The document discusses self-awareness and the development of self-concept. It notes that some non-human primates like chimpanzees show a primitive sense of self through experiments using mirrors. Infants begin recognizing themselves in mirrors around 18 months as their understanding of self grows. By age 6, children can describe traits and understand basic emotions. The cognitive, behavioral, and affective components of self-concept are explored along with influences like social comparison and cognitive dissonance in shaping one's understanding of self.
SELF
An individual to the same individual person
A Person’s essential being that distinguishes from others .
One’s particular nature of personality ; the qualities that make one individual unique.
Personality , Ego , Character , Individuality
SELF EVALUATION
Self-Verification:the re-enforcing nature of beliefs
People need to seek confirmation of their self-concept.
This is true even if the self-view is negative and is in conflict with the desire to maintain a positive self-view.
In this conflict, the self-verification wins.
SELF ENHANCEMENT
Self Enhancement
It is one of the four self-evaluation motives along with self-assessment (the drive for an accurate self-concept), self-verification (the drive for a self-concept congruent with one's identity) and self-improvement (the act of bettering one's self-concept).
Self-enhancement does not just occur at random.
Its incidence is often highly systematic and can occur in any number of ways in order to achieve its goal of inflating perceptions of the self.
Importantly, we are typically unaware that we are self-enhancing.
SELF
An individual to the same individual person
A Person’s essential being that distinguishes from others .
One’s particular nature of personality ; the qualities that make one individual unique.
Personality , Ego , Character , Individuality
SELF EVALUATION
Self-Verification:the re-enforcing nature of beliefs
People need to seek confirmation of their self-concept.
This is true even if the self-view is negative and is in conflict with the desire to maintain a positive self-view.
In this conflict, the self-verification wins.
SELF ENHANCEMENT
Self Enhancement
It is one of the four self-evaluation motives along with self-assessment (the drive for an accurate self-concept), self-verification (the drive for a self-concept congruent with one's identity) and self-improvement (the act of bettering one's self-concept).
Self-enhancement does not just occur at random.
Its incidence is often highly systematic and can occur in any number of ways in order to achieve its goal of inflating perceptions of the self.
Importantly, we are typically unaware that we are self-enhancing.
The self and its development: Journeying back to one's selfChinly Ruth Alberto
The self and its development: Journeying back to one's self is a topic from values education of education students, significance of self, who am i poem, heredity, environment and self, nature of self, characteristics of self, origin of self, development of self, the self, children learn what they live poem, self-esteem, self-confidence, self-respect, self-esteem and pride, self-esteem and pleasure, factors affecting self-esteem, adjustment and enhancement of self, authenticity and becoming
Interpersonal Communication Begins with the Self An Intr.docxnormanibarber20063
Interpersonal Communication
Begins with the Self: An
Introduction to Intrapersonal
Communication
Learning Objectives
In this chapter, readers will explore how our intrapersonal communication and who we are influ-
ences how we communicate with others. By the end of this chapter, readers will be able to
• Understand how communication is related to self-concept and define self-concept,
self-esteem, and self-image and how they are created
• Explain how biological sex and gender orientation shape our identity
• Understand how we can develop communication competence
• Define strategies for improving our intrapersonal communication
2
Willem Dijkstra/iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Communication and the Self-Concept Chapter 2
Introduction
Whenever you communicate with others, your view of the world and who you are as an indi-
vidual influence the interpersonal interaction. If you are asked to tell someone about yourself, to
introduce who you are as an individual, what do you say? Try this short, simple exercise. Take
out a piece of paper and a pen or open a blank document on your computer and write “I am . . .”
Now set a timer for five minutes and complete this sentence by writing as many brief, different
descriptions of yourself as possible. Try not to think too much about each description; just jot
down what comes to mind.
When the five minutes are over, review the list of traits and characteristics you compiled. What
kinds of categories emerged? Did you list physical qualities such as biological sex, ethnicity, or
an aspect of your appearance (“I am tall”)? Did you include roles that you play, such as student,
accountant, or parent? Did you associate yourself with a group such as a religious affiliation, com-
munity organization, or sports team, or with a hobby or activity that you enjoy? Were any of your
descriptions about the relationships you have with others (“I am Carl’s girlfriend” or “I am Abby’s
father”)? Did you describe any of your personality characteristics, talents, or abilities? Did you
note an aspect of your online persona (“I am a food blogger”)?
As you will learn in this chapter, you create your own reality. Social scientists use many terms
such as self-concept, self-image, and self-esteem to describe your “self.” Intrapersonal commu-
nication refers to the internal communication within and to yourself. You communicate with
yourself in a number of ways, some of which are similar to the conversations you have with other
people. Your thoughts are a form of intrapersonal communication. You also communicate with
yourself when you send verbal messages to yourself, either out loud or silently. For instance, you
might congratulate yourself with a message such as, “Wow, I did a great job on that project,” or
scold yourself by saying, “I’m an idiot for doing that!” You also communicate by being a friend to
yourself with statements such as, “You need a break,” or by encouraging yourself with statements
like,.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. THE COGNITIVE SELF: THE SELF-CONCEPT
• Some nonhuman animals, including chimpanzees, orangutans, and perhaps dolphins, have at least a
primitive sense of self (Boysen & Himes, 1999).
• We know this because of some interesting experiments that have been done with animals. In one study
(Gallup, 1970), researchers painted a red dot on the forehead of anesthetized chimpanzees and then
placed the animals in a cage with a mirror.
3. CNTD.,
• When the chimps woke up and looked in
the mirror, they touched the dot on their
faces, not the dot on the faces in the
mirror.
• This action suggests that the chimps
understood that they were looking at
themselves and not at other animals, and
thus we can assume that they are able to
realize that they exist as individuals.
• Most other animals, including dogs, cats,
and monkeys, never realize that it is
themselves they see in a mirror.
4. CNTD.,
• Infants who have similar red dots painted on their foreheads recognize themselves
in a mirror in the same way that chimps do, and they do this by about 18 months
of age
• The child’s knowledge about the self continues to develop as the child grows. By
two years of age, the infant becomes aware of his or her gender as a boy or a girl.
At age four, the child’s self-descriptions are likely to be based on physical features,
such as hair color, and by about age six, the child is able to understand basic
emotions and the concepts of traits, being able to make statements such as “I am
a nice person”
• By the time children are in grade school, they have learned that they are unique
individuals, and they can think about and analyze their own behavior. They also
begin to show awareness of the social situation—they understand that other
people are looking at and judging them the same way that they are looking at and
judging others
5.
6. SELF- CONCEPT
I have healthy body
I am an attractive person
I am an honest person
Religion is my guide in everyday life
I am a cheerful person
I hate myself
I am from a happy family
I am not loved by my family
(Jamaludin & Yousaf- TSCS, 2009)
7. HISTORY OF SELF CONCEPT
William James (1890) – principles of
psychology – included a chapter
“consciousness of Self”
James distinguish between two types of self
1. subjective sense (the “I”)
2.objective sense (the “me”) – more focused
by psychologist for research
8. DEFINITION OF SELF CONCEPT
“the totality of the individual’s thoughts and
feelings having reference to himself as
an object” (Rosenberg, 1979, p.7)
Like other belief systems, the self concept
includes
1.cognitive
2. behavioral
3. affective component.
9. COGNITIVE COMPONENT: SELF
SCHEMA
Self schemas are “cognitive
generalizations about the self, derived
from past experience, that organize and
guide the processing of self-related
information”
10. AFFECTIVE/EVALUATIVE COMPONENT: SELF
ESTEEM
“self esteem reflects the perceived difference between an
individual’s actual self concept (who I think I really am)
and some ideal self image (who I would really like to be).”
William James (1890) expressed the relationship
this way.
Self esteem= success/pretension Pretension (ideals
against which individuals
assess their actual self image)
11. BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT: SELF
PERCEPTION
Darl Bem (1972) influential self perception
theory reflects we observe our behavior
and the situation in which it took place,
make attributions about why the
behavior occurred, and draw
conclusions about our own characteristic
and disposition.
In other words we come to understand
ourselves the same way we perceive
and understand others.
12. YOU AND ME: UNDERSTANDING
OF SELF
William James’s conception of the self
was highly introspective.(looking inside)
In 1954 Festinger’s thoery of social
comparison, we can not interpret our
own actions and feelings without looking
outward to the actions and feelings of
exhibited by the other people.
13. Western culture
EASTERN
CULTURE
William James was American
philosopher- western culture
and social thought.
Focused on individual self
concept e.g., interpersonal
competition, individual
achievement,
independence.
Alternative perspective- Eastern
culture such as Japan- eastern
culture and social thought.
Focused on collectivistic
self-concept e.g.,
intragroup cooperation,
interdependence, and
collectivistic achievement.
14. HOW DOES SELF CONCEPT FOSTER
The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept, created
Charles Horton Cooley by in 1902,stating that a person's self
grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the
perceptions of others. The term refers to people shaping
themselves based on other people's perception, which leads the
people to reinforce other people's perspectives on themselves.
People shape themselves based on what other people perceive and
confirm other people's opinion on themselves. The term "looking
glass self" was first used by Cooley in his work, Human Nature
and the Social Order in 1902.
C. H. Cooley has summed it up in his statement: "I am not what
I think I am and I am not what you think I am; I am what I
think that you think I am."
15. THREAT TO SELF CONCEPT/ COGNITIVE
DISSONANCE THEORY
Cognitive dissonance is a discomfort caused by holding
conflicting cognitions (e.g., ideas, beliefs, values, emotional
reactions) simultaneously.
The theory of cognitive dissonance in social psychology
proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce
dissonance by altering existing cognitions, adding new
ones to create a consistent belief system, or alternatively
by reducing the importance of any one of the dissonant
elements that can leads to the change in self concept.
16. DIFFERENCE
self –concept
• Encompasses what
people know and
believe about
themselves.
• All self-knowledge is
integrated into a
single concept.
• Largely coherent and
integrated.
• Conscious
self- knowledge
• Knowledge or
understanding of
one's own nature,
abilities, and
limitations; insight into
oneself.
• Plenty of material
connected together.
• Conscious,
unconscious,
subconscious
17. DIFFERENCE
• self-schema
• Fall under the cognitive
component of self concept.
• Beliefs about one’s self.
• Information from
previous experiences.
self-perception
• Fall under the
behavioral
component of self
concept.
• Perceives one’s
behavior in
environment.
18. REFERENCES
Baumeister, F.R., (1999). The self in
social psychology: USA, Taylor &
Francis.
Brewer, B. M., & Hewstone, M., (2004).
Applied social psychology: USA,
Blackwell Publishing Ltd.