The document discusses strategies to reduce seismic risk in schools. It begins by describing past earthquakes that damaged or destroyed unreinforced masonry (URM) school buildings, including the 1933 Long Beach earthquake. It then compares single-stage retrofitting, which addresses all seismic issues at once, to incremental retrofitting, which takes a phased approach. The document advocates for incremental retrofitting due to lower costs and less disruption. It also discusses mitigation options like nonstructural retrofitting. Finally, it proposes a goal of seismically retrofitting or replacing all URM school buildings in high-risk areas by 2033, the 100th anniversary of the 1933 Long Beach earthquake, and suggests intermediate steps to achieve this goal
Floodproofing Methods That Work In West VirginiaBZjoe
This document summarizes floodproofing methods that work in West Virginia. It discusses the National Flood Risk Management Program, Silver Jackets collaboration between state and federal agencies, and the National Nonstructural Flood Proofing Committee. It provides examples of floodproofing projects in Wayne County WV including elevated homes, ring walls, and relocations. The document examines the most used flood risk reduction measures in WV and factors to consider when selecting approaches.
The document provides comments on the Mitigated Negative Declaration for the Del Mar Heights School Rebuild Project from the Sierra Club North County Coastal Group. It raises several concerns about potential environmental impacts including:
1) Insufficient consideration of impacts to the adjacent Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve, including edge effects, impacts from a proposed trail, and spread of invasive species.
2) Inadequate analysis of traffic, parking, air quality impacts, and consistency with climate change policies.
3) Potential water quality impacts from the stormwater system and erosion, and insufficient stormwater analysis.
4) Failure to address potential noise impacts on the adjacent reserve and impacts to recreation from a reduction in playing fields
Presentation on considerations for seismic retrofitting. This presentation was given at the Natural Hazard Mitigation Association's annual Symposium held every July in Broomfield, Colorado.
This presentation was given by Mai (Mike) Tong of FEMA. Watch the whole presentation here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alb6V8mbJEo
How do Beam-Column Joints in RC Buildings Resist Earthquakes?Malay Patel
Beam-column joints are the intersections between beams and columns in reinforced concrete buildings. These joints must be designed carefully to resist seismic forces during earthquakes to avoid damage. Under earthquake shaking, the beams adjoining a joint experience moments in the same direction, pulling the top bars in one direction and bottom bars in the other. If the column is not wide enough or the concrete strength is low, the bars can slip inside the joint, weakening the structure. Providing closed loop transverse ties through the joint region helps prevent diagonal cracking and crushing of the concrete. The reinforcement cages for all beams at a floor level are ideally prepared together and lowered into place to ensure the ties surround the column bars through the joint region.
Comparison of Different Retrofitting Techniques for Masonry BuildingsNitin Kumar
The document compares different retrofitting techniques for masonry buildings, including jacketing using steel wire meshing, GI welded wire meshing, and polypropylene bands, as well as splint and bandage techniques using RCC and GI welded wire meshing. It provides details on the retrofitting process using polypropylene bands, which involves fixing vertical and horizontal bands to the walls with welding and wires, and connecting them to roof and floor elements. It also describes the retrofitting process using wire mesh, which involves removing plaster, raking mortar joints, drilling walls, and applying concrete in layers with embedded reinforcement. The document aims to present comparative results of various retrofitting techniques.
This document introduces base isolation as a seismic retrofitting technique. It defines base isolation as decoupling a structure's superstructure from its substructure using structural elements. The document discusses the principle of base isolation, which is to isolate the structure from ground movement. It compares base isolation to other retrofitting techniques, noting advantages such as reduced structural damage and maintenance costs. The document also outlines different base isolation systems using elastomeric bearings and sliding systems. Examples of base isolation projects and companies utilizing the technique are provided. The document suggests government initiatives and training to develop base isolation in India.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8a - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
The document outlines a presentation on retrofitting concrete structures. It discusses two approaches to retrofitting: global (system) strengthening which adds new elements to enhance stiffness, and local (element) strengthening which targets insufficient member capacities. Examples of global retrofitting mentioned include adding reinforced concrete shear walls and buckling restrained braces. Local retrofitting examples discussed are reinforcement concrete jacketing of columns and beams.
The document discusses retrofitting of reinforced concrete beam-column joints through various techniques like jacketing, case studies, and concludes with key findings. Specifically, it summarizes three case studies: 1) Retrofitting using reinforced concrete jacketing improved strength and ductility over the brittle original joint. 2) Using carbon fiber reinforced polymer on a damaged joint improved shear strength and ductility. 3) Glass fiber reinforced polymer wrapping a joint improved its shear and bond-slip resistance, producing more ductile failures in beams.
Floodproofing Methods That Work In West VirginiaBZjoe
This document summarizes floodproofing methods that work in West Virginia. It discusses the National Flood Risk Management Program, Silver Jackets collaboration between state and federal agencies, and the National Nonstructural Flood Proofing Committee. It provides examples of floodproofing projects in Wayne County WV including elevated homes, ring walls, and relocations. The document examines the most used flood risk reduction measures in WV and factors to consider when selecting approaches.
The document provides comments on the Mitigated Negative Declaration for the Del Mar Heights School Rebuild Project from the Sierra Club North County Coastal Group. It raises several concerns about potential environmental impacts including:
1) Insufficient consideration of impacts to the adjacent Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve, including edge effects, impacts from a proposed trail, and spread of invasive species.
2) Inadequate analysis of traffic, parking, air quality impacts, and consistency with climate change policies.
3) Potential water quality impacts from the stormwater system and erosion, and insufficient stormwater analysis.
4) Failure to address potential noise impacts on the adjacent reserve and impacts to recreation from a reduction in playing fields
Presentation on considerations for seismic retrofitting. This presentation was given at the Natural Hazard Mitigation Association's annual Symposium held every July in Broomfield, Colorado.
This presentation was given by Mai (Mike) Tong of FEMA. Watch the whole presentation here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alb6V8mbJEo
How do Beam-Column Joints in RC Buildings Resist Earthquakes?Malay Patel
Beam-column joints are the intersections between beams and columns in reinforced concrete buildings. These joints must be designed carefully to resist seismic forces during earthquakes to avoid damage. Under earthquake shaking, the beams adjoining a joint experience moments in the same direction, pulling the top bars in one direction and bottom bars in the other. If the column is not wide enough or the concrete strength is low, the bars can slip inside the joint, weakening the structure. Providing closed loop transverse ties through the joint region helps prevent diagonal cracking and crushing of the concrete. The reinforcement cages for all beams at a floor level are ideally prepared together and lowered into place to ensure the ties surround the column bars through the joint region.
Comparison of Different Retrofitting Techniques for Masonry BuildingsNitin Kumar
The document compares different retrofitting techniques for masonry buildings, including jacketing using steel wire meshing, GI welded wire meshing, and polypropylene bands, as well as splint and bandage techniques using RCC and GI welded wire meshing. It provides details on the retrofitting process using polypropylene bands, which involves fixing vertical and horizontal bands to the walls with welding and wires, and connecting them to roof and floor elements. It also describes the retrofitting process using wire mesh, which involves removing plaster, raking mortar joints, drilling walls, and applying concrete in layers with embedded reinforcement. The document aims to present comparative results of various retrofitting techniques.
This document introduces base isolation as a seismic retrofitting technique. It defines base isolation as decoupling a structure's superstructure from its substructure using structural elements. The document discusses the principle of base isolation, which is to isolate the structure from ground movement. It compares base isolation to other retrofitting techniques, noting advantages such as reduced structural damage and maintenance costs. The document also outlines different base isolation systems using elastomeric bearings and sliding systems. Examples of base isolation projects and companies utilizing the technique are provided. The document suggests government initiatives and training to develop base isolation in India.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8a - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
The document outlines a presentation on retrofitting concrete structures. It discusses two approaches to retrofitting: global (system) strengthening which adds new elements to enhance stiffness, and local (element) strengthening which targets insufficient member capacities. Examples of global retrofitting mentioned include adding reinforced concrete shear walls and buckling restrained braces. Local retrofitting examples discussed are reinforcement concrete jacketing of columns and beams.
The document discusses retrofitting of reinforced concrete beam-column joints through various techniques like jacketing, case studies, and concludes with key findings. Specifically, it summarizes three case studies: 1) Retrofitting using reinforced concrete jacketing improved strength and ductility over the brittle original joint. 2) Using carbon fiber reinforced polymer on a damaged joint improved shear strength and ductility. 3) Glass fiber reinforced polymer wrapping a joint improved its shear and bond-slip resistance, producing more ductile failures in beams.
The document discusses seismic retrofitting of buildings to make them more resistant to earthquakes. It describes how seismic retrofitting includes strengthening structural elements like connections, walls, and foundations. It outlines several methods for retrofitting such as adding new structural elements like walls, using innovative materials like fiber reinforced plastics, implementing base isolation systems, and supplemental energy dissipation. The document provides details on evaluating seismic vulnerability and the need for retrofitting to improve building safety, reduce hazards, and limit losses from earthquakes.
This document discusses retrofitting of structures. Retrofitting is required when structures are damaged or do not meet current seismic standards. It summarizes various retrofitting techniques such as adding shear walls, infill walls, steel bracing, wall thickening, wing walls, mass reduction, base isolation, and jacketing structural elements. It provides examples of existing retrofitted structures in Gujarat. Retrofitting increases strength and ductility but can reduce space and increase foundation loads. Materials discussed include steel, fiber reinforced polymer, and reinforced concrete.
METHODS OF RETROFITTING EARTHQUAKE DAMAGESUmer Farooq
The primary purpose of earthquake retrofitting is to keep a home from being displaced from its concrete foundation. Retrofitting means making improvements to an existing building. The purpose is to make the building safer and less prone to major structural damage during an earthquake. Existing homes need to be retrofitted because our understanding of the effects of earthquakes as well as construction techniques have improved after the homes were built. The terms house bolting, foundation bolting and cripple wall bracing are often used synonymously with earthquake retrofitting
The document contains 55 multiple choice questions related to civil engineering topics like construction management, structures, materials, transportation, environmental engineering and geotechnical engineering. The questions are designed to test objective knowledge of definitions, principles, appropriate applications and industry standards.
This presentation summarizes the key aspects of one-way slab design. It defines one-way slabs as having an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, with bending primarily along the long axis. The presentation discusses the types of one-way slabs including solid, hollow, and ribbed. It also outlines the design considerations for one-way slabs according to the ACI code, including minimum thickness, reinforcement ratios, and bar spacing. An example problem demonstrates how to design a one-way slab for a given set of loading and dimensional conditions.
The document summarizes the design of beam-and-slab systems. It describes how the one-way slab is designed as a continuous slab spanning the beam supports using moment distribution methods or a simplified coefficient method. Interior beams are designed as T-beams and edge beams as L-beams, which provide greater flexural strength than conventional beams. The beam and slab must be securely connected to transfer shear forces between them. The slab is reinforced as a one-way system and the beams are designed as simply supported beams spanning their supports.
1. The document provides engineering formulas and equations for statistics, mechanics, electricity, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, structural analysis, and simple machines.
2. Key formulas include those for mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and probability. Mechanics formulas include those for force, torque, energy, power, and kinematics.
3. Formulas are also provided for stress, strain, modulus of elasticity, beam deflection, truss analysis, and mechanical advantage of simple machines like levers, inclined planes, and gears.
This is a Power Point Presentation discussing briefly about the Slab, Beam & Column of a building construction. It was presented on 6th March, 2014 as part of the Presentations of the subject: DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION, at Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology (AUST)
This document discusses the design of two-way slabs. It defines a two-way slab as having a ratio of long to short spans of less than 2. The main types of two-way slabs described are flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs with beams, flat plates, and waffle slabs. The basic steps of two-way slab design are outlined, including choosing the slab type and thickness, the design method, calculating moments, determining reinforcement, and checking shear strength. Two common design methods are described: the direct design method which uses coefficients, and the equivalent frame method which analyzes frames cut between columns.
This document discusses retrofitting techniques to strengthen existing structures against seismic activity. It describes upgrading reinforced concrete and masonry structures through methods like reinforced concrete jacketing, steel plate bonding, and adding new structural elements. Recent trends in Pakistan involve using carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites for flexural and shear strengthening. The document provides examples of retrofitting projects completed in Pakistan using these composite systems.
The superstructure of a building consists of elements above the foundation like beams, columns, lintels, roofing and flooring. Beams are horizontal members that carry loads and transfer them to columns or walls. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to resist both bending moments and shear forces from loads. There are different types of beams like simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous and overhanging beams which are designed based on how they are supported. Columns are vertical load bearing members that transfer loads from beams and slabs to the foundation. Common column types include long, short and intermediate columns. Lintels are short horizontal members that span small openings like doors and windows and transfer loads to masonry, steel or reinforced concrete
Bw12 presentation 1.5 hour with crs and darlingotnSean Carroll
The document summarizes information about flood insurance programs and reforms, including:
1) The National Flood Insurance Program and the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 have led to changes in how flood insurance rates are determined and increases in rates for many policyholders.
2) Property owners can take steps to lower their flood insurance rates such as pursuing mitigation grants to elevate homes, participating in the Community Rating System, and using coverage for elevating or floodproofing structures.
3) The elimination of subsidies will significantly increase rates for some pre-FIRM homes and non-primary residences. Rates will also increase when new flood maps show higher risk areas.
The document discusses several challenges related to bushfire management including catastrophic fires, keeping up with royal commission findings, situational awareness, fire modeling, communications, climate change, and wicked problems. It notes that climate change is projected to increase fire intensity and frequency, reducing the window for controlled burns. Future fire leaders will need to adapt practices to contend with changes in demographics, resources, and enhanced natural phenomena from climate change. Models and new technologies like Phoenix fire modeling and the Amatoya suppression vehicle concept could help address some challenges but operational management will require innovation.
The document summarizes Cambridge, MA's climate change vulnerability assessment and preparedness planning process. It discusses Cambridge's history of sustainability initiatives, key climate change concerns like sea level rise and flooding, and the two stage assessment/planning process. The process involves climate modeling, impact analyses on infrastructure/health/economy, and engaging expert/stakeholder committees to identify vulnerable areas and recommend preparedness measures.
This document summarizes Portland Public Schools' $482 million capital construction bond program approved by voters in 2012. The bond will fund seismic upgrades, roof replacements, and full modernizations of high schools and other schools. It will also fund educational facility improvements. A bond oversight committee will provide transparency and oversight of funds. Architects, engineers, and contractors will have opportunities to work on projects through an open competitive process.
Flood zoning is a non-structural flood mitigation technique that identifies areas with varying degrees of flood risk. It involves classifying land into flood hazard zones like low, medium, and high based on the probability of flooding. This information is then used for land use planning and regulation to restrict development in high flood risk areas. The key benefits are preventing flood damage to property and infrastructure through regulating construction in floodplains.
The Twig Light: Ultra low-cost lighting in Ghanathe nciia
This session describes the development of a new, low cost, sustainable light source for poor villagers in developing countries called the Twig Light. The light makes use of a compact thermoelectric generator sandwiched and providing a thermal bridge between two pieces of ten-centimeter aluminum channel approximately fifteen centimeters in length. The lower section is cooled by sitting it in a small amount of water, while the upper section serves as a combustion chamber in which small pieces of wood or other combustible materials are burned. The subsequent temperature difference across the thermoelectric generator results in enough power to light a bank of LEDs sufficient to illuminate a small room. The technology was distributed in the rural Ghanaian village of Domeabra in the summer of 2009, and the performance will be evaluated during a return visit in 2010.
Presentation tries to bring out various options for mitigating disaster in human settlements through the involvement of architects by creating buildings which are safe against the natural disasters
presentation tries to look into causes and pattern of disaster in the built environment and suggest options how architectural education can be leveraged to minimise such disasters
This document summarizes lessons learned from reconstruction efforts in Vietnam following natural disasters. It discusses several reconstruction programs that incorporated disaster risk reduction principles. The key findings were that (1) seeing housing as a process led by families is important, (2) designs must be adapted locally while respecting safety principles, and (3) funding transparency and post-reconstruction evaluations are needed to continuously improve approaches.
The document discusses seismic retrofitting of buildings to make them more resistant to earthquakes. It describes how seismic retrofitting includes strengthening structural elements like connections, walls, and foundations. It outlines several methods for retrofitting such as adding new structural elements like walls, using innovative materials like fiber reinforced plastics, implementing base isolation systems, and supplemental energy dissipation. The document provides details on evaluating seismic vulnerability and the need for retrofitting to improve building safety, reduce hazards, and limit losses from earthquakes.
This document discusses retrofitting of structures. Retrofitting is required when structures are damaged or do not meet current seismic standards. It summarizes various retrofitting techniques such as adding shear walls, infill walls, steel bracing, wall thickening, wing walls, mass reduction, base isolation, and jacketing structural elements. It provides examples of existing retrofitted structures in Gujarat. Retrofitting increases strength and ductility but can reduce space and increase foundation loads. Materials discussed include steel, fiber reinforced polymer, and reinforced concrete.
METHODS OF RETROFITTING EARTHQUAKE DAMAGESUmer Farooq
The primary purpose of earthquake retrofitting is to keep a home from being displaced from its concrete foundation. Retrofitting means making improvements to an existing building. The purpose is to make the building safer and less prone to major structural damage during an earthquake. Existing homes need to be retrofitted because our understanding of the effects of earthquakes as well as construction techniques have improved after the homes were built. The terms house bolting, foundation bolting and cripple wall bracing are often used synonymously with earthquake retrofitting
The document contains 55 multiple choice questions related to civil engineering topics like construction management, structures, materials, transportation, environmental engineering and geotechnical engineering. The questions are designed to test objective knowledge of definitions, principles, appropriate applications and industry standards.
This presentation summarizes the key aspects of one-way slab design. It defines one-way slabs as having an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, with bending primarily along the long axis. The presentation discusses the types of one-way slabs including solid, hollow, and ribbed. It also outlines the design considerations for one-way slabs according to the ACI code, including minimum thickness, reinforcement ratios, and bar spacing. An example problem demonstrates how to design a one-way slab for a given set of loading and dimensional conditions.
The document summarizes the design of beam-and-slab systems. It describes how the one-way slab is designed as a continuous slab spanning the beam supports using moment distribution methods or a simplified coefficient method. Interior beams are designed as T-beams and edge beams as L-beams, which provide greater flexural strength than conventional beams. The beam and slab must be securely connected to transfer shear forces between them. The slab is reinforced as a one-way system and the beams are designed as simply supported beams spanning their supports.
1. The document provides engineering formulas and equations for statistics, mechanics, electricity, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, structural analysis, and simple machines.
2. Key formulas include those for mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and probability. Mechanics formulas include those for force, torque, energy, power, and kinematics.
3. Formulas are also provided for stress, strain, modulus of elasticity, beam deflection, truss analysis, and mechanical advantage of simple machines like levers, inclined planes, and gears.
This is a Power Point Presentation discussing briefly about the Slab, Beam & Column of a building construction. It was presented on 6th March, 2014 as part of the Presentations of the subject: DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION, at Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology (AUST)
This document discusses the design of two-way slabs. It defines a two-way slab as having a ratio of long to short spans of less than 2. The main types of two-way slabs described are flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs with beams, flat plates, and waffle slabs. The basic steps of two-way slab design are outlined, including choosing the slab type and thickness, the design method, calculating moments, determining reinforcement, and checking shear strength. Two common design methods are described: the direct design method which uses coefficients, and the equivalent frame method which analyzes frames cut between columns.
This document discusses retrofitting techniques to strengthen existing structures against seismic activity. It describes upgrading reinforced concrete and masonry structures through methods like reinforced concrete jacketing, steel plate bonding, and adding new structural elements. Recent trends in Pakistan involve using carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites for flexural and shear strengthening. The document provides examples of retrofitting projects completed in Pakistan using these composite systems.
The superstructure of a building consists of elements above the foundation like beams, columns, lintels, roofing and flooring. Beams are horizontal members that carry loads and transfer them to columns or walls. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to resist both bending moments and shear forces from loads. There are different types of beams like simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous and overhanging beams which are designed based on how they are supported. Columns are vertical load bearing members that transfer loads from beams and slabs to the foundation. Common column types include long, short and intermediate columns. Lintels are short horizontal members that span small openings like doors and windows and transfer loads to masonry, steel or reinforced concrete
Bw12 presentation 1.5 hour with crs and darlingotnSean Carroll
The document summarizes information about flood insurance programs and reforms, including:
1) The National Flood Insurance Program and the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 have led to changes in how flood insurance rates are determined and increases in rates for many policyholders.
2) Property owners can take steps to lower their flood insurance rates such as pursuing mitigation grants to elevate homes, participating in the Community Rating System, and using coverage for elevating or floodproofing structures.
3) The elimination of subsidies will significantly increase rates for some pre-FIRM homes and non-primary residences. Rates will also increase when new flood maps show higher risk areas.
The document discusses several challenges related to bushfire management including catastrophic fires, keeping up with royal commission findings, situational awareness, fire modeling, communications, climate change, and wicked problems. It notes that climate change is projected to increase fire intensity and frequency, reducing the window for controlled burns. Future fire leaders will need to adapt practices to contend with changes in demographics, resources, and enhanced natural phenomena from climate change. Models and new technologies like Phoenix fire modeling and the Amatoya suppression vehicle concept could help address some challenges but operational management will require innovation.
The document summarizes Cambridge, MA's climate change vulnerability assessment and preparedness planning process. It discusses Cambridge's history of sustainability initiatives, key climate change concerns like sea level rise and flooding, and the two stage assessment/planning process. The process involves climate modeling, impact analyses on infrastructure/health/economy, and engaging expert/stakeholder committees to identify vulnerable areas and recommend preparedness measures.
This document summarizes Portland Public Schools' $482 million capital construction bond program approved by voters in 2012. The bond will fund seismic upgrades, roof replacements, and full modernizations of high schools and other schools. It will also fund educational facility improvements. A bond oversight committee will provide transparency and oversight of funds. Architects, engineers, and contractors will have opportunities to work on projects through an open competitive process.
Flood zoning is a non-structural flood mitigation technique that identifies areas with varying degrees of flood risk. It involves classifying land into flood hazard zones like low, medium, and high based on the probability of flooding. This information is then used for land use planning and regulation to restrict development in high flood risk areas. The key benefits are preventing flood damage to property and infrastructure through regulating construction in floodplains.
The Twig Light: Ultra low-cost lighting in Ghanathe nciia
This session describes the development of a new, low cost, sustainable light source for poor villagers in developing countries called the Twig Light. The light makes use of a compact thermoelectric generator sandwiched and providing a thermal bridge between two pieces of ten-centimeter aluminum channel approximately fifteen centimeters in length. The lower section is cooled by sitting it in a small amount of water, while the upper section serves as a combustion chamber in which small pieces of wood or other combustible materials are burned. The subsequent temperature difference across the thermoelectric generator results in enough power to light a bank of LEDs sufficient to illuminate a small room. The technology was distributed in the rural Ghanaian village of Domeabra in the summer of 2009, and the performance will be evaluated during a return visit in 2010.
Presentation tries to bring out various options for mitigating disaster in human settlements through the involvement of architects by creating buildings which are safe against the natural disasters
presentation tries to look into causes and pattern of disaster in the built environment and suggest options how architectural education can be leveraged to minimise such disasters
This document summarizes lessons learned from reconstruction efforts in Vietnam following natural disasters. It discusses several reconstruction programs that incorporated disaster risk reduction principles. The key findings were that (1) seeing housing as a process led by families is important, (2) designs must be adapted locally while respecting safety principles, and (3) funding transparency and post-reconstruction evaluations are needed to continuously improve approaches.
Strategies and Techniques for Seismic Risk Reduction of School Buildings in D...AIT Solutions
This document discusses strategies and techniques for seismic risk reduction of school buildings in developing countries. It addresses identifying structural vulnerabilities, prioritizing retrofitting needs, and recommending appropriate retrofitting techniques. A multi-tiered approach is proposed to first screen buildings, then conduct preliminary and detailed evaluations to determine the best intervention strategies. Both global and local retrofitting techniques are described for different building typologies. The goal is to ensure school structures can withstand relevant hazards and serve as temporary shelters following a disaster.
This document discusses earthquake management and provides information on various related topics in 6 sections:
1) It outlines organizations responsible for earthquake management in Bangladesh, including various government ministries and committees as well as NGOs.
2) It discusses the challenges of earthquake prediction and provides an example of Japan's earthquake early warning system.
3) It describes the earthquake management cycle, including prevention, preparedness, response, recovery and reconstruction phases.
4) It explains seismic design philosophy which aims to limit damage from minor quakes and prevent collapse in major quakes.
5) It identifies some unfavorable building configurations from an earthquake perspective, such as soft stories, heavy overhangs, and weak beams relative to strong
This document discusses an innovative approach called "Resilient by Nature" for addressing climate change impacts through nature-based solutions. It analyzes systems that have proven natural resilience to extreme weather, such as barrier islands and mangroves, identifies features that provide resilience, and proposes applying these features in other vulnerable areas through holistic coastal systems rather than isolated projects. Examples of resilient features include Dauphin Island which experiences little damage from hurricanes due to its small landmass, and mangroves which reduce wave impacts. The document advocates learning from natural resilient systems and implementing solutions like resilient breakwaters, eco-polders, and artificial reefs to enhance safety and resilience against accelerating climate impacts.
KPM Marine Design is developing rise and fall housing to address issues of flooding, limited affordable housing, and high land costs. The housing uses modular construction and floating concrete platforms to provide durable, scalable, and sustainable homes at lower costs than traditional housing. By manufacturing components in economic zones and assembling on site, the housing creates local jobs while distributing wealth.
Building Sustainability through Community Engagement - Presentation by Michael Greis of Green Needham at the MA Sustainable Communities Conference 4/20/12.
Vinalhaven, Maine hosted a Design & Resilience Team (DART) in October 2017 to produce a strategy on adaptation to sea-level rise, downtown revitalization, and livability.
The document presents a project management plan to replace the current awning at a student/faculty entrance. The new awning would be longer and wider to better protect against water intrusion, provide cover for electrical systems, and allow people to stand under it. The plan outlines the project scope, stakeholders, schedule, budget, and communications management. The conclusion recommends awarding a $1525 contract to East Coast Aluminum to complete the work within the $3000 budget and between March 30th and April 5th when campus is less busy.
ICLR Friday Forum: Functional Recovery for Lifeline Infrastructure Systems (F...glennmcgillivray
This document discusses recommendations for improving the recovery of lifeline infrastructure systems after earthquakes. It recommends developing a framework that defines recovery time objectives for critical services. This framework would include developing design criteria and standards to meet the recovery objectives for both new and existing buildings and lifeline systems. It also recommends improving pre-disaster planning, education, and access to financial resources to support achieving the recovery objectives. Key lifeline systems like water, power, transportation would be evaluated and upgraded as needed to restore services within the target recovery times.
Similar to Seismic Protection of Schools: A New Perspective - Michael Mahoney (20)
This document provides an overview of confined masonry construction. It defines confined masonry as a system where masonry walls are built first and then reinforced concrete columns and beams are cast. The key components are masonry walls made of clay brick or concrete blocks, vertical tie-columns that confine the walls, and horizontal tie-beams. Confined masonry began as an informal system based on its performance in earthquakes, and is now used in seismic regions around the world.
This document provides an overview of a short course on seismic design of reinforced and confined masonry buildings. The course will cover the Simplified Method and Wide Column Model for seismic analysis. The Simplified Method is based on distributing lateral seismic forces to shear walls and checking if the total wall shear strength exceeds demand. It makes assumptions about wall behavior and rigid diaphragms. Seismic force demand and distribution to individual walls is also discussed. The document provides background on the theoretical basis and definitions key terms like wall density index. Tables with recommended wall density index values for different building parameters in India are also included.
This document discusses different modeling methods for analyzing confined masonry buildings, including wide column (FR) models and finite element (FE) models. Wide column models simplify the structure but cannot accurately capture behavior like force transmission around openings. FE models are more flexible but require more work. Both model types generally capture total shear forces well but have larger errors for moments and axial forces near openings. The document recommends FE modeling and including tie columns, parapets, and effective widths to improve accuracy, as these factors significantly influence structural behavior.
Shake-table testing allows for the most accurate simulation of seismic response by subjecting physical models to actual ground motions. However, it is not practical for most design applications due to the resources required. Numerical analysis using techniques like finite element modeling provide a reasonable approximation of seismic response while being more practical for design. Shake-table testing is best suited for research purposes to validate numerical models.
The Concrete Coalition Toolkit provides guidance on assessing the risk from dangerous non-ductile concrete buildings through a virtual sidewalk survey. The survey involves compiling an initial building list, surveying addresses using Google Street View to identify older reinforced concrete structures, reconciling discrepancies with other data sources, and producing a final report. The goal is to efficiently "ground truth" information without physical site visits. The toolkit offers tips on using local knowledge and addressing limitations to conduct an effective virtual assessment of vulnerable buildings.
The Concrete Coalition Toolkit provides guidance on assessing the risk from dangerous non-ductile concrete buildings. It outlines a process for conducting sidewalk surveys to identify potentially vulnerable reinforced concrete structures. This involves gathering background data, doing preliminary walk-arounds of areas of interest, assembling building lists, cross-referencing with other data sources, conducting a second walk-around, reconciling discrepancies, and writing a report summarizing the findings. Tips are provided on supplies needed, handling difficult areas, and dating buildings of unknown construction dates. The goal is to estimate the number of at-risk buildings so that steps can then be taken to mitigate the risks.
The Concrete Coalition Toolkit provides resources for assessing risk from dangerous non-ductile concrete buildings. The toolkit guides users through reviewing relevant policy documents in their community to identify critical buildings relied on for emergency response. It instructs how to locate these buildings and any vulnerable buildings near them. Users summarize their findings on how vulnerable buildings could impact response and recovery after disasters. They create visuals mapping at-risk areas and share results to advocate for addressing risks from vulnerable infrastructure. The goal is to clearly show decision-makers how response depends on safe buildings withstanding emergencies.
The Concrete Coalition Toolkit provides guidance on visually categorizing potentially vulnerable concrete buildings to assess risk. The process involves selecting representative photos for each building, removing those not of concern, and sorting the remaining into categories based on visual similarities in construction. Analyzing one or two buildings from each category can then provide insight into the general performance of that building type and help identify those posing the largest risk. The toolkit aims to make the categorization process quick and intuitive to help communities evaluate safety issues.
This document provides guidance on demonstrating to lawmakers and officials the importance of seismic safety and reducing vulnerability of buildings. It instructs the user to review response and emergency management plans to see how they rely on buildings, such as using schools as shelters. The user is then asked to identify vulnerable critical buildings in their community like schools, hospitals and government buildings. Finally, the user will summarize their findings on the reliance of response and recovery efforts on the performance of buildings and infrastructure to convey why addressing vulnerable buildings is important.
This document provides guidance on demonstrating to lawmakers and officials the importance of seismic safety and reducing vulnerability of buildings. It instructs the user to review response and emergency management plans to see how they rely on buildings, such as using schools as shelters. The user is then asked to identify vulnerable critical buildings in their community like schools, hospitals and government buildings. Finally, the user will summarize their findings on the reliance of response and recovery efforts on the performance of buildings and infrastructure to convey why addressing vulnerable buildings is important.
The document provides guidance on estimating the number of hazardous pre-1980 concrete buildings in California. It instructs the user to estimate the number of pre-1980 concrete buildings in specific jurisdictions and extrapolate that number to the state. It then recommends performing studies to determine which buildings are most hazardous. The document also provides tips on identifying concrete buildings and guidelines on what types of concrete structures to include in the count versus not counting. The overarching goal is to produce estimates of pre-1980 concrete buildings for a user's city that include a margin of error.
This document provides instructions for conducting a virtual survey to identify concrete building types from photographs. It involves the following steps:
1. Decide which areas to survey and gather addresses from sources like Sanborn maps. Create a spreadsheet with addresses and assign them to volunteers.
2. Instruct volunteers to use Google Maps or Bing Maps to find street view images of assigned addresses, taking screenshots and naming them with the address.
3. Volunteers should upload the images to a shared Dropbox folder and update the spreadsheet with status.
The goal is to identify concrete building types through street view images to help emergency planners and policymakers. Volunteers are given detailed directions for finding images and participating in the virtual survey effort
This document provides information about the Concrete Coalition, which aims to address the seismic safety of older concrete buildings. It lists organizations involved with the Concrete Coalition, including EERI, PEER, and ATC. It then lists several example buildings that were assessed. The document presents data on deaths and economic losses from past US earthquakes as well as projections for future quake scenarios. It discusses challenges in identifying potentially dangerous concrete buildings, making retrofits more affordable, and developing community-wide retrofit programs. It outlines an initial effort in California to gather building data to inform research, programs and policy. It concludes by inviting the reader to get involved with the Concrete Coalition.
This document provides guidelines for volunteers to count and categorize different types of concrete buildings. It lists various categories of buildings and infrastructure to count or not count, and notes some may have additional data available. The ultimate goal is to estimate the total number of buildings and concrete buildings in a city, both overall and pre-1980, which may vary from assessors' data by 10-20%.
The document provides guidance on estimating the number of pre-1980 hazardous concrete buildings in California. It outlines collecting data on total buildings, concrete buildings, and pre-1980 buildings in specific jurisdictions. The volunteer surveyed Alameda using maps, library research, and walking tours to identify 126 verified pre-1980 concrete buildings, with 24 uncertain buildings. Additional effort could reduce uncertainties but was not required for the survey.
Shannon Van Zandt, Texas A & M University – “Poor and Minority Impacts from H...EERI
This document summarizes research on the disproportionate impacts of Hurricane Ike on poor and minority populations in Galveston, Texas. The research found that:
1) Socially vulnerable groups like transportation-dependent populations evacuated later and experienced higher levels of damage.
2) Minority neighborhoods and lower-value homes received greater damage and recovered more slowly from the hurricane.
3) There was long-term displacement of African Americans from Galveston as a result of the storm impacts.
The research highlights the need to consider social vulnerability in disaster planning and recovery to promote more equitable outcomes.
Nate Wood, United States Geological Survey – “Population Vulnerability to Ts...EERI
This document summarizes research on population vulnerability to tsunami hazards on the U.S. West Coast. It examines factors such as the number of residents, employees, and visitors located in tsunami hazard zones. It also analyzes demographic characteristics like age, income, and mobility that influence a community's resilience. The document models pedestrian evacuation and evaluates options for vertical evacuation structures. The primary points are that community vulnerability varies based on land use and demographics, and recovery efforts should address the specific needs identified for each local area.
“Nursing Home Vulnerability in Hurricane Irene” - Samantha Penta, University ...EERI
This document summarizes a study of nursing home vulnerability during hurricanes. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with administrators and staff at 13 nursing homes. The study found that nursing home emergency plans tended to be symbolic rather than comprehensive. Risk assessments were based on past benign experiences rather than potential worst case scenarios. Preparedness was imagined rather than concrete, with an assumption that capacity issues could be figured out later. Experience was highly valued over formal planning. The study concludes nursing home preparedness should be improved to better protect vulnerable residents from increasing climate change risks.
John Marshall, Georgia State University – “Large-scale Disasters and Federal...EERI
This document discusses the challenges of navigating federal regulatory requirements, particularly the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), for long-term recovery projects following major natural disasters. It provides examples from Hurricane Katrina where the NEPA review process entailed over 10,000 individual assessments and delayed reconstruction efforts by over 3 years. Early reports suggest improvements have been made for Hurricane Sandy but lot-by-lot reviews are still complex and time-consuming. New regulations from the Federal Transit Administration aim to streamline NEPA for disaster recovery by expanding categorical exclusions. Careful monitoring of Sandy's implementation is important to further improve the environmental review process for future large-scale disasters.
California Geological Survey – “Probabilistic Tsunami Modeling and Public Pol...EERI
The document discusses ongoing work by the California Geological Survey and partners to develop probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis and its applications to public policy. It describes initial findings from pilot studies in Crescent City and Huntington Beach, including that probabilistic analysis can improve understanding of tsunami risk if input parameters and uncertainties are well understood. The California Tsunami Policy Working Group is also discussed, which aims to provide guidance on issues preventing full implementation of tsunami hazard mitigation.
California Geological Survey – “Probabilistic Tsunami Modeling and Public Pol...
Seismic Protection of Schools: A New Perspective - Michael Mahoney
1. Seismic Protection of Schools:
A New Perspective
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
2013 Annual Meeting
Michael Mahoney, Senior Geophysicist
FEMA, Building Science Branch
2. 1933 Long Beach Earthquake
• The M6.4 Long Beach earthquake was the first major
earthquake to show the threat of URM school buildings.
• It collapsed or severely damaging thousands of URM
buildings, including over 230 school buildings.
• Fortunately, school was not in session, or hundreds of
children would have been killed.
• This event did lead to California passing the Field Act, which
required special inspection of new school buildings.
Franklin Junior High School before and after the 1933 earthquake. Photo: NICEE and Historical Society of Long Beach
3. 2008 Sichuan China Earthquake
• The M7.9 Sichuan China earthquake caused over 69,000
fatalities. Many of them were the children who were in the
thousands of school buildings that collapsed.
• The most riveting images to come out of the event were the
reactions of parents losing their only child and their protests
for the government allowing poor construction.
Photos: guardian.co.uk
4. 2011 Mineral Virginia Earthquake
• The M5.8 Mineral Virginia earthquake was the largest Virginia
earthquake since 1897 and the most widely felt in US history.
• Two Louisa County schools closed for school year and were
eventually razed and replaced using FEMA disaster funds.
• Louisa County High School
• Primarily a 1975 steel frame structure with masonry walls.
• Most damage to the marginally reinforced masonry walls.
• The high school was a community center for this depressed county.
• Thomas Jefferson Elementary School
• Two story URM, near collapse of perpendicular kindergarten wing.
• Louisa County Middle School, built in 1990’s, was undamaged
and was used to house both middle and high school classes.
• Only minor injuries reported.
8. Advantages of Incremental Retrofitting
Single-Stage Retrofitting Incremental Retrofitting
• All costs are concentrated in a short • Costs are distributed over multiple
time period fiscal years
• Construction is disruptive to school • Construction can be phased to occur
operations during summer breaks to minimize
• Requires temporary space during disruption to school operations
construction to house displaced • Students and staff are not displaced
students and staff • Seismic vulnerabilities are mitigated
• All seismic vulnerabilities are in a phased approach, beginning with
mitigated in a single phase of work the most severe vulnerabilities first
• Seismic retrofitting work is generally • Seismic mitigation can be integrated
performed independent of future with other scheduled maintenance
maintenance and remodels and remodel projects
9. Mitigation Options
• Complete Seismic Retrofitting of Schools
– Advantage: complete retrofitting reduces future
seismic risk to an acceptable level.
– Disadvantage: Expensive, difficult to justify in low
seismic areas, potential loss of use during retrofit.
• May be Justifiable for Critical Facilities.
– Schools also used as shelters, critical to response.
• Retrofitting Process:
– Identify candidates using FEMA 154 or ROVER
– Evaluate hazardous buildings using ASCE 31 or 41.
– Design retrofit using ASCE 41.
– Retrofitting techniques provided in FEMA 547.
– Comply with IBC Chapter 34 or IEBC.
10. Mitigation Options
• Incremental Retrofitting
– Advantage: cost effective, focus on specific risk area,
and can be done during normal maintenance.
– Disadvantage: not full retrofit, some risk remains
• Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation series
– FEMA 395 – Schools FEMA 396 – Hospitals
– FEMA 397 – Offices FEMA 398 – Apartments
– FEMA 399 – Retail FEMA 400 – Hotels
– FEMA P-420 Engineering Guideline
• Retrofitting done during normal maintenance.
– Example: bracing parapets during re-roofing.
11. Mitigation Options
• Nonstructural Retrofitting
– Nonstructural damage accounts for most damage.
– It can result in complete loss of use of a building.
• Nonstructural components include:
– Architectural building components.
– Mechanical, electrical and plumbing components.
– Furniture, fixtures and equipment.
• Nonstructural Design Guide (FEMA E-74)
– Recently improved, web-based design guide.
– Provides design guidance for over 70 different
nonstructural components.
– Provides examples of damage and plans or photos of
the recommended mitigation technique.
– Includes technical specifications, risk rating forms
and sample inventory checklists.
http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/earthquake/fema74/index.shtm
12. What Has Been Done by State
• There have been notable efforts by some states to identify at-
risk school buildings and to begin the process of addressing
the risk they present. For example:
– California Field Act (which requires peer review of new school buildings) and
URM laws have resulted in safer school buildings.
– Oregon initiated a Seismic Rehabilitation Grant Program which awarded $15
million to 14 schools and 11 emergency services facilities. K-12 grants were
from $120,000 to $1,490,000, with an average award of about $777,000 for
high- to very-high risk of collapse buildings.
– Utah used FEMA state assistance funds for an assessment pilot project for 80
schools, about 10% of the schools in the Wasach Front. This project will help
to develop a complete inventory to identify those schools requiring further
engineering evaluation and future seismic retrofitting.
– Several other states have funded outreach programs to raise awareness.
• However, they have all been limited by budget issues and the
day-to-day problems local governments face to just to keep
their schools operating.
13. What Has Been Done Nationally
• The U.S. Department of Education has several programs to
provide funding to improve school buildings, but they do not
address structural risk from natural hazards.
– Some examples include meeting the Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) and to wire school buildings for internet capability.
– While they cannot help seismic retrofit a school building, they could
possibly help fund a new replacement building.
• FEMA has the post-disaster Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
(HMGP) that could be used to reduce seismic risk to existing
school buildings.
– This would require that states and localities have in place a recognized
mitigation plan prior to a triggering disaster that includes seismically
retrofitting school buildings.
14. What Could Be Done*
• Any action to reduce the seismic risk presented by URM schools
must be undertaken and supported at the national, state and local
levels.
• All three are required; the absence of any one will doom any
initiative to failure.
– Local involvement is the most critical: schools are local entities
and this is where any program will succeed or fail. Local
champions are necessary for any program to work.
– State involvement is needed as many successful school retrofit
programs require state funding and leadership.
– National initiatives can help lead the way and provide a model
template or target for state and local governments.
* The views in the this presentation are strictly those of the author and
do not represent the views of the FEMA, its management, or more
importantly, those who decide how federal funds are spent.
15. What Could Be Done has to be
Done Locally
• However, any action to address the risk presented by
URM school buildings must begin at the local level, and
should include educating, empowering and supporting
the following partners and advocates:
– Concerned parents
– Parent Teacher Associations/Organizations
– Teachers unions
– School administrators
– Local/regional seismic safety advocates
– Local media outlets
– Local building code department
– Local elected officials
16. Impediments
• However, such actions have a hard time succeeding because
they must fight for public attention and resources in an
increasingly difficult environment.
• Such initiatives only succeed when there are local
champions to raise awareness and drive the issue.
• What would help this process and these champions would
be to establish a national goal that has been endorsed by
relevant constituents, organizations and others.
• Such a national goal could serve as a rallying cry to help
state and local efforts get the attention and traction they
need to succeed.
17. A Possible Program Goal
• The concept of establishing a long
term ultimate goal with several
intermediate goals was effectively
used to seismically retrofit or
replace hazardous hospitals under
California Hospital Bill SB 1953.
• Such a combination of a long-term
visible end goal along with a series
of smaller achievable intermediate
steps could help to keep the risk of
URM schools and how this risk can
be addressed in the public eye as it
moves forward.
18. A Possible Program Goal
• The year 2033 will mark the 100 year anniversary of
the 1933 Long Beach earthquake; the first
earthquake to demonstrate the vulnerability of URM
school buildings.
• A possible goal to address the risk of URM schools
could be that by the year 2033, every URM school
building in our nation’s high seismic zones will have
been either: 1) fully seismically retrofitted or 2)
replaced by a new seismically safe school building.
19. Possible Intermediate Steps
• By 2013: Adoption by seismic advisory organizations.
• By 2018: State adoption of a program to identify and assess all
of their seismically vulnerable URM school buildings.
• By 2023: 1) A seismic assessment of all URM school
buildings, 2) State adoption of a program on how seismic
vulnerabilities of specific URM school buildings will be
addressed, either by seismic retrofitting or by
replacement, and 3) State or local adoption of a plan to fund
that work.
• By 2028: State or local approved funding for all of the schools
identified in the program.
• By 2033: Completion of all seismic retrofitting or replacement
construction.
One strategy not presented here is to move the building/campus away from the EQ Hazard (fault trace, poor soil, etc.) to another site. Generally this is too impractical, unless consideration of alternate sites is part of the District long term facilities Master Plan- Incremental Rehabilitation is the strategy with the greatest FINANCIAL FLEXIBILITY.