sediment's texture.ppt
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The document describes sedimentary features observed across multiple rock samples. Sample 1 contains muddy heterolithics that are intensely bioturbated with high ichnofaunal diversity, including traces of Phycosiphon, Teichichnus, Planolites, Chondrites, and Rhizocorallium. Sample 2 contains cross-bedded claystone with bidirectional foresets, thick bottomsets, and flaser bedding, along with variable bioturbation of moderate diversity including Planolites, Macaronichnus, Ophiomorpha, and Thalassinoides, indicative of a tidal channel. Sample 3 contains descriptions of bioturbation degree, ichnofauna, diversity, and tiering observed
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Geological Digressions.pptx
The document discusses subaerial unconformities visible in outcrops and provides examples from various locations around the world. Key criteria to identify subaerial unconformities include evidence of exposure like paleosols, erosion and truncation of underlying strata, paleotopography, and onlap of overlying strata. Photos show unconformities with regolith development, karst features, and basal conglomerates that onlap eroded surfaces. Forced regressive surfaces of marine erosion are also discussed and depicted in outcrops showing scoured contacts and shoreface sandstone wedges.
leaves.ppt
The document describes several landforms produced by wave erosion along coastlines, including headlands, bays, wave-cut notches, wave-cut platforms, arches, caves, stacks, and blowholes. Headlands are areas that jut out into the sea, often ending in cliffs, while bays are wide curved inlets. Wave action can erode cliffs from below, forming platforms, notches, arches that eventually collapse into stacks and stumps. Blowholes form through joints in cliff rocks exposed to hydraulic action inside wave-eroded caves.
Formation of headlands and bays.ppt
Waves eroding a coastline of varying rock resistance will form headlands of harder rock separated by bays in weaker rock. Landforms produced by wave erosion include headlands, bays, stacks, caves, arches, pillars, and wave-cut platforms and notches. Caves can develop into blowholes if joints in the rock connect the cave to the cliff top.
bedding planes.ppt
The document describes several landforms produced by wave erosion along coastlines including:
- Stacks, which are pillars of rock isolated from the cliff due to wave erosion.
- Headlands, which are parts of the coastline that jut out into the sea, often ending in cliffs.
- Bays, which are wide curved inlets formed along coastlines with weaker, more erodible rock.
- Arches and caves, which are openings formed when waves erode through headlands or into cliffs.
leaves a stump..ppt
Waves erode cliffs and headlands through various processes, forming different coastal landforms. Caves form where waves attack both sides of headlands. Arches may form if caves erode all the way through. Stacks and stumps are left when arches and stacks eventually collapse. Over time, this differential erosion of harder and weaker rocks creates a series of alternating headlands and bays along the coastline.
Formation of headlands and bays.ppt
This document describes several landforms produced by wave erosion along coastlines:
- Headlands jut out into the sea at the end of cliffs. Bays form sheltered inlets in weaker coastal rocks between headlands.
- Arches form when waves erode caves completely through headlands. Stacks are isolated pillars that remain when arches collapse.
- Other landforms include caves undercut at the base of cliffs, wave-cut platforms of gently sloping land left after cliff retreat, and blowholes which form when joints in cliff rocks connect eroded caves to the surface.
Formation of headlands and bays.ppt
The document describes various landforms produced by wave erosion along coastlines including headlands, bays, wave-cut notches, wave-cut platforms, arches, caves, stacks, and blowholes. It explains how waves erode harder and softer rocks at different rates, forming headlands in harder rocks and sheltered bays in weaker rocks. Arches form when waves erode caves through headlands, and stacks remain when arches collapse, eventually becoming stumps.
vdocument.in_pptintroduction-to-sequence-stratigraphy-jackson-viewstratigraph...
Stratigraphic principles and sequence stratigraphy are methods used to analyze sedimentary rock layers and impose a temporal dimension. Key concepts include:
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- Sequence stratigraphy subdivides strata using surfaces that represent changes in relative sea level, including sequence boundaries, maximum flooding surfaces, and systems tracts like transgressive and highstand.
- Facies describe the characteristics of sediment deposited in different environments, and sequence stratigraphy studies the geometric relationships between facies belts to interpret depositional history.
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Submarine canyons cut across continental shelves and slopes, carrying sediment from rivers and coastal areas to deep ocean basins. Submarine fans form at the mouths of canyons, accumulating sediment across the continental slope in a fan-shaped pattern. Sediment transport within submarine fans occurs through various mechanisms like debris flows, density currents, and turbidity currents, resulting in deposition of turbidite sequences that can be studied to understand ancient submarine fan environments.
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This document summarizes a study of the Floridan Aquifer/Chipola River System funded by the USGS and FDEP. The objectives are to identify nutrient sources to the aquifer, characterize hydrologic transport processes using modeling, and match nitrate concentrations in springs using the model. The study area includes the Dougherty Karst Plain where the Floridan Aquifer is recharged through sinkholes and rivers. A MODFLOW model is being used to simulate nitrate tracking from recharge areas and calibrate to spring discharge concentrations. Local grid refinement is being added to improve flow path and travel time estimates in key springs.
vdocument.in_unit-1-introduction-to-sedimentology-and-stratigraphy.pptx
Sediments form through the weathering and erosion of rocks, followed by transportation and deposition. There are three main types of sediments: mechanical (clastic), chemical, and organic. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments via the process of diagenesis. Sedimentology involves the study of sediment formation and depositional environments, while stratigraphy examines the temporal and spatial relationships between sedimentary strata. Key methods used in sedimentology include facies analysis, particle size and shape analysis, lithological analysis, and stratigraphic mapping and description.
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This document discusses key petrophysical properties of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir rocks including porosity, permeability, saturation, and capillarity. It defines porosity as the ratio of pore space to total volume, permeability as the ability of rocks to allow fluid flow through interconnected pores, saturation as the volume of pore space occupied by a fluid, and capillarity as the pressure difference between fluids across curved interfaces in rock pores. Accurate analysis and modeling of these petrophysical properties is important for estimating petroleum reserves and recovery efficiency from reservoirs.
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This document provides an overview of facies analysis and depositional environments in sedimentary geology. It discusses different facies interpretations of successive units in non-marine sandstones, including planar and trough cross-bedding, asymmetric scour surfaces, and rippled sandstone and mudstone. It also examines a transect of a Permian reef margin and hierarchy of depositional units, including migrating dunes, changes in hydraulic regime, lag accumulation, bar migration, channel erosion, and allogenic events driven by tectonics, eustasy, climate. Adjacent environments can result in vertical successions with different sedimentary structures.
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The document discusses reservoir petrophysics, which is the study of rock properties and interactions with fluids. It describes a course on reservoir petrophysics that systematically studies physical rock properties including porosity, permeability, fluid saturation, and fluid-rock interactions. The course objectives are to define key concepts and demonstrate techniques for determining properties like porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation through experiments and calculations.
formation pressure (2).pptx
The document discusses various methods used to prevent sloughing during well drilling operations. Specifically:
1. Circulating refrigerating fluid through the well below the freezing point of the formation to freeze it and prevent sloughing.
2. Circulating brine through the well below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation.
3. Circulating mud-laden fluid through the well below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation.
4. Circulating an emulsion through the well below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation.
5. Causing fluid to flow into the well to seep into the formation, then circulating it below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation
abnormal pressure.pptx
The document discusses methods for drilling wells through formations containing sloughing shale to prevent borehole collapse.
It describes 6 methods:
1. Circulating refrigerated fluid through the well to freeze the formation, with the refrigerant having a freezing point below that of the formation fluid.
2. Circulating brine through the well and cooling it to freeze the formation, with the brine's freezing point below that of water.
3. Circulating mud-laden fluid through the well in the same way as method 2.
4. Circulating an emulsion through the well in the same way as methods 2 and 3.
5. Causing fluid to flow into the well to contact
sloughing formation.pptx
The document discusses the problem of sloughing shale during drilling operations. Sloughing shale occurs when the mud weight is not adequate to control subsurface pressure or the mud salinity causes undesirable osmotic pressure, leading to borehole collapse and stuck drill pipes or bottom hole assembly (BHA). It states that sloughing shale is one of the mechanical issues that can cause stuck pipes. The author provides a personal anecdote about experiencing BHA getting stuck in sloughing shale for the first time and seeing large cuttings, which was shocking. While shale formations can be drilled quickly when conditions are right, sloughing shale turns it into a stressful problem similar to kicks, losses, and other drilling hazards. Close
Carbonate lithofacies.ppt
This document discusses carbonate sedimentology and classification. It summarizes two early carbonate classification systems by Dunham (1962) and Folk (1962). It also notes that while interpretation techniques used for clastic reservoirs can be applied to carbonates, carbonates differ in their importance of biogenic processes and susceptibility to diagenesis. The document stresses that the ultimate goal is understanding carbonate lithofacies and correlating them with well log and core data.
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#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
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sediment's texture.ppt
- 1. Sedimentology 2/1 Muddy heterolithics. Intensely bioturbated, high diversity. Phycosiphon Teichichnus Planolites Chondrites Rhizocorallium Muddy heterolithics
- 2. Sedimentology 2/2 Cross-beds, clay-draped foresets, bidirectional, thick bottomsets, flaser bedded. Variable bioturbation, moderate diversity. Planolites Macaronichnus Ophiomorpha Thalassinoides Palaeophycus Tidal channel
- 3. Sedimentology 2/3 •Degree of bioturbation •Ichnofauna •Diversity •Burrow organisation •Tiering •Lithology •Sedimentary structures Observations
- 4. Sedimentology 2/4 _ 3.41 _ 1.64 _ 2.35 _ 0.21 _ 0.75 _ 2.81 _ 1.81 Log K Permeability map Thin section Core Microporous nodular limestones
- 6. Sedimentology 2/6 “Those aspects of the sediment's texture and internal structure that arise from bioturbation and bio-erosion at all scales" (Ekdale & Bromley 1983). “A record of the primary sedimentary conditions, original animal community, and subsequent history of one or more phases of biogenic activity” (Taylor & Goldring 1993). Definitions
- 7. Sedimentology 2/7 Bioturbated mudstone. Laminated mudstone. Sparsely bioturbated, low diversity. Phycosiphon Thalassinoides Intensely bioturbated, moderate diversity. Phycosiphon Chondrites Planolites Outer shelf