This document summarizes the key aspects of selection and placement in industrial and organizational psychology. It discusses definitions of selection and placement, differences between individuals, methods and strategies used, the selection process, assessment centers, and conclusions. Selection and placement are important for companies to choose suitable candidates and place them in appropriate positions based on their talents and interests. A variety of methods are used, including mechanical and clinical data collection, statistical and clinical analyses, and assessment centers that measure competencies.
Makalah ini membahas proses seleksi dan penempatan karyawan di perusahaan. Terdapat beberapa metode seleksi yang digunakan seperti wawancara, tes kemampuan, dan kuesioner kepribadian. Proses seleksinya terdiri dari beberapa tahap seperti seleksi administrasi, wawancara, tes, dan penilaian akhir. Tujuan dari proses ini adalah mendapatkan karyawan yang tepat untuk lowongan pekerjaan.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian kecerdasan yang meliputi kepandaian dan optimalisasi berfikir. Kemudian menjelaskan berbagai macam kecerdasan seperti linguistik, matematis, visual, dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Selanjutnya membahas tentang Intelligent Quotient (IQ) dan Emotional Quotient (EQ) beserta komponen-komponen dasarnya. Terakhir menjelaskan hubungan antara IQ, EQ, dan Spiritual Qu
Tes Rothwell-Miller Interest Blank (RMIB) digunakan untuk mengukur minat seseorang terhadap berbagai jenis pekerjaan melalui 12 kategori pekerjaan. Tes ini dilakukan dengan memberikan rating dari 1 hingga 12 untuk setiap pekerjaan berdasarkan tingkat minat, kemudian hasilnya diinterpretasi untuk mengetahui pola minat individu."
Makalah ini membahas proses seleksi dan penempatan karyawan di perusahaan. Terdapat beberapa metode seleksi yang digunakan seperti wawancara, tes kemampuan, dan kuesioner kepribadian. Proses seleksinya terdiri dari beberapa tahap seperti seleksi administrasi, wawancara, tes, dan penilaian akhir. Tujuan dari proses ini adalah mendapatkan karyawan yang tepat untuk lowongan pekerjaan.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian kecerdasan yang meliputi kepandaian dan optimalisasi berfikir. Kemudian menjelaskan berbagai macam kecerdasan seperti linguistik, matematis, visual, dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Selanjutnya membahas tentang Intelligent Quotient (IQ) dan Emotional Quotient (EQ) beserta komponen-komponen dasarnya. Terakhir menjelaskan hubungan antara IQ, EQ, dan Spiritual Qu
Tes Rothwell-Miller Interest Blank (RMIB) digunakan untuk mengukur minat seseorang terhadap berbagai jenis pekerjaan melalui 12 kategori pekerjaan. Tes ini dilakukan dengan memberikan rating dari 1 hingga 12 untuk setiap pekerjaan berdasarkan tingkat minat, kemudian hasilnya diinterpretasi untuk mengetahui pola minat individu."
Eksperimen Hawthorne menunjukkan bahwa faktor sosial dan psikologis di tempat kerja lebih berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas daripada faktor fisik. Psikologi Industri dan Organisasi berkembang dari studi tentang efisiensi industri menjadi ilmu yang mempelajari interaksi antara individu dan organisasi dalam berbagai aspek.
Psikometri adalah ilmu yang mempelajari pengukuran psikologis, seperti pengembangan alat ukur psikologi seperti tes dan skala serta analisis datanya. Statistika adalah ilmu yang mempelajari pengolahan dan analisis data, terdiri atas statistika deskriptif untuk mendeskripsikan data dan statistika inferensial untuk menarik kesimpulan dari sampel ke populasi."
Pertemuan 3-EVENT SAMPLING & TIME SAMPLINGSiscaAdinda
Terima kasih atas materinya. Saya mengerti perbedaan antara event sampling dan time sampling dalam melakukan observasi tingkah laku. Event sampling lebih fokus pada kejadian tertentu sedangkan time sampling lebih mengukur frekuensi tingkah laku dalam interval waktu tertentu.
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai pasal dan bab dalam kode etik psikologi yang dapat dilanggar, seperti pelanggaran kerahasiaan data klien, pelanggaran dalam proses konseling seperti pelecehan, dan pelanggaran dalam penilaian seperti tidak mempertimbangkan faktor budaya. Dokumen ini juga membahas pelanggaran dalam iklan dan promosi diri, penolakan untuk membantu kasus hukum, serta pelanggaran dalam pengg
Psikologi Industri dan Organisasi mempelajari perilaku manusia dalam peranannya sebagai tenaga kerja dan konsumen baik secara individual maupun kelompok dengan tujuan menerapkan temuan-temuan tersebut untuk kemanfaatan manusia dan organisasi. Studi ini meliputi analisis perilaku, sikap, dan kinerja manusia dalam lingkungan kerja serta interaksinya.
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian dan karakteristik penelitian eksperimen, termasuk variabel-variabel yang terlibat, instrumen penelitian, dan langkah-langkah yang dilakukan.
File presentasi job evaluation ini merupakan materi pendukung dalam software points rating system yang saya design. Untuk memiliki software & file presentasi, silahkan email ke iman_bayu_adji@yahoo.co.id
Teori kepribadian Walter Mischel menyatakan bahwa perilaku manusia dipengaruhi oleh interaksi antara sifat kepribadian yang stabil dengan situasi yang dihadapi. Sistem kepribadian kognitif-afektif yang dia ajukan menjelaskan bagaimana variabel kognitif, afektif, tujuan, dan nilai mempengaruhi perilaku manusia.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang analisis pekerjaan, yang merupakan proses untuk menentukan tanggung jawab dan karakteristik pekerjaan. Analisis pekerjaan digunakan untuk membuat deskripsi dan spesifikasi pekerjaan. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan metode dan manfaat analisis pekerjaan serta perkembangan analisis pekerjaan berbasis kompetensi.
Tes khusus merupakan tes yang dikembangkan untuk mengukur individu yang tidak dapat diukur dengan cara konvensional. Terdapat berbagai jenis tes khusus untuk mengukur bayi, anak-anak, dewasa, serta orang dengan disabilitas. Contoh tes khusus meliputi BSID untuk bayi, MSCA dan KABC untuk anak-anak, serta Hiskey-Nebraska Test dan PPVT-4 untuk orang dengan disabilitas.
Metode Testing atau Psikotes (Psikologi Umum)atone_lotus
Dokumen tersebut merangkum tentang metode testing psikologi yang mencakup pengertian, jenis-jenis tes berdasarkan subjek dan cara menjawab, fungsi dan tujuan tes, serta kelebihan dan kelemahan metode tes. Metode ini digunakan untuk mengukur berbagai kemampuan mental seseorang seperti intelegensi, bakat, dan kecepatan.
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai perspektif psikopatologi pada tingkat biologis, psikologis, dan lingkungan. Perspektif-perspektif tersebut meliputi model biologis, psikodinamis, perilaku, kognitif, humanistik-eksistensial, dan sosiokultural."
Tes IST merupakan tes inteligensi yang dikembangkan oleh Rudolf Amthauer pada tahun 1953 di Jerman. Tes ini terdiri dari sembilan subtes yang masing-masing mengukur aspek kecerdasan tertentu. Hasil tes digunakan untuk menentukan taraf kecerdasan, gaya berpikir (Festigung-Flexibilität dan profil M-W), serta rekomendasi jurusan berdasarkan kekuatan subtes tertentu. Tes ini telah diadaptasi di Indonesia.
PSY 4680, Industrial Organizational Psychology 1
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Employee Assessment and
Selection
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Define psychological test, identify the different types of tests (e.g.,
cognitive ability tests, psychomotor ability tests, knowledge and skill test,
personality tests, etc.), and apply these to work-related settings.
2. Analyze how biographical information, interviews, work samples,
assessment centers, and electronic assessments are used to select
employees.
3. Evaluate the employee recruitment process.
4. Research and apply the basic steps involved in selecting employees,
including the steps needed to conduct a validation study.
5. Explain how predictor information is used for selection.
6. Discuss the importance and utility of scientific selection, as well as the
legal issues associated with hiring decisions in the United States.
Unit Lesson
Employee recruitment and selection is a major activity of I/O psychologists.
Organizations spend much time and money hiring and training new employees,
with researchers estimating that it costs roughly 200% of an employee’s salary
to hire and train them (Griffeth & Hom, 2001). By hiring the right employees,
organizations can ensure that new employees not only have the skills and
abilities to perform the job well, but that they will be a great “fit” for the job
(Sujarto, 2011). Studies show that a good fit is associated with important
outcomes, such as organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and intentions to
quit (Kristof-Brown, 2005). Considering the costs and important outcomes of
employee selection, I/O psychologists use systematic approaches to recruit and
select the most well-qualified and best-fitting candidates.
Employee Selection
Employee selection is a very important activity because who you select for a
position has large implications, such as ensuring that new employees are able to
perform the job well and reducing unnecessary employee turnover (Barrick &
Zimmerman, 2009). Typically, selection involves assessing applicants and
gathering information about them to determine the extent to which they are
qualified and suitable for the job. The information that is gathered is related to
the position; job-related information includes details of their work history,
personality, interests, and other characteristics. The organization will also
provide the employee with critical information about the organization and job.
Some even provide a “realistic job preview,” in which they give applicants a
candid view of the responsibilities and conditions involved (Suszko & Breaugh,
1986).
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 5:
Assessment Methods for
Selection and Placement
Chapter 6:
Selecting Employees
Suggested Reading
Scroggins, W. A.,
Thomas, S. L., &
Morris, J. A. (2008).
Psychological testing in
personnel se ...
This document summarizes key aspects of recruitment, selection, training, and development processes. It defines recruitment as the process of finding and attracting job candidates, and outlines the main stages in the recruitment process. It also discusses different sources of recruitment and factors that affect recruitment. Selection methods like interviews, tests, and assessments are described. The importance and objectives of training and development are explained. Different training models like the systems model and instructional systems development model are summarized. The roles of training consultants and HR professionals in training are highlighted.
Eksperimen Hawthorne menunjukkan bahwa faktor sosial dan psikologis di tempat kerja lebih berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas daripada faktor fisik. Psikologi Industri dan Organisasi berkembang dari studi tentang efisiensi industri menjadi ilmu yang mempelajari interaksi antara individu dan organisasi dalam berbagai aspek.
Psikometri adalah ilmu yang mempelajari pengukuran psikologis, seperti pengembangan alat ukur psikologi seperti tes dan skala serta analisis datanya. Statistika adalah ilmu yang mempelajari pengolahan dan analisis data, terdiri atas statistika deskriptif untuk mendeskripsikan data dan statistika inferensial untuk menarik kesimpulan dari sampel ke populasi."
Pertemuan 3-EVENT SAMPLING & TIME SAMPLINGSiscaAdinda
Terima kasih atas materinya. Saya mengerti perbedaan antara event sampling dan time sampling dalam melakukan observasi tingkah laku. Event sampling lebih fokus pada kejadian tertentu sedangkan time sampling lebih mengukur frekuensi tingkah laku dalam interval waktu tertentu.
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai pasal dan bab dalam kode etik psikologi yang dapat dilanggar, seperti pelanggaran kerahasiaan data klien, pelanggaran dalam proses konseling seperti pelecehan, dan pelanggaran dalam penilaian seperti tidak mempertimbangkan faktor budaya. Dokumen ini juga membahas pelanggaran dalam iklan dan promosi diri, penolakan untuk membantu kasus hukum, serta pelanggaran dalam pengg
Psikologi Industri dan Organisasi mempelajari perilaku manusia dalam peranannya sebagai tenaga kerja dan konsumen baik secara individual maupun kelompok dengan tujuan menerapkan temuan-temuan tersebut untuk kemanfaatan manusia dan organisasi. Studi ini meliputi analisis perilaku, sikap, dan kinerja manusia dalam lingkungan kerja serta interaksinya.
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian dan karakteristik penelitian eksperimen, termasuk variabel-variabel yang terlibat, instrumen penelitian, dan langkah-langkah yang dilakukan.
File presentasi job evaluation ini merupakan materi pendukung dalam software points rating system yang saya design. Untuk memiliki software & file presentasi, silahkan email ke iman_bayu_adji@yahoo.co.id
Teori kepribadian Walter Mischel menyatakan bahwa perilaku manusia dipengaruhi oleh interaksi antara sifat kepribadian yang stabil dengan situasi yang dihadapi. Sistem kepribadian kognitif-afektif yang dia ajukan menjelaskan bagaimana variabel kognitif, afektif, tujuan, dan nilai mempengaruhi perilaku manusia.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang analisis pekerjaan, yang merupakan proses untuk menentukan tanggung jawab dan karakteristik pekerjaan. Analisis pekerjaan digunakan untuk membuat deskripsi dan spesifikasi pekerjaan. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan metode dan manfaat analisis pekerjaan serta perkembangan analisis pekerjaan berbasis kompetensi.
Tes khusus merupakan tes yang dikembangkan untuk mengukur individu yang tidak dapat diukur dengan cara konvensional. Terdapat berbagai jenis tes khusus untuk mengukur bayi, anak-anak, dewasa, serta orang dengan disabilitas. Contoh tes khusus meliputi BSID untuk bayi, MSCA dan KABC untuk anak-anak, serta Hiskey-Nebraska Test dan PPVT-4 untuk orang dengan disabilitas.
Metode Testing atau Psikotes (Psikologi Umum)atone_lotus
Dokumen tersebut merangkum tentang metode testing psikologi yang mencakup pengertian, jenis-jenis tes berdasarkan subjek dan cara menjawab, fungsi dan tujuan tes, serta kelebihan dan kelemahan metode tes. Metode ini digunakan untuk mengukur berbagai kemampuan mental seseorang seperti intelegensi, bakat, dan kecepatan.
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai perspektif psikopatologi pada tingkat biologis, psikologis, dan lingkungan. Perspektif-perspektif tersebut meliputi model biologis, psikodinamis, perilaku, kognitif, humanistik-eksistensial, dan sosiokultural."
Tes IST merupakan tes inteligensi yang dikembangkan oleh Rudolf Amthauer pada tahun 1953 di Jerman. Tes ini terdiri dari sembilan subtes yang masing-masing mengukur aspek kecerdasan tertentu. Hasil tes digunakan untuk menentukan taraf kecerdasan, gaya berpikir (Festigung-Flexibilität dan profil M-W), serta rekomendasi jurusan berdasarkan kekuatan subtes tertentu. Tes ini telah diadaptasi di Indonesia.
PSY 4680, Industrial Organizational Psychology 1
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Employee Assessment and
Selection
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Define psychological test, identify the different types of tests (e.g.,
cognitive ability tests, psychomotor ability tests, knowledge and skill test,
personality tests, etc.), and apply these to work-related settings.
2. Analyze how biographical information, interviews, work samples,
assessment centers, and electronic assessments are used to select
employees.
3. Evaluate the employee recruitment process.
4. Research and apply the basic steps involved in selecting employees,
including the steps needed to conduct a validation study.
5. Explain how predictor information is used for selection.
6. Discuss the importance and utility of scientific selection, as well as the
legal issues associated with hiring decisions in the United States.
Unit Lesson
Employee recruitment and selection is a major activity of I/O psychologists.
Organizations spend much time and money hiring and training new employees,
with researchers estimating that it costs roughly 200% of an employee’s salary
to hire and train them (Griffeth & Hom, 2001). By hiring the right employees,
organizations can ensure that new employees not only have the skills and
abilities to perform the job well, but that they will be a great “fit” for the job
(Sujarto, 2011). Studies show that a good fit is associated with important
outcomes, such as organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and intentions to
quit (Kristof-Brown, 2005). Considering the costs and important outcomes of
employee selection, I/O psychologists use systematic approaches to recruit and
select the most well-qualified and best-fitting candidates.
Employee Selection
Employee selection is a very important activity because who you select for a
position has large implications, such as ensuring that new employees are able to
perform the job well and reducing unnecessary employee turnover (Barrick &
Zimmerman, 2009). Typically, selection involves assessing applicants and
gathering information about them to determine the extent to which they are
qualified and suitable for the job. The information that is gathered is related to
the position; job-related information includes details of their work history,
personality, interests, and other characteristics. The organization will also
provide the employee with critical information about the organization and job.
Some even provide a “realistic job preview,” in which they give applicants a
candid view of the responsibilities and conditions involved (Suszko & Breaugh,
1986).
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 5:
Assessment Methods for
Selection and Placement
Chapter 6:
Selecting Employees
Suggested Reading
Scroggins, W. A.,
Thomas, S. L., &
Morris, J. A. (2008).
Psychological testing in
personnel se ...
This document summarizes key aspects of recruitment, selection, training, and development processes. It defines recruitment as the process of finding and attracting job candidates, and outlines the main stages in the recruitment process. It also discusses different sources of recruitment and factors that affect recruitment. Selection methods like interviews, tests, and assessments are described. The importance and objectives of training and development are explained. Different training models like the systems model and instructional systems development model are summarized. The roles of training consultants and HR professionals in training are highlighted.
Recruitment and Selection process: An evaluation of E-recruitment at Marks an...Peachy Essay
As opined by Arvey and Campion (2010, p290), “In order to increase the efficiency and retention of the employees, it is essential to implement an appropriate Recruitment and Selection process”. Recruitment is the procedure that the organization applies to identify the human resource requirements of the organisation and attract suitable candidates. Selection refers to the process that is involved in choosing a predefined number of candidates from a number of applicants to fill the available posts in the organization (Barber, 2009).
The document discusses job analysis, including defining it, outlining the steps in the process, and describing various methods for collecting data. It notes job analysis involves collecting information on tasks, duties, responsibilities, skills required, and conditions in order to create job descriptions and specifications. The key steps are setting objectives, selecting jobs to analyze, performing the analysis through methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and developing draft descriptions and specifications. These are then used to inform HR functions like recruitment, training, performance evaluation, and compensation. Challenges can include issues with subjectivity, resources, and observing mental skills.
This document outlines the key aspects of attracting, developing, and maintaining human resources. It discusses human resource planning including job analysis, forecasting demand and supply, and replacement charts. For attracting resources, it describes recruiting internally and externally. Developing resources involves training, development, performance appraisal, and feedback. Maintaining resources includes determining compensation through wages, salaries and incentives. It also discusses determining benefits and career planning.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL MBA-HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT1. Project (re.docxronak56
RESEARCH PROPOSAL: MBA-HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
1. Project (research topic) title
The title of this proposal is: "Effectiveness of Reward System and Appraisals System in increasing the Retention and Productivity of employees in Retail Sector"
2. Project (research topic) summary
In no more than 100 words, intelligible to a reader who is not a specialist in this field, summarize the aims, significance and expected outcomes of your proposed research.
Project summary:
Organizations and the business sectors use the system of appraisal to gauge the performance of the various employees. Moreover, rewarding of well-performing employees is a motivation to the employees. This project aims a studying the effective systems of appraisal and rewarding in the retail business. Effective appraisal systems ensure that there is progress in the organization. Effective appraisal systems are appreciated by the employees and are the basis of retaining good performing employees. The proposal aims at providing an understanding effectiveness of systems of rewarding and appraisal to the performance and retention of the employees.
3. Project (research topic) details
3.1 Introductory background
The human resource department plays an important role in ensuring that all units of a business are integrated. They do this by employee management; performing appraisals and rewarding of well-performing employees. Rewards appraisal is significant in raising the employee motivation and levels of performances (Hendry, 2012).
3.2 Research questions
The research question aims to answer the effects of rewarding and appraisal system in the business. The research questions include:
· What is the system of rewarding in the business?
· How is the appraisal system of the business like?
· The effects of the appraisal and rewarding system on the employees
· How do the employees react to the system of appraisal?
Hypothesis
H0: Effective appraisal and rewarding systems in a retail organization lead to employee retention in the retail organization.
H1: Effective appraisal and rewarding systems in a retail organization lead to increased employee productivity in the retail organization.
3.3 Aims/Objectives of the project
The following are the objects of the research.
· To have an understanding of the significance of the systems of appraisal and rewarding in the retail sector.
· To have an understanding of the impact of rewarding and appraisal system on employee productivity.
· To have an understanding of the employees the systems used to appraise and reward employees for their retention.
· To understand the importance of reward and appraisal systems in the retail organization.
· To understand the extent of employee retention through effective reward and appraisal system.
· To understand the increase in productivity that is related to reward and appraisal system.
3.4 Significance/Contribution to the discipline
In the organizations, the rewarding and appraisal systems hav ...
This document provides an introduction and literature review for a study on employee performance appraisal in selected IT companies in Bangalore, India. The study aims to understand performance appraisal concepts and impacts, examine self-appraisals, identify training needs, and suggest best practices. A literature review found no prior research on this topic. The study will survey 100 employees using random sampling to assess performance appraisal strategies and opportunities in human resource management. Data will be collected through interviews, surveys, and secondary sources, then analyzed using percentages. Limitations include its academic scope and applicable scenario.
This document provides an overview of a study on employee motivation at Hyderabad Industries Ltd. in Thrissur, India. The study aims to identify factors that motivate employees and help the organizational functions at Hyderabad Industries. It discusses how employee motivation is important for managers to maximize output and develop employee talent. The research problem focuses on what factors help motivate employees at Hyderabad Industries. The study will collect primary data through questionnaires and interviews with employees to analyze factors like pay/benefits, promotions, work conditions, relationships, and job security that influence motivation levels. It seeks to provide suggestions to improve company performance through effective employee motivation strategies.
This document provides an overview of a study on employee motivation at Hyderabad Industries Ltd. in Thrissur, India. The study aims to identify factors that motivate employees and help the organizational functions at Hyderabad Industries. It discusses how employee motivation is important for managers to maximize output and develop employee talent. The research problem is to understand what factors help motivate employees at Hyderabad Industries. The study will collect primary data through questionnaires and interviews with employees to analyze factors like pay/benefits, promotions, work conditions, relationships, and job security that influence motivation levels. It seeks to provide suggestions to improve company performance through effective employee motivation strategies.
Industrial/organizational psychology is the branch of psychology that studies human behavior in the workplace. It involves job analysis to understand job requirements, personnel selection to hire the right candidates, employee training to ensure they can perform jobs well, and motivation theories to enhance worker performance and satisfaction. The goal is to match the right people to the right jobs, design jobs around employee abilities, and use scientific methods to understand and optimize all aspects of an organization's human resources.
The document discusses using psychometric techniques for selecting candidates for jobs. It first presents arguments for and against using psychometric testing in the selection process. It then explores using measures of attitude, personality and intelligence to select a department manager position. Finally, it proposes evaluating the recommended technique, the Trinity-Beta Test, by using 360-degree feedback from the candidate's team to assess leadership abilities.
The document discusses the recruitment process for Community State University. It outlines a 7 step recruitment process that includes analyzing job requirements, preparing job and candidate profiles, finding candidates through internal and external methods, managing applications, selecting candidates, making job offers, and conducting an induction process. It emphasizes the importance of an effective recruitment process for hiring qualified candidates which can improve employee performance, discipline, and organizational success. An effective process incorporates analyzing job needs, attracting a diverse pool of candidates, screening applicants, and integrating new employees.
The document discusses the recruitment and selection process. It defines recruitment as finding potential job candidates and selection as deciding which candidates should be hired. The selection process involves defining job requirements, identifying potential candidates, examining application materials, sorting applications, conducting interviews and assessments, making a selection, and extending a provisional offer subject to reference checks. Structured interviews and competency-based interviews are commonly used selection methods. The best results come from combining intelligence tests with structured interviews.
A study on employee motivation at prabhuram millsSubodh G Krishna
This document discusses a study on employee motivation at Prabhuram Mills. It begins by introducing the importance of human resource management and motivation in ensuring organizational success. The objectives of the study are then outlined, which include evaluating motivation measures and factors, satisfaction levels, and making suggestions. The research methodology is also described, involving primary and secondary data collection methods like questionnaires, interviews and records. Statistical analysis tools like percentage calculations are mentioned for data analysis. The document provides context on motivation definitions, techniques, importance and reviews literature on the topic. It aims to assess motivation and improvement opportunities at Prabhuram Mills.
The document discusses the research methodology for a study on training and development at MONDOVI PVT Ltd. It outlines the objectives of studying how training programs are conducted, getting employee opinions and feedback, and determining if training benefits the organization. A questionnaire and interviews were used to collect primary data from 50 employees. The research design is descriptive and involves collecting and analyzing data to understand and describe the characteristics of training programs. Secondary data was also obtained from company reports. The goal is to evaluate the effectiveness of training and provide suggestions for improvements.
The document discusses the research methodology for a study on training and development at MONDOVI PVT Ltd. It outlines the objectives of studying how training programs are conducted, getting employee opinions and feedback, and determining if training benefits the organization. A questionnaire and interviews were used to collect primary data from 50 employees. The research design is descriptive and involves collecting and analyzing data to understand characteristics of the training programs. Both primary and secondary data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and company reports. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling.
Recruitment process, goals, sources, constraints, selection methods and diffe...R K Tiwari Sagar
The document discusses recruitment and selection processes. It defines recruitment as generating a pool of job applicants, while selection is the process of choosing candidates most likely to succeed. The summary discusses the key aspects of both processes:
Recruitment involves attracting qualified candidates through sources like job boards, websites, agencies or referrals. The goals are to attract suitable applicants and encourage unsuitable ones to self-select out. Selection methods evaluate candidates, and commonly include testing, interviews and reference checks to select the best candidates based on criteria like skills, experience and personality. The difference between recruitment and selection is that recruitment creates a talent pool, while selection evaluates candidates and results in a job offer.
The document discusses performance appraisal at Zuari Cements. It begins with an abstract that provides background on India's cement industry and importance of human resource management (HRM) and performance appraisal. The introduction defines performance appraisal and discusses its importance. The objectives of the study are to examine Zuari's performance appraisal system and evaluate ways to improve it. The study will analyze the system's implementation and effectiveness among manager-level employees using surveys and interviews. The literature review discusses past research on performance appraisal systems and their importance in motivating employees and improving organizational performance.
Recruitment refers to the process of identifying, attracting, interviewing, selecting, hiring and onboarding employees. Its. only for study purposes. Kindly share to others.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. 1
SELEKSI DAN PENEMPATAN
PSIKOLOGI INDUSTRI DAN ORGANISASI
Dosen :
Laila Meiliyandrie I Wardani, PhD
Disusun Oleh :
De Ani cyntya 46113210010
Eky Yohana 46113210002
Ellenoor Tasya 46113210009
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS MERCU BUANA
BEKASI
2014
2. 2
1. Pengertian
Pengertian seleksi adalah cara atau prosedur yang di pakai oleh perusahaan
untuk mencari dan menyaring calon pegawai untuk mengisi suatu lowongan
kerja.Pengertian penempatan adalah proses atau cara suatu perusahaan untuk
menempatkan calon disuatu kedudukan atau jabatan tertentu.
Seleksi dan penempatan merupakan fungsi batas atau fungsi dari
komponen rentang-batas dari sistem. (Munandar, 2001).
Seleksi dan penempatan adalah suatu proses yang berisi persyaratan dari
kebijakan suatu perusahaan atau instansi yang bersangkutan untuk menyaring para
pegawai yang akan melamar pekerjaan. Biasanya yang menyeleksi adalah bagian
personalia, cara menyeleksinya menggunakan alat ukur yaitu dengan tes,
kuisioner, wawancara dan lain-lain. Tugas seleksi dan penempatan sbb :
oTugas Seleksi : Memilah dan menilai calon dengan alat ukur yang berisi
persyaratan perusahaan atau instansi tersebut dan menyaring untuk di
rekomendasikan kepada perusahaan.
oTugas Penempatan : Menempatkan calon di suatu kedudukan
berdasarkan bakat, minat, dan kecocokan.
2. Perbedaan Individual
Perbedaan Individual sering sekali di golongkan dan di kaitkan dengan
perbedaan kelamin, perbedaan kebudayaan, status pendidikan, perbedaan usia,
maupun perbedaan agama. Yang terpenting sebenarnya bukan perbedaannya
tetapi dapat lulus dari persyaratan yang di berikan oleh perusahaan dan dapat
memenuhi kriteria perusahaan tersebut. Adapun perbedaan individual berdasarkan
kapasitas memori. Studi meneliti perbedaan individu dalam bekerja kapasitas
memori telah mengemukakan bahwa individu dengan kapasitas memori kerja
yang rendah menunjukkan penurunan kinerja dan tugas memori dibandingkan
dengan individu dengan kapasitas memori kerja yang tinggi. Memori kerja
terbatas ini dapat dipahami dari timbulnya 2 komponen : komponen perhatian
3. 3
dinamis (primer memory) dan tergantung isyarat pencarian komponen
probabilistik (memori sekunder). (Engle, 2007). Kerangka kerja ini digunakan
untuk menguji perbedaan individu sebelumnya pada studi kapasitas memori kerja.
(Engle, 2007). Kapasitas memori seseorang sangat berpengaruh penting untuk
seorang pekerja dalam mengingat, memahami, dan mempertahankan informasi
apa saja dan dapat mencapai tujuan dari tugas yang diberikan.
3. Metode dan Strategi
Ada 2 macam strategi seleksi yang mendasar menurut (Munandar, 2001)
yaitu :
1. Pengumpulan data Mekanikal
Data yang dikumpulkan telah berpatokan pada pedoman, peraturan, dan
prosedur yang telah ada. Pengolahan data mekanikal dapat di lakukan
oleh siapa saja atau orang yang bukan sarjana psikologi
2. Pengumpulan data secara Klinikal
Data yang dikumpulkan boleh keluar dari pedoman yang ada, data
tergantung dari seorang psikolog yang mengumpulkannya. Pengolahan
data klinikal harus dilakukan oleh ahli sarjana psikologi dan lebih
bermanfaat jika dimanfaatkan oleh ahlinya.
Ada 6 strategi diteliti oleh Sawyer dan hasilnya di ringkas oleh
Campbel dkk (1970) :
o Interpretasi Profil. Mengumpulkan data secara mekanikal dan diolah
secara klasikal.
o Statistikal Murni. Mengumpulkan data dan mengolah secara mekanikal.
o Klinikal Murni. Mengumpulkan dan mengolah secara klinikal.
o Pengharkatan Perilaku (Behaviour Rating). Mengumpulkan data secara
klinikal dan mengolah data secara mekanikal.
o Gabugan Klinikal. Mengumpulkan data secara mekanikal dan klinikal
dan mengolah secara klinikal.
4. 4
o Gabungan Mekanikal. Mengumpulkan data secara mekanikal dan
klinikal mengolah secara mekanikal.
Keuntungan dan kelemahan metode statistikal dan klinikal
menurut (Munandar, 2001) ialah :
Keuntungan dari metode statistikal
Kecermatan dalam menyatakan besarnya kemungkinan timbulnya satu
taraf perilaku kerja tertentu.
Pengetahuan diperoleh dari belajar melalui pengalaman-pengalaman
yang tepat yang berkaitan dengan perilaku kerja yang berbeda-beda.
Kelemahan metode stastistikal
Kesulitannya untuk mengadakan kajian-kajian validasi dan validasi
silang.
Kesulitan untuk menggunakannya untuk memperoleh keputusan yang
benar-benar diindividualisasi
Keuntungan metode klinikal
Setiap orang ditangani dengan cara lebih sesuai dengan dirinya.
Psikologmenggunakan keterampilan khusus dan pengalamannya.
Kelemahan metode klinikal
Hanya ada sedikit pengetahuan sebelumnya tentang ketepatan
pengambilan keputusan tetntang di terima atau tolaknya berdasarkan
metode klinis.
Masalah pembentukan kesan-kesan, dan aturan optimal untuk
mengkombinasikan informasi dengan bentuk ramalan.
4. Proses Seleksi
Dibawah ini adalah tahap-tahap proses seleksi menurut (Munandar, 2001).
Tahap 1 Pencarian Calon Tenaga Kerja
Pencarian calon tenaga kerja dilakukan melalui :
A. Iklan di harian-harian, media cetak dan lainnya.
5. 5
B. Pendekatan langsung kesekolah-sekolah atau lembaga pendidikan
kejuruan.
C. Para tenaga kerjanya sendiri yang mengajukan kenalan atau anggota
keluarganya yang dapat mereka jamin ‘kebaikan’ kerja mereka.
D. Pencari kerja melamar sendiri ke perusahaan-perusahaan.
Tahap 2 Seleksi Calon Tenaga Kerja
Secara garis besar proses seleksi berlangsung sesuai dengan tahapan-tahapan berikut :
A. Tahap I : Seleksi Surat-surat Lamaran
B. Tahap II : Wawancara Awal
C. Tahap III : Ujian, Psikotes, Wawancara.
D. Tahap IV : Penilaian Akhir
E. Tahap V : Pemberitahuan dan Wawancara Akhir
F. Tahap VI : Penerimaan.
Penelitian melaporkan temuan data survei pada perekrutan dan metode seleksi
pra kerja yang digunakan oleh departemen sumber daya manusia di Perusahaan-
perusahaan besar di Amerika Serikat. Selain itu, data tentang penggunaan pra kerja secara
online tes, dalam waktu dekat ini, akan dikumpulkan. Analisis ini didasarkan pada
tanggapan dari 151 perusahaan. (Piotrowski, 2006). Temuan menunjukkan bahwa
sebagian besar perusahaan mengandalkan tradisional rekrutmen dan seleksi tenaga teknik
daripada penggunaan online tes. Tes kepribadian populer di sekitar 20% dari perusahaan
dan seperlima dari responden berencana untuk menerapkan secara online pengujian di
masa depan. Selain itu, skrining untuk kejujuran integritas (28,5%) dan potensi kekerasan
(22%) ditemukan menjadi agak populer. Ini akan sangat membantu jika penelitian masa
depan bisa menentukan pemesanan yang perusahaan memiliki sekitar tes pra-kerja online.
Tes psikologi dan instrumen penilaian yang ketuk calon kepribadian karyawan, gaya
interpersonal, dan respon terhadap stres situasi telah menerima peningkatan perhatian dari
kedua manusia profesional sumber daya dan peneliti di I / O psikologi selama masa 20
tahun lalu. (Piotrowski, 2006).
Dalam proses seleksi ada juga yang disebut dengan rekrutmen, yaitu penarikan
tenaja kerja bedasarkan kebutuhan dan proses bisnis perusahaan tersebut. Di bawah ini
adalah skema Rekrutmen & Seleksi.
6. 6
Seleksi Daftar Riwayat
Hidup
Test
Aptitude Test Personality Test Work Sample Test Assesment Center
Wawancara
Tahap-tahap
Wawancara
Jenis
Wawancara
Metode Wawancara
Perilaku
Persiapan Wawancara
Membuka Wawancara
Pokok Wawancara
Penutupan Wawancara
Wawancara
Biasa
Wawancara
Panel
Identifikasi Kompetensi
Jabatan
Mengumpulkan STAR
Menilai STAR
Cek Referensi
Pemeriksaan Kesehatan
Penawaran Pekerjaan
7. 7
Gambar 4.1 Skema Rekrutmen & Seleksi.
Sumber : Pedoman Lengkap Profesional SDM Indonesia. Jakarta: PPM. Hal : 266
5. Pusat-pusat Penaksiran (Assessment Centers)
Metode Pusat Penaksiran merupakan prosedur yang komprehensif dan
baku dimana banyak teknik-teknik assessment digunakan dalam kombinasi untuk
menilai orang-orang dengan berbagai tujuan. (Munandar, 2001)
Metode Pusat Penaksiran pada awalnya dilaksanakan dengan dasar penuh
waktu (full time) di satu lokasi khusus. Sekarang istilah pusat penaksiran
digunakan untuk menguraikan satu situasi dimana metodologi assessment yang
sama digunakan tanpa memperhatikan dari pusat derajat pelaksanaan atau lokasi
dari proses. (Bender, 1973)
Tujuan-tujuan dari pusat penaksiran menurut Kraut (1976) adalah sebagai
berikut :
a) Seleksi dari tenaga kerja dengan kecakapan yang baik untuk
dipromosikan ke kedudukan manajeral.
b) Penemukenalan (identification) dari tenaga kerja yang memiliki
potensi manajemen pada permulaan dini dari karier mereka.
c) Penempatan diri para tenaga kerja ke dalam kedudukan yang akan
menggunakan bakat-bakat mereka, dan untuk pengembangan para
tenaga kerja selanjutnya.
d) Pengembangan pribadi agar membantu orang/tenaga kerja
mengenali kemampuan-kemampuan mereka dan untuk membantu
mereka untuk meningkatkan kemampuan-kemampuan tersebut.
Assessment Center mengukur kompetensi peserta dengan menggunakan
alat-alat tertentu yaitu, analisis kasus, diskusi kelompok, role play, in basket,
presentasi, pengumpulan fakta, penilaian dan wawancara. Dibawah ini beberapa
penjelasan tentang alat ukur Assessment Center menurut (Aprinto & Jacob, 2013)
:
8. 8
a) Diskusi Kelompok : Cara diskusi kelompok adalah menggumpulkan peserta
untuk membuat kelompok yang terdiri dari 5-7 orang. Sebelum memulai diskusi
para asesor memberi waku para peserta untuk membaca lembaran bahan diskusi
yang telah diberikan. Mereka berdiskusi untuk memecahkan masalah, asesor
mengamati dan mencatat perilaku para peserta sebagai bukti penilaian
kompetensi.
b) Wawancara : Wawancara yang digunakan adalah wawancara perilaku,
wawancara ini disebut juga wawancara terstruktur yang digunakan untuk
mengumpulkan informasi di masa lalu. Maksudnya adalah wawancara yang
pernah dihadapi , tugas yang pernah dikerjakan serta tindakan yang diambil
terhadap situasi/tugas tersebut beserta hasilnya. Teknik yang digunakan adalah
teknik STAR (situation, talk, action, result).
c) Bermain Peran (role play) : Biasanya antara peserta dan asesor bermain peran
dan asesor ikut dalam peran tersebut dan dalam saat yang bersamaan asesor
mewawancarai, mengamati, dan membuat catatan tentang prerilaku selama dialog
itu berlangsung sebagai bukti penilaian kompetensi.
d) In Basket : Peserta diminta untuk mengerjakan/mengolah satu set dokumen
dalam waktu yang telah ditentukan. Kemudian peserta merumuskan,membuat
rencan yang telah di intruksikan dalam dokumen-dokumen tersebut. Dan asesor
menilai tindakan yangsesuai dengan perilaku kompetensi.
e) Analisis Kasus : Peserta diberikan sejumlah informasi tertentu dan kemudian
dimintya membuat jadwal sesuai tugas. Peserta diberi kesempatan untuk
memeperlihatkan kemampuan perencanaan, mengorganisasi, pemecahan masalah
dan perhatian pada hal-hal mendetail.
f) Pengumpulan Fakta : Peserta diminta untuk mengajukan pertanyaan kepada
seseorang yang memiliki informasi yang dibutuhkan.
g) Presentasi : Penyampaian informasi kepada lebih dari satu orang dan menilai isi
dari bahan presentasinya sehingga dapat menghasilkan penilaian perilaku yang
menyeluruh.
h) Penilaian : Penilaian level kompetensi dinilai sesuai hasil pengamatan dan catatan
penilaian bukti perilaku disetiap alat tes.
9. 9
Kesimpulan
Seleksi dan penempatan pada suatu instansi atau perusahaan
sangat penting karena jika hanya menerima pegawai saja tanpa ada
ada seleksi yang ketat dan penempatan yang tepat menurut bakat dan
minat akan berdampak buruk bagi suatu perusahaan. Bakat dan ilmu
yang tepat akan membantu memajukan perusahaan yang
bersangkutan. Tentu seleksi dan penempatan harus pada tahap-tahap
dan syarat-syarat yang sesuai dengan kebijakan perusahaan tersebut.
Metode dan proses seleksi juga sangat penting untuk menyaring para
calon pekerja.
10. 10
Daftar pustaka
Aprinto, B., & Jacob, F. A. (2013). Pedoman Lengkap Profesional SDM Indonesia.
Jakarta: PPM.
Engle, N. U. (2007). The Nature of Individual Differences in Working Memory
Capacity:Active Maintenance in Primary Memory and Controlled Search From.
Psychological Review , 104–132.
Munandar, A. S. (2001). Psikologi Industri dan Organisasi. jakarta: Penerbit Universitas
Indonesia (UI-Press).
Piotrowski, C. (2006). Current Recruitment and Selection Practices:A National Survey of
Fortune 1000 Firms. North American Journal of Psychology , 8, 489-496.
11. 11
Jurnal
Active Maintenance in Primary Memory and Controlled
Search From Secondary Memory
Nash Unsworth and Randall W. Engle
Georgia Institute of Technology
Studies examining individual differences in working memory capacity have suggested
that individuals with low working memory capacities demonstrate impaired performance
on a variety of attention and memory tasks compared with individuals with high working
memory capacities. This working memory limitation can be conceived of as arising from
2 components: a dynamic attention component (primarymemory) and a probabilistic cue-
dependent search component (secondary memory). This framework is used to examine
previous individual differences studies of working memory capacity, and new evidence
is examined on the basis of predictions of the framework to performance on immediate
free recall. It is suggested that individual differences in working memory capacity are
partially due to the ability to maintain information accessible in primary memory and the
ability to search for information from secondary memory. Researchers have long been
interested in the scientific study of
memory processes (Ebbinghaus, 1885/1964) as well as individual differences in memory
abilities (e.g., Jacobs, 1887; see also Blankenship, 1938). Although these two research
areas have flourished over the past 100 years, there have been few attempts to integrate
experimental and differential approaches as has been advocated by several researchers in
both fields (Cohen, 1994; Cronbach, 1957; Underwood, 1975). One research area that has
embraced the combining of what Cronbach (1957) called the “two disciplines of scientific
psychology” is that of individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC). In this
article, we continue this integrative approach by examining individual differences in
WMC in terms of a general framework of memory that combines a flexible attentional
component with a cue-dependent search mechanism (e.g., Davelaar, Goshen-Gottstein,
Ashkenazi, Haarmann, & Usher, 2005; Raaijmakers & Shiffrin, 1980, 1981). We
combine our previous work arguing for a link between active maintenance and WMC
(Engle & Kane, 2004) with newer work arguing for a link between controlled cue-
dependent search and WMC (Unsworth & Engle, in press). Below, we review the
importance of individual differences in WMC and present a general framework within
12. 12
which to interpret individual differences in WMC. Finally, we present evidence from a
new experiment supporting such a view.
Individual Differences in WMC
Given the need to keep information accessible over brief intervals, several memory
theorists have given considerable thought to how a system might go about maintaining
information and in what tasks such a system would be needed. Atkinson and Shiffrin
(1971) and Baddeley and Hitch (1974), among others, argued for a dynamic memory
system where the function of immediate memory was to carry out cognitive operations
important for a wide variety of tasks. Specifically, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) argued for
a memory system that could simultaneously manipulate the current contents of memory
as well as update
information in memory to accomplish task goals. The functional nature of this system is
apparent when one needs to maintain information over the short term in such diverse
tasks as reading comprehension and matrix reasoning. Given the need for such a system
for higher order cognitive processes like reasoning and reading, researchers began to
hypothesize that individual variation in the system should be related to performance on
other cognitive tasks. Beginning with the work of Daneman and Carpenter (1980),
researchers have attempted to examine aspects of the working memory model by
examining individual differences in working memory and their relation to higher order
cognition. Daneman and Carpenter created a complex memory span task known as
reading span in which participants were required to read a series of sentences and try to
remember the last word of each sentence for later recall. Thus, the task required
participants to store information (words) over a short time span while at the same time
engaging in a processing activity (reading). The idea was that this task measured the
working memory system that gives rise to complex behavior better than a simple memory
span task in which. Participants are required to remember items without a secondary
processing task (e.g., word span). Daneman and Carpenter showed that the complex
reading span task did a better job of predicting reading comprehension scores than did the
simple memory span task. Accordingly, Daneman and Carpenter argued that working
memory was a better predictor of complex cognitive activities than simple short-term
memory. Following the lead of Daneman and Carpenter (1980), additional work has
shown that these complex memory span tasks predict performance on a number of higher
order cognitive tasks. These included demonstrations that variation in WMC is related to
variation in vocabulary learning (Daneman & Green, 1986), computer language learning
13. 13
(Kyllonen & Stephens, 1990; Shute, 1991), as well as performance on standardized
aptitude tests such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT; Turner & Engle, 1989).
Furthermore, a large body of literature has been devoted to examining the link between
measures of WMC and measures of fluid abilities (Ackerman, Beier, & Boyle, 2002;
Conway, Cowan, Bunting, Therriault, & Minkoff, 2002; Engle, Tuholski, Laughlin,&
Conway, 1999; Kane et al., 2004; Kyllonen & Christal, 1990; Unsworth & Engle, 2005).
Each of these studies has shown that variation in WMC is important in a host of higher
order cognitive tasks.
The Working Memory Problem
Although the previous review suggests that WMC is important in a number of domains,
working memory as a system is not needed in all cognitive operations. For instance, many
cognitive operations that people engage in on a daily basis can be carried out in a fairly
automatic fashion with little or no reliance on a working memory system (e.g., James,
1890; Posner & Snyder, 1975; Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977). Take, for instance, the simple
example of driving to work. Chances are that one generally takes the same route nearly
every day to work. After many days, weeks, months, and even years, driving to work
becomes fairly automatized. One does not need to think about what lane to get in or
where to turn and so forth. These basic routines can be retrieved almost effortlessly from
memory and allow one to talk on a cell phone, fiddle with the radio, or adjust the levels of
heat while driving. A general working memory system is needed, however, when current
task goals conflict with these automatic tendencies. For example, assume that today one is
supposed to drive to the dentist office before going to work. In such a case, it is critically
important to keep the task goal actively maintained in order to override the automatic
response of driving to work. If one loses maintenance to the task goal of driving to the
dentist while captured by a song on the radio, it is likely that one will find oneself
halfway to work. In a broad sense then, working memory is engaged when control is
needed to overcome automatic tendencies. In particular, working memory is needed to
maintain new and novel information in a heightened state of activity. This is particularly
needed when there is considerable external (e.g., music on the radio, child in the backseat
crying, etc.) and internal (e.g., ruminations about a fight with one’s spouse last night,
what to have for dinner tonight, etc.) distraction and interference. Additionally, given that
it is unlikely that people can maintain a great deal of information indefinitely, working
memory will also be needed to retrieve information that could not be maintained. In
particular, this information will likely have to be retrieved in the presence of irrelevant
14. 14
information that interferes proactively with the relevant information. For instance, in the
above example, information associated with driving to work is not relevant for driving to
the dentist office, but because it usually is relevant, it competes for access with the
currently relevant information of driving to the dentist. Thus, what is critical is the ability
to correctly discriminate between relevant (e.g., routines associated with driving to the
dentist) and irrelevant (e.g., routines associated with driving to work) information in
regard to a current task goal. This discrimination process likely relies on contextual cues
to determine what is relevant versus irrelevant (e.g., Capaldi & Neath, 1995). On most
days, driving to work is the correct response; however, in the current context of needing
to drive to the dentist, information associated with driving to work becomes the irrelevant
information. Thus, the current context defines what is relevant versus irrelevant. In such a
situation, it is critically important that the contextual cues activate only that information
that is currently relevant. Any noise in the contextual cues increases the probability that
the relevant information is not found and instead irrelevant information is retrieved.
Working memory limitations arise, then, from the inability to actively maintain
information and the inability to retrieve task relevant information in the presence of
highly interfering competitors.
15. 15
Jurnal
Current Recruitment and Selection Practices:
A National Survey of Fortune 1000 Firms
Chris Piotrowski
University of West Florida, USA
This study reports the findings of survey data on recruitment and preemployment
selection methods in use by human resources departments in, major companies in the
USA. In addition, data on use of online preemployment tests, currently and in the near
term future, were also collected. The analysis is based on responses from 151 firms. The
findings indicate that the majority of companies rely on traditional recruitment and
personnel selection techniques over the use of online assessment instruments. Personality
testing is popular in about 20% of the firms and one-fifth of the respondents plan to
implement online testing in the future. Furthermore, screening for honesty-integrity
(28.5%) and violence potential (22%) was found to be somewhat popular. It would be
helpful if future research could pinpoint the reservations that companies have about
online preemployment tests. Psychological tests and assessment instruments that tap
prospective employees' personality, interpersonal style, and response to stress situations
have received increased attention from both human resource professionals and
researchers in I/O psychology over the past 20 years (e.g., Gatewood & Feild, 1998; Ryan
& Sackett, 1987). Indeed, the nexus between personality factors and personnel selection
and placement has spawned major investigatory efforts, conceptual reformulations, and
pragmatic applications in both research and practice (Hogan, 2001; Landy et al., 1997).
Moreover, to enhance the chances for successful recruitment and long-term benefits for
employers, a plethora of
research studies has investigated and endorsed the utility of the 'person-fit' paradigm
(Anderson et al., 2004; Chan, 2005; Hollenbeck et al., 2002). However, there has been
recent concern and thoughtful discussion on the potential threat of unscientific claims
about personnel selection methods that include personality testing on the Internet and the
use.
490 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY
online testing for selection purposes specifically (see Anderson et al., 2004, for a
discussion). At the same time, and largely based on the public's acceptance of the Internet
and related technological applications, both public and private companies, including
governmental agencies, are re-thinking traditional personnel selection processes and
16. 16
recruiting methods (e.g., Mooney, 2002). Yet several feature articles in human resource
publications, while touting the benefits of online testing of job applicants, caution that
online selection firms are not regulated. Moreover, most person job-fit tests have not been
standardized, lack norms, and developers have not presented predictive validity data on
their selection measures (Barbian, 2001; Bates, 2002). Undoubtedly, these concems about
personnel testing on the World Wide Web have attracted the attention of rigorous
research efforts by scholars worldwide and the findings are receiving coverage in peer-
reviewed journals (e.g.,Bartram, 2004; Ployhart, Weekley, Holtz, & Kemp, 2003).
However, in the contemporary business environment, companies are faced with a critical
challenge to recruit and retain qualified employees (Langan, 2000). Thus, it appears that
companies now have at their disposal a conceptually sound framework (person job-fit)
and a cost-effective, speedy, and convenient system (online testing) to meet their
personnel selection needs in a highly competitive environment. However, recent reviews
of the literature report that employers continue to rely on traditional (i.e., general IQ,
integrity, structured interviews, wbrksamples, references, official transcripts) methods for
personnel selecition (see Schmidt & Hunter, 1998; Wilk & Cappelli, 2003). To obtain a
clearer perspective on these issues, the current study was designed to obtain empirical
data from major companies in the U.S.A. on the extent of their use of traditional selection
techniques and use (if any) of online personality testing for selection and hiring purposes.
Since companies tend to be guarded on sharing information about practices and policy
regarding personnel selection, our intent was to keep queries short and direct.
Accordingly, our results, by design, are conceptually limited and the findings should be
considered exploratory in nature.