.indiandentalacademy.co
m

LINGUAL AXIAL
REDUCTION:
Torpedo diamond
• Reduction is begun
along the wall of the
cingulum keeping the
diamond parallel to the
incisal two thirds of the
tooth meanwhile
creating a definite
chamfer finish line. If
Cingulum is short –
beveled shoulder.
Grossly insufficient
lingual wall- pin
increases retention by
31 % -(Lorey and
Meyers) should be
placed at a depth of
4mm- Max retention.-
Lorey et al and Dilts et
al)www.indiandentalacademy.co
m

PROXIMAL AXIAL
REDUCTION-
Long needle and
torpedo diamonds.
On the proximal
surface use long
needle diamond to
break contact and
produce the initial
reduction Take care
to create proper
extension of the
faciogingival angle.
Extension in a facial
direction should just
barely break contact
with the adjacent
tooth.
3.finish using
torpedo and torpedo
carbide burs.
m

PROXIMAL
GROOVES
Tapered fissure
burs
Begin the mesial
groove with a
shallow
template to a
depth of 1.0
mm the groove
should
progress
gingivally in
increments until it
reaches its full length
which is atleast 1mm
above the finish line.
the grooves are
directed parallel to the
incisal two thirds of
the tooth.www.indiandentalacademy.co
m

For maximum effectiveness the proximal
grooves must be distinct, parallel and have
definite gingival seats.
Reproduce the groove on the distal wall as
well taking care that it is as parallel to the
mesial groove as possible.
PROXIMAL FLARES: Flame diamond and
flame bur
INCISAL OFFSET: Tapered fissure bur
INCISAL BEVEL : Tapered fissure bur
m

THE PIN MODIFIED THREE QUARTER
CROWN (PINLEDGE PREPARATION):
Indications:
“Retainer of choice when an unblemished
tooth is to be used as an abutment in a
esthetically critical zone”
1. Undamaged anterior teeth in caries free
mouth generally to reestablish anterior
guidance.
2. Alteration of lingual contour of maxillary
anterior teeth or alteration of occlusion
3. Anterior splintingwww.indiandentalacademy.co
m

Contraindications:
Large pulps
Thin teeth
Nonvital teeth
Carious involvement
Problems with proposed path of withdrawal
of FPD
Advantages:
Minimal tooth reduction
Minimal margin length
Minimum gingival involvement
Optimum access for margin finishing and
hygiene
Adequate retention.www.indiandentalacademy.co
m

Disadvantages:
Less retentive than complete coverage.
Alignment can prove difficult
Technically demanding
Not usable on nonvital teeth.
CRITERIA:
1.2-4 pins can be used
2. They should be positioned 1.0 mm
apart.
3. Serrated iridoplatimum pins are used for
maximum retention and resistance.
4. Pin diameter is 0.6 mm
5. Pin length is between 2-3 mm
6. Pins can be parallel sided or taperedwww.indiandentalacademy.co
m

LINGUAL FOSSA
REDUCTION:
Small wheel diamond,
small round diamond
Make depth orientation
cuts of 0.7 mm using
small round diamond
reduce the lingual fossa
in a concave fashion
using the small wheel
diamond
m

LINGUAL AXIAL AND
PROXIMAL
REDUCTION:
Long tapered diamond
and torpedo diamond
Reduction of vertical
lingual wall and chamfer
finish line is
accomplished.
Extend this preparation
proximally on both sides
, just breaking through
the
contact areas but
preserving the
facial enamel
with adequate
support.
Axial finishing is
done using
torpedo carbide
finishing bur
m

Proximal grooves two
on one axial surface
and one , much
shorter on the
opposite axial
surface are
prepared using
tapered fissure bur.
Proximal flares are
prepared using
flame diamond and
flame burs.
m

PREPARATION OF
LEDGES AND
OFFSETS:
Tapered fissure bur
1.Make ledge or
countersink on the
incisal surface
opposite to the
proximal grooves .
one more ledge is
prepared in the
cingulum area. These
should cut into the
dentin, be far off
from the incisal
margin They provide
a level plane for
starting the pin
preparation and also
allow for sufficient
metal around the
pins.www.indiandentalacademy.co
m

Preparation of
pinholes is started
using a small round
diamond and
continued using 0.6
mm twist drill up to a
depth of 2-3 mm. all
the pins must be
parallel to one
another.
Use the flame
diamond to
prepare the incisal
bevel.
Finish the
preparation using
carbide finishing
burs.www.indiandentalacademy.co
m

These ledges again must be connected via a
‘v’ shaped trough.
The proximal grooves are connected using
the incisal offset
m

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Joseph P. Moffa et al in 1967 studied the
retentive properties of parallel pin restorations
and established that threaded wrought pins are
more retentive than plane cast pins and that
there is direct relation between pin length and
number and the retention.
Ake Parlmid in 1967 designed a new
parallelometer which could be used intraorally
while preparing teeth for pin ledges, inlays, for
making grooves and boxes and for checking
alignment of multiple teeth preparations.
m

Pruden . W. H in 1971 discussed the indications,
contraindications, advantages and disadvantages
of partial coverage versus full coverage retainers.
He concluded that the proper use of pins made it
possible to use conservative partial coverage in
many teeth. Full coverage, according to him was
indicated in badly broken down teeth.
Anthony H. L. Tjan Gary D. Miller in 1979
discussed the functions of grooves and offset of a
three quarter crown and the types of groove flare
designs possible. They established practical
guidelines to establish grooves which fulfill
biologic, mechanical and structural requirements.
m

CONCLUSION:
Principles and biomechanical preparation of
various partial veneer crowns were discussed
Although the retention and resistance of these
crowns is less their conservative preparation
makes them restoration of choice wherever
possible. Addition of grooves, boxes and/or pins
increases the retention and resistance , yet it
remains less than that of a full crown.
A through clinical and radiographic diagnosis and
treatment planning is essential for long term
success of this restoration.
m

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
CONTEMPORARY FIXED
PROSTHODONTICS:STEPHEN F. ROSENSTIEL,
MARTIN F. LAND AND JUNHEI FUJIMOTO,THIRD
EDITION
FUNDAMENTALS OF FIXED
PROSTHODONTICS:HERBERT T. SHILLINGBURG,
SUMIYA HOBO, LOWELL D. WHITSETT, RICHARD
JACOBI AND SUSAN E. BRACKETT, THIRD
EDITION
FUNDAMENTALS OF TOOTH PREPARATIONS FOR
CAST METAL AND PORCELAIN
RESTORATIONS:HERBERT T. SHILLINGBUR,
RICHARD JACOBI AND SUSAN E. BRACKETTwww.indiandentalacademy.co
m

TYLMAN’S THEORY AND PRACTICE OF FIXED
PROSTHODONTICS: W.F.P MALONE, D.L KOTH,E.
CAVAZOS, D.A. KAISER AND S.M. MORGANO,
EIGHTH EDITION
DENTISTRY AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY:MALVIN
E. RING
“RETENTIVE PROPERTIES OF PARALLEL PIN
RESTORATION”:JOSEPH P. MOFFA AND RALPH W.
PHILLIPS, JPD :17, 1967
“A NEW INTRAORAL PARALLELOMETER”: AKE
PARMLID, JPD:18, 1967
“FULL COVERAGE, PARTIAL COVERAGE AND THE
ROLE OF PINS”:PRUDEN W.H, JPD:26, 1971www.indiandentalacademy.co
m

BIOGOEMETRIC GUIDE TO GROOVE PLACEMENT
ON THREE QUARTER CROWN PREPARATIONS”:
ANTHONY H.L. TJAN AND GARY D.MILLER,
JPD:42, 1979
m

THANK YOU
m

Partial veener crowns /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

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Partial veener crowns /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy