This document describes a software development life cycle (SDLC) process for small to medium database applications. The SDLC follows a waterfall model with six stages: planning, requirements definition, design, development, integration and testing, and installation and acceptance. Each stage goes through kickoff, informal iteration, formal iteration, in-stage assessment, and exit processes to gather requirements, develop outputs, review deliverables, and get approval to proceed to the next stage. The SDLC is intended to systematically build the project, keep its scope defined, and produce a quality product that meets the original intentions.
This document describes a software development life cycle (SDLC) model for small to medium database applications. The SDLC follows a waterfall approach with six main stages: planning, requirements definition, design, development, integration and testing, and installation and acceptance. Some variations and prototyping are allowed between stages to clarify requirements or design elements if impacts remain minimal and scope-controlled. The SDLC is meant to prevent scope creep through its structured approach and emphasis on progressive enhancement of capabilities over time.
Review of the myths on original softwareijseajournal
This document summarizes some common myths about the original software development life cycle (SDLC) model proposed by Winston Royce in 1970. It dispels the myths that the original SDLC model was a strictly linear "waterfall" process, required complete upfront requirements gathering, and did not involve customers until after development. In reality, Royce proposed an iterative process with feedback loops. He emphasized the importance of design preceding detailed analysis and ongoing customer involvement. The document aims to clear up misunderstandings about the original SDLC model that have arisen over time.
1. The document discusses different software development lifecycle (SDLC) frameworks including waterfall, fountain, spiral, rapid application development, and rapid prototyping.
2. Each framework is described in terms of its advantages and disadvantages. For example, the waterfall model is linear and sequential but slow, while rapid prototyping allows for an iterative process and early user involvement but is harder to estimate timelines.
3. The document also covers why large projects fail, focusing on issues with requirements, risks, communication, and planning.
This presentation explains what is software development methodology. It also explores various methodologies such as Waterfall Model, Prototype Model, Incremental Model, Spiral Model, RAD Model, and V-Model.
http://www.ifour-consultancy.com/
http://www.ifourtechnolab.com
Refactoring for Software Design Smells - 1 day Workshop Ganesh Samarthyam
The document discusses various design smells that negatively impact software quality attributes like reusability, changeability, understandability and extensibility. It covers different categories of design smells including abstraction smells, encapsulation smells and modularization smells. Some examples of specific smells discussed are missing abstraction, leaky encapsulation, broken modularization etc. The document emphasizes the importance of addressing design smells through refactoring to improve design quality and reduce technical debt.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC) and three common SDLC models: the waterfall model, spiral model, and agile model. It provides an overview of each model, including their key phases, advantages, and disadvantages. The waterfall model is the oldest and most widely used, following a linear sequence of phases. The spiral model and agile model allow for more flexibility and adaptation during development.
During the Spring semester, I teach a 3 credit survey course in software development, at UW-Madison (IS 371), which is the first in the series of courses in the Information Systems major track. As part of this course, I devote an entire lecture to discussing different types of software development (Agile, Waterfall, Extreme, Spiral, etc.) I hope it helps the students better understand the different types of software development styles, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of each. In my opinion, they need to learn early on that there is more than one way to go about a software development challenge, and they need to figure out which style works best for them.
https://www.learntek.org/blog/sdlc-phases/
https://www.learntek.org/
Learntek is global online training provider on Big Data Analytics, Hadoop, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, IOT, AI, Cloud Technology, DEVOPS, Digital Marketing and other IT and Management courses.
This document describes a software development life cycle (SDLC) model for small to medium database applications. The SDLC follows a waterfall approach with six main stages: planning, requirements definition, design, development, integration and testing, and installation and acceptance. Some variations and prototyping are allowed between stages to clarify requirements or design elements if impacts remain minimal and scope-controlled. The SDLC is meant to prevent scope creep through its structured approach and emphasis on progressive enhancement of capabilities over time.
Review of the myths on original softwareijseajournal
This document summarizes some common myths about the original software development life cycle (SDLC) model proposed by Winston Royce in 1970. It dispels the myths that the original SDLC model was a strictly linear "waterfall" process, required complete upfront requirements gathering, and did not involve customers until after development. In reality, Royce proposed an iterative process with feedback loops. He emphasized the importance of design preceding detailed analysis and ongoing customer involvement. The document aims to clear up misunderstandings about the original SDLC model that have arisen over time.
1. The document discusses different software development lifecycle (SDLC) frameworks including waterfall, fountain, spiral, rapid application development, and rapid prototyping.
2. Each framework is described in terms of its advantages and disadvantages. For example, the waterfall model is linear and sequential but slow, while rapid prototyping allows for an iterative process and early user involvement but is harder to estimate timelines.
3. The document also covers why large projects fail, focusing on issues with requirements, risks, communication, and planning.
This presentation explains what is software development methodology. It also explores various methodologies such as Waterfall Model, Prototype Model, Incremental Model, Spiral Model, RAD Model, and V-Model.
http://www.ifour-consultancy.com/
http://www.ifourtechnolab.com
Refactoring for Software Design Smells - 1 day Workshop Ganesh Samarthyam
The document discusses various design smells that negatively impact software quality attributes like reusability, changeability, understandability and extensibility. It covers different categories of design smells including abstraction smells, encapsulation smells and modularization smells. Some examples of specific smells discussed are missing abstraction, leaky encapsulation, broken modularization etc. The document emphasizes the importance of addressing design smells through refactoring to improve design quality and reduce technical debt.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC) and three common SDLC models: the waterfall model, spiral model, and agile model. It provides an overview of each model, including their key phases, advantages, and disadvantages. The waterfall model is the oldest and most widely used, following a linear sequence of phases. The spiral model and agile model allow for more flexibility and adaptation during development.
During the Spring semester, I teach a 3 credit survey course in software development, at UW-Madison (IS 371), which is the first in the series of courses in the Information Systems major track. As part of this course, I devote an entire lecture to discussing different types of software development (Agile, Waterfall, Extreme, Spiral, etc.) I hope it helps the students better understand the different types of software development styles, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of each. In my opinion, they need to learn early on that there is more than one way to go about a software development challenge, and they need to figure out which style works best for them.
https://www.learntek.org/blog/sdlc-phases/
https://www.learntek.org/
Learntek is global online training provider on Big Data Analytics, Hadoop, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, IOT, AI, Cloud Technology, DEVOPS, Digital Marketing and other IT and Management courses.
The document discusses key concepts in software engineering including software-intensive systems, software processes, process models, costs of software development, attributes of good software, and challenges facing software engineering. It defines software, software engineering, differences between software engineering and computer science/system engineering. It also explains computer-aided software engineering and the high costs associated with testing and maintenance.
The document discusses several software development lifecycle models including waterfall, iterative, V-model, and spiral models. The waterfall model is presented as the original sequential model consisting of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance phases. Common problems with requirements analysis are then outlined. Finally, iterative, V-model, and spiral models are introduced as alternatives that allow for more flexibility and iteration.
This document provides a summary of a developer productivity report with insights into commonly used Java tools, technologies, and developer experiences. The report is broken into four parts that analyze developer tools and technologies, how developers spend their work week, what impacts developer efficiency, and what causes developer stress. The summary highlights that Eclipse, Maven, and Subversion are used by over two-thirds of respondents and are considered standard. Java 6 is overwhelmingly popular but Java 7 adoption is growing. Groovy and Scala are gaining popularity as JVM languages.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1. It defines software and describes attributes of good software such as functionality, maintainability, dependability, and usability.
2. It explains that software engineering is concerned with all aspects of software production, whereas computer science focuses more on theory and fundamentals.
3. Key attributes of good software are discussed including maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability.
4. Various software engineering models such as waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and agile models are briefly introduced.
An Introduction to Agile Software DevelopmentSerena Software
Agile software development stresses rapid iterations, small and frequent releases, and evolving requirements facilitated by direct user involvement in the development process. Serena’s application lifecycle management tools provide a framework to visualize scope, orchestrate mundane and repetitive development tasks, and enforce process. Unlike agile-specific products offered by agile-only vendors, Serena products are methodology neutral and can be applied equally well to agile as well as more traditional serial development processes, so they can support all the development activities within an enterprise.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, spiral/iterative, and agile. It provides an overview of each model's phases and when they are best applied. The waterfall model follows sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. The spiral model is risk-driven and iterative. The agile model emphasizes speed, reduced documentation, and frequent customer feedback through shorter development cycles. SDLC models provide structure, standard processes and deliverables to software development projects.
This document discusses HMS Eliza's journey to modernize their software development lifecycle (SDLC). They selected Git for source control management and a specific CI/CD tool to enable fast feedback loops and standardized processes. The transition involved migrating from their previous source control (TFS) to Git and establishing a branching strategy. Dependency management was also improved through Nuget. Challenges included transitioning repositories and processes, establishing code ownership, and scaling their Jenkins infrastructure. Next steps involve measuring metrics, adding static analysis tools, and migrating to newer development environments.
Management information system-system development methods,useful for MBA second semester MIS portions(calicut university),methodologies of system developement
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)Subodh Kumar
This document introduces the software development life cycle (SDLC), including its key components and types of models. The SDLC is a systematic process for building quality software that typically includes requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance phases. Component details include requirements gathering, design documentation, coding, and testing approaches. Model types discussed are traditional waterfall, iterative/incremental, and adaptive agile models such as Scrum. The document concludes with a question and answer session.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software as computer programs, documentation, and data structures. Software can be generic, developed for a general market, or bespoke (custom), developed for a single customer. The document also discusses what software engineering is, the difference between software engineering and computer science, the costs of software engineering, software engineering methods, CASE tools, attributes of good software, types of software applications, and characteristics of web applications.
The document discusses various software development process models including waterfall, evolutionary development, component-based development, incremental delivery, spiral development, and agile methods like extreme programming. It provides details on the phases and activities involved in each process as well as their benefits and limitations. Specific practices of extreme programming like user stories, pair programming, and test-driven development are also outlined.
A Software Factory Integrating Rational & WebSphere Toolsghodgkinson
The document discusses how a large automotive retailer integrated Rational Software Architect, WebSphere Message Broker, and Rational Team Concert into a software factory to develop an integration layer between a new point of sale system and SAP backend. Key challenges included a multi-vendor global team and parallel development of UI, integration, and backend layers. The software factory employed model-driven development, continuous integration, and practices like architectural modeling in UML, automated WSDL generation, tracking work items and impediments, and collaborative configuration management to help coordinate distributed development and integrate results.
HP LoadRunner software is a cost-effective software tool for performance testing applications. It generates load on applications and identifies performance bottlenecks. Using minimal hardware, it emulates hundreds or thousands of users to stress test applications from end to end. The software captures response times and gathers performance data from all application tiers to determine if performance meets service level agreements. It then analyzes the data to diagnose specific causes of slowdowns.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts covered in lecture notes. It discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) which includes key stages like requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, integration and maintenance. The SDLC framework aims to develop software efficiently using a well-defined process. Software engineering principles like abstraction and decomposition are used to reduce complexity when developing large programs.
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process used by the software industry to design, develop and test high-quality software. ... It is also called as Software Development Process. SDLC is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process.
#rockstarchitta
#rcchitta
#mrchittaranjandas
Chapter 5 Mis Software Development Life Cyclemanagement 2
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and various SDLC models like waterfall, spiral, etc. It explains the important activities in SDLC like planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation and maintenance. It emphasizes the importance of proper planning and analysis in reducing errors and costs. The document also introduces some important terms related to SDLC and discusses the purpose and benefits of using computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools.
Writing, Clear and Simple - Document Testing: The Missing StepScott Abel
Testing documents is an important final step to ensure they meet their goals. Common testing methods include protocol testing, focus groups, and usability testing, which provide qualitative feedback by observing readers. Control studies provide quantitative data by comparing responses to original and revised versions. While not all documents require testing, high-impact documents distributed to many readers should be tested to prevent problems and ensure the message is clear.
This document discusses testing procedures. It likely contains information about how to test various systems or components to ensure proper functionality. Overall the document is focused on outlining testing methods and processes.
Testing documents: A quick introduction to usability testing for Clarity Inte...Caroline Jarrett
Clarity International is an international association promoting plain legal language. We met to learn about usability testing of documents, and tried the 'Pens of Power' technique on a clause from the Modern Commercial Lease
The document discusses key concepts in software engineering including software-intensive systems, software processes, process models, costs of software development, attributes of good software, and challenges facing software engineering. It defines software, software engineering, differences between software engineering and computer science/system engineering. It also explains computer-aided software engineering and the high costs associated with testing and maintenance.
The document discusses several software development lifecycle models including waterfall, iterative, V-model, and spiral models. The waterfall model is presented as the original sequential model consisting of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance phases. Common problems with requirements analysis are then outlined. Finally, iterative, V-model, and spiral models are introduced as alternatives that allow for more flexibility and iteration.
This document provides a summary of a developer productivity report with insights into commonly used Java tools, technologies, and developer experiences. The report is broken into four parts that analyze developer tools and technologies, how developers spend their work week, what impacts developer efficiency, and what causes developer stress. The summary highlights that Eclipse, Maven, and Subversion are used by over two-thirds of respondents and are considered standard. Java 6 is overwhelmingly popular but Java 7 adoption is growing. Groovy and Scala are gaining popularity as JVM languages.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1. It defines software and describes attributes of good software such as functionality, maintainability, dependability, and usability.
2. It explains that software engineering is concerned with all aspects of software production, whereas computer science focuses more on theory and fundamentals.
3. Key attributes of good software are discussed including maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability.
4. Various software engineering models such as waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and agile models are briefly introduced.
An Introduction to Agile Software DevelopmentSerena Software
Agile software development stresses rapid iterations, small and frequent releases, and evolving requirements facilitated by direct user involvement in the development process. Serena’s application lifecycle management tools provide a framework to visualize scope, orchestrate mundane and repetitive development tasks, and enforce process. Unlike agile-specific products offered by agile-only vendors, Serena products are methodology neutral and can be applied equally well to agile as well as more traditional serial development processes, so they can support all the development activities within an enterprise.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, spiral/iterative, and agile. It provides an overview of each model's phases and when they are best applied. The waterfall model follows sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. The spiral model is risk-driven and iterative. The agile model emphasizes speed, reduced documentation, and frequent customer feedback through shorter development cycles. SDLC models provide structure, standard processes and deliverables to software development projects.
This document discusses HMS Eliza's journey to modernize their software development lifecycle (SDLC). They selected Git for source control management and a specific CI/CD tool to enable fast feedback loops and standardized processes. The transition involved migrating from their previous source control (TFS) to Git and establishing a branching strategy. Dependency management was also improved through Nuget. Challenges included transitioning repositories and processes, establishing code ownership, and scaling their Jenkins infrastructure. Next steps involve measuring metrics, adding static analysis tools, and migrating to newer development environments.
Management information system-system development methods,useful for MBA second semester MIS portions(calicut university),methodologies of system developement
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)Subodh Kumar
This document introduces the software development life cycle (SDLC), including its key components and types of models. The SDLC is a systematic process for building quality software that typically includes requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance phases. Component details include requirements gathering, design documentation, coding, and testing approaches. Model types discussed are traditional waterfall, iterative/incremental, and adaptive agile models such as Scrum. The document concludes with a question and answer session.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software as computer programs, documentation, and data structures. Software can be generic, developed for a general market, or bespoke (custom), developed for a single customer. The document also discusses what software engineering is, the difference between software engineering and computer science, the costs of software engineering, software engineering methods, CASE tools, attributes of good software, types of software applications, and characteristics of web applications.
The document discusses various software development process models including waterfall, evolutionary development, component-based development, incremental delivery, spiral development, and agile methods like extreme programming. It provides details on the phases and activities involved in each process as well as their benefits and limitations. Specific practices of extreme programming like user stories, pair programming, and test-driven development are also outlined.
A Software Factory Integrating Rational & WebSphere Toolsghodgkinson
The document discusses how a large automotive retailer integrated Rational Software Architect, WebSphere Message Broker, and Rational Team Concert into a software factory to develop an integration layer between a new point of sale system and SAP backend. Key challenges included a multi-vendor global team and parallel development of UI, integration, and backend layers. The software factory employed model-driven development, continuous integration, and practices like architectural modeling in UML, automated WSDL generation, tracking work items and impediments, and collaborative configuration management to help coordinate distributed development and integrate results.
HP LoadRunner software is a cost-effective software tool for performance testing applications. It generates load on applications and identifies performance bottlenecks. Using minimal hardware, it emulates hundreds or thousands of users to stress test applications from end to end. The software captures response times and gathers performance data from all application tiers to determine if performance meets service level agreements. It then analyzes the data to diagnose specific causes of slowdowns.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts covered in lecture notes. It discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) which includes key stages like requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, integration and maintenance. The SDLC framework aims to develop software efficiently using a well-defined process. Software engineering principles like abstraction and decomposition are used to reduce complexity when developing large programs.
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process used by the software industry to design, develop and test high-quality software. ... It is also called as Software Development Process. SDLC is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process.
#rockstarchitta
#rcchitta
#mrchittaranjandas
Chapter 5 Mis Software Development Life Cyclemanagement 2
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and various SDLC models like waterfall, spiral, etc. It explains the important activities in SDLC like planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation and maintenance. It emphasizes the importance of proper planning and analysis in reducing errors and costs. The document also introduces some important terms related to SDLC and discusses the purpose and benefits of using computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools.
Writing, Clear and Simple - Document Testing: The Missing StepScott Abel
Testing documents is an important final step to ensure they meet their goals. Common testing methods include protocol testing, focus groups, and usability testing, which provide qualitative feedback by observing readers. Control studies provide quantitative data by comparing responses to original and revised versions. While not all documents require testing, high-impact documents distributed to many readers should be tested to prevent problems and ensure the message is clear.
This document discusses testing procedures. It likely contains information about how to test various systems or components to ensure proper functionality. Overall the document is focused on outlining testing methods and processes.
Testing documents: A quick introduction to usability testing for Clarity Inte...Caroline Jarrett
Clarity International is an international association promoting plain legal language. We met to learn about usability testing of documents, and tried the 'Pens of Power' technique on a clause from the Modern Commercial Lease
1. The document describes various testing documents created at different levels of a project testing process. Test policy, strategy, and methodology documents are created at higher levels, while test plans, cases, procedures, scripts, and reports are created at the project level.
2. It provides details on different testing documents - test policy defines testing objectives, test strategy defines the testing approach, and test methodology provides the testing approach for a specific project. It also describes how test plans are created, test cases are designed based on requirements, and the different levels of test execution.
3. The key testing documents created are test policy, strategy, methodology, plan, cases, procedures, scripts, and reports. Test cases are designed based
The document outlines the software testing life cycle (STLC) which is a systematic and planned process for testing software. The STLC includes requirement analysis to define what will be tested, test planning to identify activities, resources and schedules, test case development to detail test cases and data, test execution to run test cases and log results, and test cycle closure to generate reports and complete testing.
1) The document describes various testing documents created at different levels of the project testing process. Test policy and strategy are created by quality control and management, while test plans, cases, scripts, and reports are created by QA engineers.
2) Test documents can be at the company level (policy, strategy) or project level (methodology, plans, cases, scripts, reports). The key documents include test policy, strategy, methodology, plan, cases, scripts, and reports.
3) Test execution involves various levels from initial sanity testing to comprehensive and regression testing to validate requirements and detect defects in builds received from development.
Now to answer, “What is Testing?” we can go by the famous definition of Myers, which says, “Testing is the process of executing a program with the intent of finding errors”
The document describes the phases of the software testing life cycle (STLC), which includes requirement, planning, analysis, design, implementation, execution, conclusion, and closure phases. Each phase has specific goals and deliverables. The requirement phase involves analyzing requirements to determine testability. The planning phase identifies testing activities, resources, and metrics. The analysis phase defines what to test by identifying test conditions. The design phase defines how to test by detailing test conditions and creating test data. The implementation phase involves creating and reviewing test cases. The execution phase runs the test cases and logs any defects. The conclusion phase focuses on reporting and exit criteria. The closure phase verifies all testing is complete and identifies lessons learned.
The document outlines the 12 essential steps of the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC). It begins with static testing such as reviewing requirements documents. Then it describes the dynamic testing process which includes preparing test cases, executing tests, reporting bugs, fixing bugs, retesting bugs, and repeating until the criteria for release is met. The 12 steps cover the entire process from initial document review through retesting fixes and defining release criteria.
The V-model is a software development lifecycle framework where each phase of development (requirements, design, implementation, testing) has a corresponding testing phase that validates the product. The V-model is best for small to medium projects with clearly defined requirements, and allows testing activities to start early by planning tests before coding begins. Key phases include requirements analysis, system design, module design and coding, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing.
The document describes the software development life cycle (SDLC) process. There are typically six stages in the SDLC: analysis, planning, design, coding, testing, and implementation & maintenance. The analysis stage involves identifying requirements, feasibility studies, and evaluating possible solutions. The design stage then further develops the logical and physical design based on requirements. Finally, the coding, testing, and implementation stages produce the final software product.
The document provides an overview of the agenda and content for Day 1 of an ISTQB Foundation Level training course. It begins with an introduction to ISTQB, including what it is, its purpose, and certification levels. It then outlines the agenda for Day 1, which includes introductions to ISTQB, principles of testing, testing throughout the software development lifecycle, static testing techniques, and tool support for testing. The document provides details on each of these topics, such as definitions of testing, principles of testing, software development models, testing levels, types of testing, and examples of static testing techniques.
The V-model is a software development lifecycle model where each phase of the development process is validated by an equivalent phase of testing. It emphasizes testing at each development stage. In the V-model, testing begins during the requirements analysis phase, and each subsequent development phase is tested before moving further down the V, and development and testing phases occur in parallel. The benefits of the V-model include preventing faults, avoiding downward flow of defects, lower rework costs, improved quality and risk management.
The document describes the Spiral Model software development methodology. It discusses the history, phases, graphical representation, pros and cons, comparisons to other models like Waterfall and Agile, applications, and provides an example of how Microsoft used it to develop Windows operating systems. The Spiral Model is an iterative approach that involves planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation phases within each loop or spiral. It is suited for large, expensive, complex projects and allows for risk identification and mitigation at each stage of development.
The document presents information on the Spiral Model software development process. It discusses that the Spiral Model combines elements of the prototype model and waterfall model. It involves dividing the process into task regions like customer communication, planning, risk analysis, engineering, and construction. Each task region results in further refinement through iterations of the spiral. The Spiral Model allows for risk analysis and adding new features throughout the process.
The spiral model is a software development process that combines elements of both design and prototyping-centric models. It involves iterating through four phases - planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation - with each iteration intended to incrementally approach completion of the project. The spiral model aims to reduce risk at each phase by gathering user feedback and requirements and addressing risks before proceeding. It is suited for large, complex projects where requirements are not fully known. An example is a project creating a video mail system for illiterate users through iterative user testing and feedback.
The document describes the key stages of the software testing life cycle (STLC), including contract signing, requirement analysis, test planning, test development, test execution, defect reporting, and product delivery. It provides details on the processes, documents, and activities involved in each stage. Risk analysis and bug/defect management processes are also summarized. Various test metrics and bug tracking tools that can be used are listed.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) as a systematic method for organizations to implement change through new technologies. It describes the four phases of SDLC - planning, analysis, design, and implementation. The planning phase involves feasibility studies to understand economic, organizational, and technical factors. The analysis phase breaks down the problem and gathers stakeholder requirements. The design phase decides if the system will be internal or outsourced. The implementation phase builds, tests, trains users on, and evaluates the new system. SDLC provides a systematic strategy for large development projects involving many stakeholders.
The document describes a software development life cycle (SDLC) model for small to medium database applications. The SDLC consists of six stages: planning, requirements definition, design, development, integration and testing, and installation and acceptance. Each stage follows five standard processes: kickoff, informal iteration, formal iteration, in-stage assessment, and stage exit. The SDLC is intended to provide structure while allowing for flexibility and incremental planning and development.
SDLC Models and their implementations. Almong with the flow of each model. The PPT contains implementations of each model for various software development phases
Software Development Lifecycle interactive powerpointThendo Tshikota
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and different types of SDLC methodologies. It describes the Waterfall, Agile, Iterative, and DevOps methodologies. The Waterfall model follows each phase sequentially from planning to deployment and maintenance. Agile prioritizes customer needs and feedback through iterative cycles. Iterative development creates initial versions and improves them through small iterations. DevOps integrates operations into the development cycle to improve usability.
REPORT IN SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND ARCHITECTURE.pptxESAChannel
The term "Software Development Life Cycle" (SDLC) refers to a methodology for producing high-quality software that includes well-defined processes. The phases of software development that the SDLC approach focuses on in depth are as follows:
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and agile models. It provides details on the phases and processes involved in each model. Specifically, it describes the spiral model in detail, noting that it consists of multiple phases or loops with each phase divided into four quadrants focusing on requirements, risk analysis, prototyping, and evaluation. The spiral model allows for frequent risk analysis and release of prototypes to help manage risks on large, complex projects.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It describes the phases of SDLC as requirements gathering and analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Several common models are explained in detail, including the waterfall model, prototyping model, incremental model, and spiral model. The waterfall model follows a sequential process from requirements to maintenance, while other iterative models allow for more customer feedback and flexibility to change requirements over multiple iterations of development. Choosing the appropriate model depends on factors like project risks, requirements stability, and need for early delivery of basic functionality.
The document discusses several common software life cycle models: the waterfall model, rapid application development (RAD) model, prototyping model, and spiral model. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without overlap. The RAD model emphasizes rapid delivery through iterative prototyping. The prototyping model builds prototypes to refine requirements before full development. Finally, the spiral model takes a risk-driven approach to software development through iterative planning, risk analysis, and evaluations.
This document discusses rapid application development (RAD) methods for developing software on the System i platform. It provides an overview of RAD concepts and methodologies like iterative development and prototyping. The presentation then outlines specific RAD techniques for System i development, such as creating reusable code libraries through integrated language environment (ILE) bound service programs and structuring the relational database and embedded SQL queries to reduce development time.
Introduction to Software Development Life Cycle: Phases & Modelsmanoharparakh
SDLC gives a complete idea about developing, designing, and maintaining a software project ensuring all the functionalities along with user requirements, objectives, and end goals are addressed. Have a look at the PPT to know more.
The document describes the Rapid Application Development (RAD) model. Some key points:
- RAD focuses on rapid prototyping and iterative development with minimal upfront planning. Requirements are gathered through workshops and prototypes are tested by customers.
- It involves developing modular functional prototypes in parallel that are then integrated into a complete product, allowing for faster delivery.
- RAD projects have small cross-functional teams working incrementally on prototypes to refine requirements through customer feedback on working models.
The document discusses the Rapid Application Development (RAD) model. It is an iterative software development process model that emphasizes a short development cycle through component-based construction. The RAD model involves gathering requirements through workshops, prototyping and user testing, reusing software components, and a rigid schedule. It compresses the development phases into short iterative cycles with integrated teams of developers, users, and technical resources. The phases include business modeling, data modeling, process modeling, application generation, testing, and turnover. RAD reduces development time through reuse and modularity but requires skilled teams committed to completing the project quickly.
Process models are not perfect, but provide road map for software engineering work. Software models provide stability, control, and organization to a process that if not managed can easily get out of control
Software process models are adapted to meet the needs of software engineers and managers for a specific project.
This document provides an overview of different software process models. It discusses the build and fix model, why models are needed to address issues like schedule and cost overruns. It covers process models as a "black box" and "white box" approach. Prescriptive models advocate an orderly approach and include activities like communication, planning, modeling etc. The waterfall model is described as having sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. Limitations are noted. Incremental process models deliver software in increments. RAD aims for a very short development cycle through reuse. Evolutionary models produce increasingly complete versions through iterations, such as with prototyping, the spiral model and concurrent development.
This document provides an overview of different software process models. It discusses the build and fix model, why models are needed to address issues like schedule and cost overruns. It covers process models as a "black box" and "white box" approach. Prescriptive models advocate an orderly approach and include activities like communication, planning, modeling etc. The waterfall model is described as having sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. Limitations are noted. Incremental process models deliver software in increments that build on each other. RAD aims for a very short development cycle through reuse. Evolutionary models produce increasingly complete versions through iterations like prototyping, the spiral model and concurrent development.
Designing A Waterfall Approach For Software Development EssayAlison Reed
Thomas Hardy's poem "Under the Waterfall" describes two lovers having a picnic in August. The rushing water of the waterfall evokes a memory or voice from the past. Nature holds power over the lovers and their relationship. The poem can be interpreted in many ways regarding the influence of nature and memories of the past.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and timeboxing. It provides descriptions of each model including typical steps, strengths, weaknesses, and when each model is best suited. It also discusses capability maturity model (CMM) levels and how changing the lifecycle model can impact development speed, quality, visibility, overhead, risk, and customer relations.
SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) is a step by step approach to developing the software. For detailed understanding of the steps.
The approaches to developing the software can be broadly classified into the sequential approach and iterative/incremental approaches. The classification of the SDLC models in software development is due to the differential project scenarios. The varying environments of software development, technology, client requirements, budget constraints etc. constitute the project scenarios. The IT Project Manager or IT company framework chooses the most appropriate SDLC model for software development.
To know an application is to know its life; its development. This slide will illumine you on the various SDLC models and the ecosystem of an application's whole life cycle. Our Thought Leaders will shed light on Waterfall model, V-Model, Incremental model, Prototype model, RAD model, Spiral model, and Rational Unified Process through this slide as well as via the upcoming ones.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on BlockchainClaudio Di Ciccio
Presented at the CAiSE 2024 Forum, Intelligent Information Systems, June 6th, Limassol, Cyprus.
Synopsis: Cooperative information systems typically involve various entities in a collaborative process within a distributed environment. Blockchain technology offers a mechanism for automating such processes, even when only partial trust exists among participants. The data stored on the blockchain is replicated across all nodes in the network, ensuring accessibility to all participants. While this aspect facilitates traceability, integrity, and persistence, it poses challenges for adopting public blockchains in enterprise settings due to confidentiality issues. In this paper, we present a software tool named Control Access via Key Encryption (CAKE), designed to ensure data confidentiality in scenarios involving public blockchains. After outlining its core components and functionalities, we showcase the application of CAKE in the context of a real-world cyber-security project within the logistics domain.
Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
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The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Document ID: REF-0-02
Version: 2.0
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 4
THE SDLC WATERFALL ............................................................................4
ALLOWED VARIATIONS...............................................................................5
OTHER SDLC MODELS .............................................................................6
REFERENCES............................................................................................7
GENERIC STAGE ................................................................................................. 8
KICKOFF PROCESS....................................................................................8
INFORMAL ITERATION PROCESS .................................................................9
FORMAL ITERATION PROCESS ....................................................................9
IN-STAGE ASSESSMENT PROCESS ...........................................................10
STAGE EXIT PROCESS.............................................................................11
SDLC STAGES .................................................................................................. 12
OVERVIEW..............................................................................................12
PLANNING STAGE....................................................................................13
REQUIREMENTS DEFINITION STAGE..........................................................14
DESIGN STAGE .......................................................................................16
DEVELOPMENT STAGE.............................................................................17
INTEGRATION & TEST STAGE ...................................................................18
INSTALLATION & ACCEPTANCE STAGE ......................................................19
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................... 20
SCOPE RESTRICTION...............................................................................20
PROGRESSIVE ENHANCEMENT .................................................................20
PRE-DEFINED STRUCTURE.......................................................................21
INCREMENTAL PLANNING .........................................................................21
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INTRODUCTION
This document describes the Software Development LifeCycle (SDLC) for small
to medium database application development efforts. This chapter presents an
overview of the SDLC, alternate lifecycle models, and associated references. The
following chapter describes the internal processes that are common across all
stages of the SDLC, and the third chapter describes the inputs, outputs, and
processes of each stage. Finally, the conclusion describes the four core concepts
that form the basis of this SDLC.
THE SDLC WATERFALL
Small to medium database software projects are generally broken down into six
stages:
Project
Planning
Requirements
Definition
Design
Development
Integration
& Test
Installation
& Acceptance
The relationship of each stage to the others can be roughly described as a
waterfall, where the outputs from a specific stage serve as the initial inputs for the
following stage.
During each stage, additional information is gathered or developed, combined
with the inputs, and used to produce the stage deliverables. It is important to note
that the additional information is restricted in scope; “new ideas” that would take
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the project in directions not anticipated by the initial set of high-level
requirements are not incorporated into the project. Rather, ideas for new
capabilities or features that are out-of-scope are preserved for later consideration.
After the project is completed, the Primary Developer Representative (PDR) and
Primary End-User Representative (PER), in concert with other customer and
development team personnel develop a list of recommendations for enhancement
of the current software.
PROTOTYPES
The software development team, to clarify requirements and/or design elements,
may generate mockups and prototypes of screens, reports, and processes.
Although some of the prototypes may appear to be very substantial, they're
generally similar to a movie set: everything looks good from the front but there's
nothing in the back.
When a prototype is generated, the developer produces the minimum amount of
code necessary to clarify the requirements or design elements under
consideration. No effort is made to comply with coding standards, provide robust
error management, or integrate with other database tables or modules. As a result,
it is generally more expensive to retrofit a prototype with the necessary elements
to produce a production module then it is to develop the module from scratch
using the final system design document.
For these reasons, prototypes are never intended for business use, and are
generally crippled in one way or another to prevent them from being mistakenly
used as production modules by end-users.
ALLOWED VARIATIONS
In some cases, additional information is made available to the development team
that requires changes in the outputs of previous stages. In this case, the
development effort is usually suspended until the changes can be reconciled with
the current design, and the new results are passed down the waterfall until the
project reaches the point where it was suspended.
The PER and PDR may, at their discretion, allow the development effort to
continue while previous stage deliverables are updated in cases where the impacts
are minimal and strictly limited in scope. In this case, the changes must be
carefully tracked to make sure all their impacts are appropriately handled.
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OTHER SDLC MODELS
The waterfall model is one of the three most commonly cited lifecycle models.
Others include the Spiral model and the Rapid Application Development (RAD)
model, often referred to as the Prototyping model.
SPIRAL LIFECYCLE
The spiral model starts with an initial pass through a standard waterfall lifecycle,
using a subset of the total requirements to develop a robust prototype. After an
evaluation period, the cycle is initiated again, adding new functionality and
releasing the next prototype. This process continues, with the prototype becoming
larger and larger with each iteration. Hence, the “spiral.”
The theory is that the set of requirements is hierarchical in nature, with additional
functionality building on the first efforts. This is a sound practice for systems
where the entire problem is well defined from the start, such as modeling and
simulating software. Business-oriented database projects do not enjoy this
advantage. Most of the functions in a database solution are essentially
independent of one another, although they may make use of common data. As a
result, the prototype suffers from the same flaws as the prototyping lifecycle
described below. For this reason, the software development team has decided
against the use of the spiral lifecycle for database projects.
RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT (RAD) / PROTOTYPING LIFECYCLE
RAD is, in essence, the “try before you buy” approach to software development.
The theory is that end users can produce better feedback when examining a live
system, as opposed to working strictly with documentation. RAD-based
development cycles have resulted in a lower level of rejection when the
application is placed into production, but this success most often comes at the
expense of a dramatic overruns in project costs and schedule.
The RAD approach was made possible with significant advances in software
development environments to allow rapid generation and change of screens and
other user interface features. The end user is allowed to work with the screens
online, as if in a production environment. This leaves little to the imagination, and
a significant number of errors are caught using this process.
The down side to RAD is the propensity of the end user to force scope creep into
the development effort. Since it seems so easy for the developer to produce the
basic screen, it must be just as easy to add a widget or two. In most RAD lifecycle
failures, the end users and developers were caught in an unending cycle of
enhancements, with the users asking for more and more and the developers trying
to satisfy them. The participants lost sight of the goal of producing a basic, useful
system in favor of the siren song of glittering perfection.
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For this reason, the software development team does not use a pure RAD
approach, but instead blends limited prototyping in with requirements and design
development during a conventional waterfall lifecycle. The prototypes developed
are specifically focused on a subset of the application, and do not provide an
integrated interface. The prototypes are used to validate requirements and design
elements, and the development of additional requirements or the addition of user
interface options not readily supported by the development environment is
actively discouraged.
REFERENCES
The following standards were used as guides to develop this SDLC description.
The standards were reviewed and tailored to fit the specific requirements of small
database projects.
• ANSI/IEEE 1028: Standard for Software Reviews and Audits
• ANSI/IEEE 1058.1: Standard for Software Project Management Plans
• ANSI/IEEE 1074: Standard for Software Lifecycle Processes
• SEI/CMM: Software Project Planning Key Process Area
This document makes extensive use of terminology that is specific to software
engineering. A glossary of standard software engineering terms is available online
at:
• www.dvmax.ca/refs/seglossary.pdf
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GENERIC STAGE
Each of the stages of the development lifecycle follow five standard internal
processes. These processes establish a pattern of communication and
documentation intended to familiarize all participants with the current situation,
and thus minimize risk to the current project plan. This generic stage description
is provided to avoid repetitive descriptions of these internal processes in each of
the following software lifecycle stage descriptions. The five standard processes
are Kickoff, Informal iteration, Formal iteration, In-stage assessment, and Stage
exit:
Kickoff
Process
Informal
Iteration
Formal
Iteration
In-Stage
Assessment
Stage
Exit
SDLC Stage
KICKOFF PROCESS
Each stage is initiated by a kickoff meeting, which can be conducted either in
person, or by Web teleconference. The purpose of the kickoff meeting is to
review the output of the previous stage, go over any additional inputs required by
that particular stage, examine the anticipated activities and required outputs of the
current stage, review the current project schedule, and review any open issues.
The PDR is responsible for preparing the agenda and materials to be presented at
this meeting. All project participants are invited to attend the kickoff meeting for
each stage.
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INFORMAL ITERATION PROCESS
Most of the creative work for a stage occurs here. Participants work together to
gather additional information and refine stage inputs into draft deliverables.
Activities of this stage may include interviews, meetings, the generation of
prototypes, and electronic correspondence. All of these communications are
deemed informal, and are not recorded as minutes, documents of record,
controlled software, or official memoranda.
The intent here is to encourage, rather than inhibit the communication process.
This process concludes when the majority of participants agree that the work is
substantially complete and it is time to generate draft deliverables for formal
review and comment.
FORMAL ITERATION PROCESS
In this process, draft deliverables are generated for formal review and comment.
Each deliverable was introduced during the kickoff process, and is intended to
satisfy one or more outputs for the current stage. Each draft deliverable is given a
version number and placed under configuration management control.
As participants review the draft deliverables, they are responsible for reporting
errors found and concerns they may have to the PDR via electronic mail. The
PDR in turn consolidates these reports into a series of issues associated with a
specific version of a deliverable. The person in charge of developing the
deliverable works to resolve these issues, then releases another version of the
deliverable for review. This process iterates until all issues are resolved for each
deliverable. There are no formal check off / signature forms for this part of the
process. The intent here is to encourage review and feedback.
At the discretion of the PDR and PER, certain issues may be reserved for
resolution in later stages of the development lifecycle. These issues are
disassociated from the specific deliverable, and tagged as "open issues." Open
issues are reviewed during the kickoff meeting for each subsequent stage.
Once all issues against a deliverable have been resolved or moved to open status,
the final (release) draft of the deliverable is prepared and submitted to the PDR.
When final drafts of all required stage outputs have been received, the PDR
reviews the final suite of deliverables, reviews the amount of labor expended
against this stage of the project, and uses this information to update the project
plan.
The project plan update includes a detailed list of tasks, their schedule and
estimated level of effort for the next stage. The stages following the next stage
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(out stages) in the project plan are updated to include a high level estimate of
schedule and level of effort, based on current project experience.
Out stages are maintained at a high level in the project plan, and are included
primarily for informational purposes; direct experience has shown that it is very
difficult to accurately plan detailed tasks and activities for out stages in a software
development lifecycle. The updated project plan and schedule is a standard
deliverable for each stage of the project. The PDR then circulates the updated
project plan and schedule for review and comment, and iterates these documents
until all issues have been resolved or moved to open status.
Once the project plan and schedule has been finalized, all final deliverables for
the current stage are made available to all project participants, and the PDR
initiates the next process.
IN-STAGE ASSESSMENT PROCESS
This is the formal quality assurance review process for each stage. In a small
software development project, the deliverables for each stage are generally small
enough that it is not cost effective to review them for compliance with quality
assurance standards before the deliverables have been fully developed. As a
result, only one in-stage assessment is scheduled for each stage.
This process is initiated when the PDR schedules an in-stage assessment with the
independent Quality Assurance Reviewer (QAR), a selected End-user Reviewer
(usually a Subject Matter Expert), and a selected Technical Reviewer.
These reviewers formally review each deliverable to make judgments as to the
quality and validity of the work product, as well as its compliance with the
standards defined for deliverables of that class. Deliverable class standards are
defined in the software quality assurance section of the project plan.
The End-user Reviewer is tasked with verifying the completeness and accuracy of
the deliverable in terms of desired software functionality. The Technical
Reviewer determines whether the deliverable contains complete and accurate
technical information.
The QA Reviewer is tasked solely with verifying the completeness and
compliance of the deliverable against the associated deliverable class standard.
The QAR may make recommendations, but cannot raise formal issues that do not
relate to the deliverable standard.
Each reviewer follows a formal checklist during their review, indicating their
level of concurrence with each review item in the checklist. Refer to the software
quality assurance plan for this project for deliverable class standards and
associated review checklists. A deliverable is considered to be acceptable when
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each reviewer indicates substantial or unconditional concurrence with the content
of the deliverable and the review checklist items.
Any issues raised by the reviewers against a specific deliverable will be logged
and relayed to the personnel responsible for generation of the deliverable. The
revised deliverable will then be released to project participants for another formal
review iteration. Once all issues for the deliverable have been addressed, the
deliverable will be resubmitted to the reviewers for reassessment. Once all three
reviewers have indicated concurrence with the deliverable, the PDR will release a
final in-stage assessment report and initiate the next process.
STAGE EXIT PROCESS
The stage exit is the vehicle for securing the concurrence of principal project
participants to continue with the project and move forward into the next stage of
development. The purpose of a stage exit is to allow all personnel involved with
the project to review the current project plan and stage deliverables, provide a
forum to raise issues and concerns, and to ensure an acceptable action plan exists
for all open issues.
The process begins when the PDR notifies all project participants that all
deliverables for the current stage have been finalized and approved via the In-
Stage Assessment report. The PDR then schedules a stage exit review with the
project executive sponsor and the PER as a minimum. All interested participants
are free to attend the review as well. This meeting may be conducted in person or
via Web teleconference.
The stage exit process ends with the receipt of concurrence from the designated
approvers to proceed to the next stage. This is generally accomplished by entering
the minutes of the exit review as a formal document of record, with either
physical or digital signatures of the project executive sponsor, the PER, and the
PDR.
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SDLC STAGES
OVERVIEW
The six stages of the SDLC are designed to build on one another, taking the
outputs from the previous stage, adding additional effort, and producing results
that leverage the previous effort and are directly traceable to the previous stages.
This top-down approach is intended to result in a quality product that satisfies the
original intentions of the customer.
Project
Planning
Requirements
Definition
Design
Development
Integration
& Test
Installation
& Acceptance
Too many software development efforts go awry when the development team and
customer personnel get caught up in the possibilities of automation. Instead of
focusing on high priority features, the team can become mired in a sea of “nice to
have” features that are not essential to solve the problem, but in themselves are
highly attractive. This is the root cause of a large percentage of failed and/or
abandoned development efforts, and is the primary reason the development team
utilizes the Waterfall SDLC.
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PLANNING STAGE
The planning stage establishes a bird's eye view of the intended software product,
and uses this to establish the basic project structure, evaluate feasibility and risks
associated with the project, and describe appropriate management and technical
approaches.
Application
Goals
Planning
Stage
Project Plan
& Schedule
Software Quality
Assurance Plan
Software
Configuration
Management Plan
Lifecycle
Model
The most critical section of the project plan is a listing of high-level product
requirements, also referred to as goals. All of the software product requirements
to be developed during the requirements definition stage flow from one or more
of these goals. The minimum information for each goal consists of a title and
textual description, although additional information and references to external
documents may be included.
The outputs of the project planning stage are the configuration management plan,
the quality assurance plan, and the project plan and schedule, with a detailed
listing of scheduled activities for the upcoming Requirements stage, and high-
level estimates of effort for the out stages.
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REQUIREMENTS DEFINITION STAGE
The requirements gathering process takes as its input the goals identified in the
high-level requirements section of the project plan. Each goal will be refined into
a set of one or more requirements.
These requirements define the major functions of the intended application, define
operational data areas and reference data areas, and define the initial data entities.
Major functions include critical processes to be managed, as well as mission
critical inputs, outputs and reports. A user class hierarchy is developed and
associated with these major functions, data areas, and data entities.
Each of these definitions is termed a Requirement. Requirements are identified by
unique requirement identifiers and, at minimum, contain a requirement title and
textual description.
Updated
Project Plan
& Schedule
Requirements
Traceability
Matrix
Requirements
Definition
Stage
Requirements
Document
High-Level
Requirements
(Project Plan)
These requirements are fully described in the primary deliverables for this stage:
the Requirements Document and the Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM).
the requirements document contains complete descriptions of each requirement,
including diagrams and references to external documents as necessary. Note that
detailed listings of database tables and fields are not included in the requirements
document.
The title of each requirement is also placed into the first version of the RTM,
along with the title of each goal from the project plan. The purpose of the RTM is
to show that the product components developed during each stage of the software
development lifecycle are formally connected to the components developed in
prior stages.
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In the requirements stage, the RTM consists of a list of high-level requirements,
or goals, by title, with a listing of associated requirements for each goal, listed by
requirement title. In this hierarchical listing, the RTM shows that each
requirement developed during this stage is formally linked to a specific product
goal. In this format, each requirement can be traced to a specific product goal,
hence the term requirements traceability.
The outputs of the requirements definition stage include the requirements
document, the RTM, and an updated project plan.
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DESIGN STAGE
The design stage takes as its initial input the requirements identified in the
approved requirements document. For each requirement, a set of one or more
design elements will be produced as a result of interviews, workshops, and/or
prototype efforts.
Design elements describe the desired software features in detail, and generally
include functional hierarchy diagrams, screen layout diagrams, tables of business
rules, business process diagrams, pseudocode, and a complete entity-relationship
diagram with a full data dictionary. These design elements are intended to
describe the software in sufficient detail that skilled programmers may develop
the software with minimal additional input.
Updated
Project Plan
& Schedule
Updated
Requirements
Traceability
Matrix
Design
Stage
Requirements
Document
Design
Document
When the design document is finalized and accepted, the RTM is updated to show
that each design element is formally associated with a specific requirement. The
outputs of the design stage are the design document, an updated RTM, and an
updated project plan.
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DEVELOPMENT STAGE
The development stage takes as its primary input the design elements described in
the approved design document. For each design element, a set of one or more
software artifacts will be produced. Software artifacts include but are not limited
to menus, dialogs, data management forms, data reporting formats, and
specialized procedures and functions. Appropriate test cases will be developed
for each set of functionally related software artifacts, and an online help system
will be developed to guide users in their interactions with the software.
Updated
Project Plan
& Schedule
Updated
Requirements
Traceability
Matrix
Development
Stage
Design
Document
Online
Help
Implementation
Map
Test Plan
Software
The RTM will be updated to show that each developed artifact is linked to a
specific design element, and that each developed artifact has one or more
corresponding test case items. At this point, the RTM is in its final configuration.
The outputs of the development stage include a fully functional set of software
that satisfies the requirements and design elements previously documented, an
online help system that describes the operation of the software, an implementation
map that identifies the primary code entry points for all major system functions, a
test plan that describes the test cases to be used to validate the correctness and
completeness of the software, an updated RTM, and an updated project plan.
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INTEGRATION & TEST STAGE
During the integration and test stage, the software artifacts, online help, and test
data are migrated from the development environment to a separate test
environment. At this point, all test cases are run to verify the correctness and
completeness of the software. Successful execution of the test suite confirms a
robust and complete migration capability.
During this stage, reference data is finalized for production use and production
users are identified and linked to their appropriate roles. The final reference data
(or links to reference data source files) and production user list are compiled into
the Production Initiation Plan.
Updated
Project Plan
& Schedule
Integrated
Software
Integration
& Test Stage
Online
Help
Implementation
Map
Test PlanSoftware
Online
Help
Production
Initiation Plan
Acceptance
Plan
Implementation
Map
The outputs of the integration and test stage include an integrated set of software,
an online help system, an implementation map, a production initiation plan that
describes reference data and production users, an acceptance plan which contains
the final suite of test cases, and an updated project plan.
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INSTALLATION & ACCEPTANCE STAGE
During the installation and acceptance stage, the software artifacts, online help,
and initial production data are loaded onto the production server. At this point, all
test cases are run to verify the correctness and completeness of the software.
Successful execution of the test suite is a prerequisite to acceptance of the
software by the customer.
After customer personnel have verified that the initial production data load is
correct and the test suite has been executed with satisfactory results, the customer
formally accepts the delivery of the software.
Archived
Project Plan
& Schedule
Integrated
Software
Installation &
Acceptance
Stage
Online
Help
Production
Initiation Plan
Acceptance
Plan
Implementation
Map
Archived
Software
Artifacts
Completed
Acceptance Test
Customer
Acceptance
Memorandum
Production
Software
The primary outputs of the installation and acceptance stage include a production
application, a completed acceptance test suite, and a memorandum of customer
acceptance of the software. Finally, the PDR enters the last of the actual labor
data into the project schedule and locks the project as a permanent project record.
At this point the PDR "locks" the project by archiving all software items, the
implementation map, the source code, and the documentation for future reference.
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CONCLUSION
The structure imposed by this SDLC is specifically designed to maximize the
probability of a successful software development effort. To accomplish this, the
SDLC relies on four primary concepts:
• Scope Restriction
• Progressive Enhancement
• Pre-defined Structure
• Incremental Planning
These four concepts combine to mitigate the most common risks associated with
software development efforts.
SCOPE RESTRICTION
The project scope is established by the contents of high-level requirements, also
known as goals, incorporated into the project plan. These goals are subsequently
refined into requirements, then design elements, then software artifacts.
This hierarchy of goals, requirements, elements, and artifacts is documented in a
Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM). The RTM serves as a control element
to restrict the project to the originally defined scope.
Project participants are restricted to addressing those requirements, elements, and
artifacts that are directly traceable to product goals. This prevents the substantial
occurrence of scope creep, which is the leading cause of software project failure.
PROGRESSIVE ENHANCEMENT
Each stage of the SDLC takes the outputs of the previous stage as its initial inputs.
Additional information is then gathered, using methods specific to each stage. As
a result, the outputs of the previous stage are progressively enhanced with
additional information.
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By establishing a pattern of enhancing prior work, the project precludes the
insertion of additional requirements in later stages. New requirements are
formally set aside by the development team for later reference, rather than going
through the effort of backing the new requirements into prior stage outputs and
reconciling the impacts of the additions. As a result, the project participants
maintain a tighter focus on the original product goals, minimize the potential for
scope creep, and show a preference for deferring out-of-scope enhancements,
rather than attempting to incorporate them into the current effort.
PRE-DEFINED STRUCTURE
Each stage has a pre-defined set of standard processes, such as Informal Iteration
and In-stage Assessment. The project participants quickly grow accustomed to
this repetitive pattern of effort as they progress from stage to stage. In essence,
these processes establish a common rhythm, or culture, for the project.
This pre-defined structure for each stage allows the project participants to work in
a familiar environment, where they know what happened in the past, what is
happening in the present, and have accurate expectations for what is coming in the
near future. This engenders a high comfort level, which in turn generates a higher
level of cooperation between participants. Participants tend to provide needed
information or feedback in a more timely manner, and with fewer
miscommunications. This timely response pattern and level of communications
quality becomes fairly predictable, enhancing the ability of the PDR to forecast
the level of effort for future stages.
INCREMENTAL PLANNING
The entire intent of incremental planning is to minimize surprises, increase
accuracy, provide notification of significant deviations from plan as early in the
SDLC as possible, and coordinate project forecasts with the most current
available information.
In this SDLC, the project planning effort is restricted to gathering metrics on the
current stage, planning the next stage in detail, and restricting the planning of later
stages, also known as Out Stages, to a very high level. The project plan is updated
as each stage is completed; current costs and schedule to date are combined with
refined estimates for activities and level of effort for the next stage.
The activities and tasks of the next stage are defined only after the deliverables for
the current stage are complete and the current metrics are available. This allows
the planner to produce a highly accurate plan for the next stage. Direct experience
has shown that it is very difficult to develop more than a cursory estimate of
anticipated structure and level of effort for out stages.
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The estimates for out stages are included to allow a rough estimate of ultimate
project cost and schedule. The estimates for out stages are reviewed and revised
as each stage is exited. As a result, the total project estimate becomes more and
more accurate over time.
As each stage is exited, the updated project plan and schedule is presented to the
customer. The customer is apprised of project progress, cost and schedule, and the
actual metrics are compared against the estimates. This gives the customer the
opportunity to confirm the project is on track, or take corrective action as
necessary. The customer is never left “in the dark” about the progress of the
project.