It was used as sleeping aid(hypnotic only) from 1903-1950.Since 1950 they have been popular drug in the UK,these were previously popular drug of abuse.
It was estimated that 27000 peoples died from barbiturates overdose in the UK between 1959-1974.
A power point presentation on "Drugs affecting coagulation and anticoagulants" suitable for undergraduate medical students. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
A power point presentation on "Drugs affecting coagulation and anticoagulants" suitable for undergraduate medical students. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
Briefly describe sedative hypnotic drug with their classification and mechanism , therapeutic effect , adverse effect and dose preparation . this presentation is useful for pharma student .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. CNS depressants
CNS depressants are substances that can slow brain activity by
selectively depressing neuronal activity in posterior
hypothalamus.
Barbiturates are derivatives which is synthesized by urea &
malonic acid.
Malonic acid
Barbituric acid
Barbiturates
It was first prepare by a german scientist Adlof Von Baeyer in
1864,combining urea from animal & malonic acid from apples.
3. It was used as sleeping aid(hypnotic only) from 1903-
1950.Since 1950 they have been popular drug in the
UK,these were previously popular drug of abuse.
It was estimated that 27000 peoples died from
barbiturates overdose in the UK between 1959-1974.
5. Progressive grade of CNS
depressant
Sedation
Hypnosis
Narcosis
General anaesthesia
Coma
Death
6. Classification
according to duration of action
.Ultra-short acting Properties
1.Theopental act within second
2.Hexo-barbitone D/A:30 min
Main use:
as I/V anaesthesia
10. According to chemical structure
1.Oxybarbiturate
(If oxygen is present)
2.Thiobarbiturate
(If oxygen is replaced by sulpher)
11. Mechanism Of Action
Barbiturates are general depressants of all cell of the
body,acting as a cellular histotoxic agent.But the cell of the
CNS are more sensitive to barbiturate action.
1.Barbiturate induce sleep by selectively depressing RAS in
the brain stem.
2.Barbiturate selectively depress neuronal activity in
posterior hypothalamus,amygdaloid nucleus& limbic
structure (CNS depression)
3.Barbiturates depress monosynptic pathway of spinal
cord(anticanvulsion)
4.Barbiturates have also GABA like activity or enhance
GABA activity.
12. Mechanism of action
Barbiturate+GABA
Activation of GABA receptor
Opening of chloride channel
Increase the duration of GABA gated channel opening
Hyperpolarisation of cells
Depression of CNS
13. Pharmacological action of
Barbiturates
A.On CNS
1.Mild degree of sedation to general anaesthesia.
2.Anticonvulsant effect.
3.Respiratory centre depression
B.On CVS
1.Hypotension
2.Decrease heart rate
3.Circulatory collapse
14. C.On liver
1.Enzyme induction,so increase metabolism of itself &
other drugs.
2.Stimulate glucoronyl transferase.
D.On kidney
1.Antidiuretic effect (increase ADH)
2.Decrease urinary output by depressing GFR
18. 5.Haemolytic jaundice
6.Cholestasis
7.In narco analysis &narcopathy
8.Identifying the dominant cerebral haemisphere for
speech prior to neuro surgery
9.Kernicterus in children
22. Doses of barbiturates
The typical dose of phenobarbital use as
anticonvulsant,,
For adult:50-100 mg,2/3 times per day
For newborn:2-4 mg per kilogram of body weight per
day
For infant:5-8 mg per kilogram pf body weight
For sedation before surgery 100-200 mg,one hour
before surgery
23. Commercial brand name available
in BD
Brand Name Manufacturer
Barbit Incepta pharma
Genesia DS Square
Nelepsin Beximco
Parotin ACI pharma
24. Sedative:Drugs that reduce anxiety,excitement & exert
calming effect without effecting mental function.It is
usually lower or normal dose,not higher dose.
Hypnotic:Drugs those cause of sleep are called
hypnotic. Usually higher dose not normal or lower
dose
Sedative given day time hour,they makes patient
drowsy not sleep
Hypnotics are given at night of sleep