Jwbwuabah

1. HUMAN
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
BERNADETTE V. PANGILINAN
LUMAMPONG INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH
SCHOOL

2. What is Reproduction?
•Reproduction is a biological process by
which an organism reproduces an
offspring that is biologically similar to the
organism. Reproduction enables and
ensures the continuity of species,
generation after generation. It is the main
feature of life on earth.

3. Types of Reproduction
There are basically two types of
reproduction:
1. Asexual Reproduction
2. Sexual Reproduction

4. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
🞆Male and female
reproductive systems
develop from similar
embryonic tissue.
🞆First few weeks of
development, male
and female embryos
are indistinguishable.
🞆Adult reproductive
systems share some
functional
similarities.

5. THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

6. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

7. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Esternal Structures
🞆Penis: Deposits sperms into the vagina during mating
🞆Scrotum: Sac of skin that holds the testis
Internal Structures
🞆 Prostate: exocrine gland of male reproductive system
🞆 Vas Deferens: tubes connecting epididymis to ejaculatory ducts
🞆 Epididymis: organ where sperm matures
🞆 Testicles: organ where sperm is created
🞆 Urethra: tube that connects bladder to outside of body
🞆 Cowper’s Gland: secretes lubricating fluid
🞆 Seminal Vesicle: make semen (seminal fluid)

8. 8
PENIS
🞆the penis is the male sex organ, reaching its full
size during puberty. In addition to its sexual
function,

9. 9
SCROTUM
🞆Sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs
outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of
the penis
🞆Contains paired testicles separated by a midline
septum
🞆Its external positioning keeps the testes 35°C
lower than core body temperature

10. TESTICLE/ TESTIS
10
🞆organ where
sperm is created

11. 11

12. 12
SPERMATIC CORD
🞆Contains the structures
running from the
testicles to the pelvic
cavity.
⚫ Passes through the
inguinal canal
🞆Contents:
⚫ Vas Deferens
⚫ Nerves
⚫ Blood Vessels

13. 13
ACCESSORY GLANDS:
SEMINAL VESICLES
🞆Lie on the posterior wall of the bladder and secrete
60% of the volume of semen
⚫ Seminal fluid:
🞆Fructose: provides energy for the sperm.
🞆Fibrinogen: helps turn semen into a bolus that can be readily
propelled into the vagina.
🞆Prostaglandins: decrease cervical mucus viscosity and
stimulate reverse peristalsis of the uterus.
🞆Join the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory
duct

14. 14
POSTERIOR BLADDER

15. 15
ACCESSORY GLANDS: PROSTATE
GLAND
🞆Doughnut-shaped gland that encircles part
of the urethra inferior to the bladder
🞆Plays a role in the activation of sperm
🞆Enters the prostatic urethra during
ejaculation
🞆Prostatic secretions include:
⚫Citrate: is a food source (TCA cycle)
⚫Proteolytic enzymes: acts to "decoagulate" the
semen that was coagulated by seminal vesicle
secretions, which helps the sperm begin their
journey once inside the vagina

16. 16
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
(COWPER’S GLANDS)
🞆Pea-sized glands inferior to
the prostate
🞆Produce alkaline mucus
prior to ejaculation that
neutralizes traces of acidic
urine in the urethra

17. 17
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

18. 18
EPIDIDYMIS
🞆Epididymis: Storage and maturation area for
sperm
🞆Its head joins the efferent ductules and caps
the superior aspect of the testis
🞆The duct of the epididymis has stereocilia that:
⚫Absorb testicular fluid
⚫Pass nutrients to the sperm
🞆Nonmotile sperm enter, pass through its tubes
and become motile (propelled by peristalsis)
🞆Upon ejaculation the epididymis contracts,
expelling sperm into the ductus deferens

19. 19
SPERMATOGENESIS
🞆Spermatogenic stem cells of the seminiferous tubules give
rise to sperm in a series of events
⚫ Mitosis of spermatogonia, forming spermatocytes
⚫ Meiosis forms spermatids from spermatocytes
⚫ Spermiogenesis: spermatids form sperm

20. 20
SPERMATOGENESIS

21. 21
SPERMIOGENESIS:
SPERMATIDS TO SPERM

22. 22
SPERM
🞆 Sperm have three major regions
1. Head :contains DNA and has a helmet-like
acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that
allow the sperm to penetrate and enter the egg
2. Midpiece: contains mitochondria spiraled
around the tail filaments
3. Tail :a typical flagellum produced by a
centriole

23. 23
SPERM SUMMARY
🞆Produced: Seminiferous tubules
🞆Stored: Epididymis
🞆Transported through epididymis by rhythmic
peristaltic contractions as they mature
🞆Epididymis 🡪Vas Deferens 🡪 Ejaculatory duct
(ampulla of vas deferens fuses with duct of seminal
vesicle “ejaculatory duct”) 🡪 prostate 🡪prostatic
urethra (then passes the bulbourethral gland)
🡪membranous urethra 🡪 penile urethra

24. The Sperm Pathway
Vas deferens Expulsion
from the body
Testes
Sperm
Epididymis
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Urethra
The Sperm Pathway

25. THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

26. 26
FEMALE: LATERAL VIEW

27. 27
Fornix
Endocervical
canal

28. GROSS ANATOMY
🞆The ovaries are solid,
ovoid structures, about
2 cm in length and 1 cm
in width.
🞆Like the testes, they
develop from embryonic
tissue along the
posterior abdominal
wall, near the kidneys.
🞆Accessory organs
include the uterine
tubes, uterus, and
vagina.

29. 29
UTERINE TUBES
(FALLOPIAN TUBES)
🞆Receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for
fertilization
🞆Empty into the superolateral region of the uterus
via the isthmus
🞆Expand distally around the ovary forming the
ampulla
🞆The ampulla ends in the funnel-shaped, ciliated
infundibulum containing fingerlike projections
called fimbriae

30. 30
UTERINE TUBES
(FALLOPIAN TUBES)
🞆Function: events occurring in the uterine tube
⚫Fimbriae sweep oocyte into tube, cilia
& peristalsis move it along, sperm
reaches oocyte in ampulla,
fertilization occurs within 24 hours
after ovulation & zygote reaches
uterus about 7 days after ovulation

31. 31
UTERUS
🞆Hollow, thick-walled organ located in the pelvis
anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the
bladder
🞆Body: Major portion of the uterus
🞆Fundus: Rounded region superior to the entrance of
the uterine tubes
🞆Isthmus: Narrowed region between the body and
cervix

32. 32
UTERUS

33. 33
UTERINE HISTOLOGY
🞆Endometrium
⚫ Simple columnar epithelium
⚫ Stroma of connective tissue and endometrial glands
🞆Stratum functionalis: Shed during
menstruation
🞆Stratum basalis: Replaces stratum
functionalis each month
🞆Myometrium
⚫ 3 layers of smooth muscle
🞆Perimetrium
⚫ Visceral peritoneum

34. ENDOMETRIUM
🞆 Proliferative phase:
glands and blood vessels
scattered throughout the
functional zone with little
or no branching.
🞆 New glands form and
endometrium thickens.
🞆 Secretory phase: glands
are enlarged and have
branches. Preparing the
endometrium for
implantation
🞆 If no implantation then
endometrium breaks down
and menstruation begins.

35. 35
CERVIX
🞆Narrow lower neck of the uterus which projects
into the vagina inferiorly
🞆Cervical canal – cavity of the cervix that
communicates with:
⚫ The vagina via the external os
⚫ The uterine body via the internal os
🞆Cervical glands secrete mucus that covers the
external os and blocks sperm entry except during
midcycle

36. 36
Fornix
Endocervical
canal

37. 37
VAGINA
🞆Thin-walled tube lying between the bladder and the
rectum, extending from the cervix to the exterior of
the body
🞆Wall consists of three coats: fibroelastic adventitia,
smooth muscle muscularis, and a stratified
squamous mucosa
🞆Mucosa near the vaginal orifice forms an
incomplete partition called the hymen
🞆Vaginal fornix: upper end of the vagina
surrounding the cervix

38. 38
FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
🞆Mons pubis: fatty pad over the pubic symphysis
🞆Labia majora & minora: folds of skin encircling
vestibule where find urethral and vaginal openings
🞆Clitoris: small mass of erectile tissue
🞆Bulb of vestibule: masses of erectile tissue just deep
to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice
🞆Perineum: Area between the vagina and anus

39. 39
MAMMARY GLANDS
🞆Modified sweat glands that produce milk (lactation)
⚫ Amount of adipose determines size of breast
⚫ Milk-secreting glands open by lactiferous ducts at the
nipple
⚫ Areola is pigmented area around nipple
⚫ Suspensory ligaments suspend breast from deep fascia
of pectoral muscles (aging & Cooper’s droop)
⚫ Mammary line is a thickened ridge of embryonic tiwwue
that extends from the axilla to the groin.

40. 40
BREAST

42. 42
LYMPHATIC
DRAINAGE
🞆Lymph nodes
draining the
breast are
located in the
axilla.

43. OOGENESIS: BEFORE BIRTH
43
🞆During fetal
development, oogonia
(stem cells) divide by
mitosis to make primary
oocytes
🞆Primary oocytes begin
meiosis and stop in
prophase I until
puberty
⚫ Primordial follicles:
Support cells that
surround the oocyte in
the ovary
⚫ 2 million present at birth
⚫ 400,000 remain at
puberty

44. 44
OOGENESIS: AFTER PUBERTY
🞆Each month, hormones cause several follicles to
develop, which triggers the primary oocyte to
resume meiosis I
🞆Polar bodies: When the cell divides, all the
cytoplasm and organelles stay with one of the
new cells, the other cell is just DNA, and is
called a polar body and is discarded
🞆Secondary oocyte: The stage at which ovulation
occurs.

45. 45
OOGENESIS: AFTER PUBERTY
🞆The secondary oocyte begins meiosis II, but stops in
metaphase II
🞆The secondary oocyte is ovulated
🞆Meiosis II is completed only if it is fertilized.

46. 46
OOGENESIS

47. 47
LIFE HISTORY OF OOGONIA
🞆As a fetus, oogonia divide to produce millions by
mitosis but most degenerate (atresia)
🞆Some develop into primary oocytes & stop in
prophase stage of meiosis I
⚫200,000 to 2 million present at birth
⚫40,000 remain at puberty but only 400 mature during a
woman’s life
🞆Each month, hormones cause meiosis I to resume
in several follicles so that meiosis II is reached by
ovulation
🞆Penetration by the sperm causes the final stages
of meiosis to occur

48. 48
OVARIES
🞆Each follicle consists of an immature egg called an
oocyte
🞆Cells around the oocyte are called:
⚫ Follicle cells (one cell layer thick)
🞆Stimulated to mature by FSH from the pituitary gland
⚫ Granulosa cells (when more than one layer is present)
⚫ Thecal cells: Cells in the ovarian stroma
🞆Thecal & granulosa cells work together to produce
estrogen
🞆A protective layer of glycoprotein forms around the
egg called the zona pellucida

49. 49
FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT
1. Primordial follicle: one layer of squamous-
like follicle cells surrounds the oocyte
2. Primary follicle: two or more layers of
cuboidal granulosa cells enclose the oocyte
3. Secondary follicle: has a fluid-filled space
between granulosa cells that coalesces to
form a central antrum
4. Graafian follicle: secondary follicle at its
most mature stage that bulges from the
surface of the ovary
5. Corpus luteum : ruptured follicle after
ovulation

50. 50
OVARY HISTOLOGY

51. 51
OVARY HISTOLOGY

52. 52
Zona
pellucida
1° Oocyte
(arrested in prophase I)
Granulosa
cells
Thecal cells
Nucleus
Primordia
l
follicle
Primary Follicle

53. 53
SECONDARY FOLLICLE
Fluid-filled
antrum

54. 54
GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
Fluid filled
antrum
Granulosa
cells
Oocyte 2°
Corona radiata
Stalk
Zona
pellucida

55. CORPUS LUTEUM
🞆After ovulation, the
remains of the follicle
are transformed into a
structure called the
corpus luteum.
🞆If a pregnancy occurs,
it produces
progesterone to
maintain the wall of
the uterus during the
early period of
development.

56. CORPUS ALBICANS
🞆If fertilization does
not occur, the corpus
luteum will begin to
break down about 2
weeks after ovulation.
🞆Degeneration occurs
when fibroblasts enter
the corpus luteum and
a clump of scar tissue
forms called the
corpus albicans.

57. OVARIAN AND UTERINE CYCLES

58. OVARIAN CYCLE
🞆Monthly changes that
occur in the ovary
during a woman’s
reproductive life.
🞆Each month FSH
stimulates primordial
follicles to grow and
mature (follicular
phase)
🞆Ovulation- release of
the egg (LH)
🞆Luteal phase the
corpus luteum produces
progesterone that
maintains uterine walls
If fertilization does not occur,
the corpus luteum
degenerates, within 2 weeks
into a mass of scar tissue
called the corpus albicans

59. FEMALE REPRODUCTION
🞆Unlike males, who are
able to produce sperm
cells throughout their
reproductive lives,
females produce a
finite number of egg
cells.
🞆During early fetal
development germ
cells migrate into the
ovaries and
differentiate into
oogonia

60. OOGONIA
🞆The oogonia divide by
mitosis for the next
few months and some
differentiate into
primary oocytes.
🞆By fifth month there
are about 7 million
primary oocytes, but
most will degenerate
during the next 2
months

61. OOGONIA
🞆Those that remain will
be surrounded by a
single layer of squamous
epithelial cells (follicle
cells) called a primordial
follicle.
🞆Degeneration of primary
oocytes continues.
🞆At birth =1million
primordial follicles
🞆At puberty 400,000
remain
🞆Only 400-500 will reach
maturity