Science, Math, and Music Centers for Preschoolers

Science, Math, And Music Centers
The three content areas that I will be focusing on is science, math, and music centers. The science to
children is finding out about different things about the everyday world that is around the children.
Science is an active open–ended search for children for new knowledge. The major goal is to foster
and support the intellectual development that makes up a child's preschool years. These
developments include receptive and the child's expressive language skills of the children, self–
regulation, and attention regulation. The hands–on type activities of science let the teachers observe
and can respond to the child's strengths and their needs. Science helps in language and literacy by
adding non–fiction books that are a foundation for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The opportunities that are there for the receptive and the expressive language are such as text,
productive graphic ideas that are represented which can be both drawn and written. The literacy is
integrated in science in the class daily. The science focused teacher is reading every day to the
children. how to integrate language and literacy materials and strategies to support preschool
children. The children make graphs, charts, make books, and dramatize their ideas (French, 2002).
Children can keep a journal to record different data they see. The children can use drawing and
words to document like the life cycle of the butterfly (French, 2002). Children need time to
talkabout what they see and observe and then they will compare what they see and observe with
peers and adults. Learning science can give knowledge that will be essential for reading
comprehension (French, 2002). Literacy is important in everyday lives. If a child cannot read or
write they won't be able to function in society. It is important to integrate literacy in all parts of the
curriculum. Math is good for both reading and writing. Doing read–aloud to the children helps
familiarize them to different types of literature, and it can also help in the children listening and their
concentration skills. Choose books that have mathematical content can introduce the children to
concepts in math. Math start books are a good source of math material for preschool children. Story
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Advantages Of Communicative Approach
How can the Communicative Approach along with Modern Day Communication Technology
Influence Language and Literacy Development?
Abstract
Although many language educators have surmised that the communicative method along with the
aid of technology is effective in language acquisition, the findings on the use of modern day
technology along with the communicative approach seem to be inconclusive.
According to UNESCO, in the world today there are about 1 billion non–literate adults. This 1
billion is approximately 26 percent of the world's adult population. Illiteracy is the inability to speak
or write and it stifles language development. Since the twenty first century, there has been an
increased use of technology globally, this is believed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
M. (2010). Internet Use and Child Development: Validation of the Ecological Techno–Subsystem.
Educational
Technology & Society, 13 (1), 176–185.
Johnson and Puplampu recently proposed the ecological techno–subsystem, a refinement to
Bronfenbrenner's theoretical organization of environmental influences on child development. The
ecological techno–subsystem includes child interaction with both living (e.g., peers) and nonliving
(e.g., hardware) elements of communication, information, and recreation technologies in immediate
or direct environments.
Imperial data for this study was collected using a questionnaire that was issued to 128 parents to
give information about their children cognitive development and the use of technology at home.
This investigation reveals that, the home internet use accounted for more of the variance in
children's cognitive development than did indices of socioeconomic status. The ecological techno–
subsystem furthers our understanding of environmental influences on child development by
emphasizing the impact of digital technologies on cognitive growth during childhood. Generations
in conversation
Klerfelt, A. (2007). Gestures in conversation–The significance

Character Analysis Of The Film : Louis Theroux : Extreme...
The film we watched in class was called Louis Theroux: Extreme Love – Autism. The main point of
this film was to show you what it is like for those who live with autism, and the loved ones that have
to deal with it. "Autism is a developmental disability" ("Autism – Autism Spectrum Disorders",
2017). People with autism usually have problems with communication, language, and social skills.
The individual from the film that I will be analyzing will be Nicky. Nicky during the time of the film
was nineteen years old. His living situation was with his mother. His family was very loving. To
prove that when Louis asked Nicky's mother the question, "would you change Nicky?" Her response
was, "No he is special and can–do stuff that my other children can't" (Louis Theroux: Extreme love
– Autism). Now I shall go onto evaluate Nicky from what we have seen in the film. There are three
ways that I will be evaluating Nicky. Two of those are language form and content. Language form,
also known as syntax, are the rules on how to put words together. In simpler terms this could be
called grammar. Language content can be broken down into two parts. That would be receptive and
expressive language. Receptive language is words one is able to understand, where expressive
language is what we are able to produce (Hopf). Nicky has many strengths in these areas one being
that his receptive language. From the film, we see that he is able to understand everything that is
told to him. We see this when Nicky is in talking with the guidance counselor at the new school he is
attending. They are talking about what he did and he understood what they were talking. His
expressive language is not lacking either, but he has to be given a little push every once in a while,
to help him express what he has on his mind. We see this in the film when Louis is asking Nicky
what he thinks about switching from the DLC to a normal high school. All of that falls under
language content. Nicky's language form is normal for his age. I say this because he is able to use
complex sentences with little to no grammatical errors. Also, Nicky is able to speak more than just
English, but he is able to speak Japanese. Nicky has written a novel by himself which shows

Annotated Bibliography On Lifespan Developmental Psychology
Armstrong State University
Lifespan Developmental Psychology
Test 2
NAME: Laquisha Prince
Instructions: Carefully read the "Test Instructions" file.
Note: The following six questions are weighted equally; each will count as one–sixth of your overall
test grade.
Question 1.
Answer the following in 600 – 900 words:
Imagine that you are a psychologist who wants to determine the earliest point in human
development at which an infant can demonstrate specific skills, such as the ability to judge distances
or to differentiate between lines at different angles. Suggest research approaches and techniques that
might be helpful in studying these questions. Note the difficulties that might be expected.
The senses develop rapidly in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, half of all children can sit unsupported by the age of 6 months, while the majority,
(90%) can take up to 7 ½ months. What this means is that for accurate data we would need to
observe theses children multiple times to see the growth they are making.
How do we know infants can see at birth? They can't tell us. For this we depend on clues such as eye
movement, light sensitivity and the appearance of the eye. Though an infant 's vision is present at
birth the strength of their vision is far from mature. However, vision develops rapidly in infants,
going from only being able to focus on images 4 to 30 inches away to a rapid ability to see details
and shape (Berger, 2014). By 3 months these same infants with immature ability can see patterns
color and motion. Surveys and medical research are regularly used to develop a better understanding
of infant development.
Children develop gross motor skills at different age norms which are affected by their culture and
can vary (Berger, 2014). In order to gain information, we need to educate and understand this

development, we have to conduct research. We are looking for new information and theories.
Although surveys are a great way to collect a large amount of data the information gained is only as
sound as the subject. This is why we need other avenues for research, and we need parental support
to make that happen.
Question 2.
Answer the following in 600 – 900 words:
Describe the language

Nature Vs Nurture
Language is seen as the way in which humans communicate, and the acquisition of language for
most humans starts at a young age. Although the debate of Nature vs. Nurture in regards to
behaviorist reinforcement principles or universal grammar is used to stratify how child language
acquisition comes about, an old and strong theory proposed by Noam Chomsky suggests that the
ability to acquire a language is a natural and inborn phenomenon. He changed the world's
perspective by questioning behaviorist Burrhus Frederic Skinner's theory which at the time held the
simplest explanation believed to be most credible. First thing's first. What is language acquisition?
Well the term refers to the process humans take to develop and attain a form of communication. ...
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A child in this stage is approximately 5–9 months and the prominent patters for this stage are
"consonant–vowel patterns: ma, ma ma, da da da, ba ba ba, etc. (Denham–Lobeck, 40)". The
consonant–vowel pattern is presented in (1) below.
1. A baby babbles ma ma for the first time.
Babies going through the babbling stage tend to voice alike consonants with no regard to what
language they are exposed to. Those consonants being /b, d, m, p, t, k, s, n, g, h, w, j/. In (1), the
baby produced the consonant /m/. The only consonants that are typically not produced are /f, l, v, r/.
The second stage following the babbling stage is the one word stage. The average age of a child is
approximately 9–18 months where the pattern is "single words: 50 or so common words in the
environment (Denham– Lobeck, 40)". Usually the words produced by the subject are verbs and
nouns. Some of those verbs and nouns could be pronounced the same way the adult pronounces it,
although other words will sound distorted as shown in (1) and (2) below. Another pattern infants
tend to follow in this stage is that of overextension, where they stretch out the meaning of words,
and underextension, where the infants will have a less significant understanding of a word compared
to an adult. This is shown in (3) and

How Does Chomsky Universal Grammar
Chomsky argues that every child has a 'Language Acquisition Device' or LAD which encodes the
major principles of language and its grammatical structure into the child's brain. Children have then
to learn new vocabulary and apply the syntax structure from the LAD to form sentences. Chomsky
points out that a child could not possibly learn a language through imitation alone because the
language spoken around them is irregular. Language exists in the mind before experience. Noam
Chomsky he then believes that children are born with an inherited ability to learn any human
language. He claims that certain linguistic structures which children use so accurately must be
already imprinted on the child's mind. Adult's speech is often broken up and even sometimes
ungrammatical. Chomsky's theory applies to all languages as they all contain nouns, verbs,
consonants and vowels and children appear to be 'hard–wired' to acquire the grammar. Every
language is extremely complex, often with indirect distinctions which even native speakers are
unaware of. However, all children, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, despite their different methods, Husserl and Chomsky both agree that languages are
organized by universal structural rules. Yet because Chomsky ties universal grammar to the
existence of an innate language mechanism, his theory falls under the attack Hilary Putnam, who
argues that grammar must be learned. Husserl offers an alternative to the contrast of grammar as
universal or grammar as learned: as is clear especially from his work Experience and Judgment, he
argues it is both. Husserl shows how grammar arises from experience, giving support that language
is learned. Yet because of the very specific nature of this formation of grammar, particularly its
origin in states of affairs, Husserl supports Chomsky's claim that the structure of language is

Language Acquisition : What Is Encompassed By The Phrase '...
Title: What is encompassed by the phrase 'Meaning Making' within early childhood?
Young Children and Meaning Makers
Module Code: TE0673
Student Code: w14007309
Word Count: 1,394
This assignment seeks to explore and discuss the phrase 'meaning making' within early childhood
using contemporary and historical sources. The focus of this essay will be the theme, language
acquisition, because this is one aspect of how children make meaning of their world. However, there
are other factors that need to be considered, these include Language and thought, attunement and
attachment. Language acquisition is the process in which humans develop a language to be able to
produce words and sentences to communicate with others. The discussion of how children learn
language and if adults have an impact on the child's language development will also be argued
throughout.
Meaning making is the process which children go through when making sense of the world around
them, discovering how and why things happen. Wells (2009) suggests infants are born with a drive
to make sense of their experiences and have successful strategies for doing so. The meaning making
process involves the child having the opportunity to receive information and to be listened to. Adults
have a key role in helping the child develop a good language development, allowing the child to
practice and to gain new information. Penn (2008) argues children are 'Meaning Makers' but they
can only take their meanings from experience

The Nativist Perspective Of Native Language
A native speaker of a particular language is someone who learnt that language from birth. A native
speaker does not consciously think about their knowledge of what they are saying, this has a lot to
do with the society and the environment the speaker grows up in.
Linguists have debated for a long time on how and why we are able to learn language. Noam
Chomsky developed what is called the nativist perspective.
According to his theory, every human being is biologically endowed with a language faculty, which
is responsible for the initial state of language development. This inborn ability is called the
Language acquisition device (LAD). The language acquisition device is a hypothetical area of the
brain that explains how children can learn languages

The Theory Of Innate Language Acquisition
A theorist who attempted to expand and explain Chomsky's original thoughts was Steven Pinker. In
the early nineties Pinker's debate of language acquisition became a popular notion due to the beliefs
within his book 'The Language Instinct' (1994). The book describes the basic human instinct to learn
and acquire language as a means to communicate and understand situations. In a similar vein to
Chomsky he describes language as an instinct and not a skill that's dependant on acquisition. This
concept suggests that proof is merely the way that children can speak without formal rules being
explained and knowledge inessential in order to apply language, in a manner that would be evolved
through necessity dating back to hunter–gatherer culture. The book suggests that a section of the
brain is specifically used to apply these skills and that it is an inbuilt commodity that we are born
with. However, no proof in within science has been found to agree or disagree with this idea.
A differing view that contrasts the Nativist theory of innate language acquisition is from the theorists
Sapir and Whorf. The two never wrote the hypothesis together, but due to similarities in the thesis
they are often cited together (Whorf was a student of Sapir). Their concept is based upon an
Empiricist approach in suggesting that language is acquired through circumstantial upbringing. A
test was submitted using variances in colour and number labelling known as the 'Colour
Terminology Research'.

Argument And Natural Order Reasons: Why Is Grammar Important?
Is Grammar Important?
Abstract
Is grammar important in language acquisition? This paper will review the arguments for teaching
grammar to SL learners in the ESL environment. It will highlight the benefits for and against
teaching grammar leaving it open for individual facilitators/teachers to make their own conclusion
to whether grammar should be taught implicit or explicitly in their classroom environment. This
paper in no way takes a stance on either argument.
Introduction
There is no doubt that there is a need for SL learners to acquire a good control of grammar to
express themselves effectively and clearly if they choose to use it for work , study, or academia,
however, the controversy is not if grammar should be taught, but how grammar ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advanced Organizer Argument vs Natural Order Argument
Advance organizer argument states that grammar serves as a prerequisite for language acquisition as
it prepares the learner to notice and thereby acquire language patterns. Grammar instruction fosters
language acquisition through its delayed effect as it raises the learner's awareness.
Natural order argument states that learners are born with a Universal Grammar (Chomsky). This
(innate Universal Grammar) helps to explain similarities in the developmental order of the first and
the second language acquisition, which is different to the order in which grammatical items are
presented in most textbooks. This argument could also be called "the obsolete approach" to teaching
grammar as the order in which grammar is taught needs to be revised.
The first argument emphasizes that grammar is a pre–requisite for the language acquisition of a
second language , where as the other side feels that all learners both L1 and L2 learners are born
with an innate universal grammar

Differences Of The First Language Acquisition
Since, the second language is an additional language after we acquire the first language, the L2
learning process can be influenced by the L1 learning process This essay will demonstrate the
similarities and differences in L1 and L2 acquisition by discussing various theories. Then, draw a
conclusion based on the evidence provided and my own experience. First Language Acquisition
'First Language Acquisition' or also known as the 'Child Language Acquisition' is a process whereby
children from infancy through early school years acquire their first languages (Lightbown & Spada,
2006). The term 'First Language Acquisition' or 'FLA' can be referred to the field that investigates
the process by which children develop to use words and sentences in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Skinner and his colleagues (Gass & Larry, 2008), learning or a change of behaviour on the part of
the learner, is brought about by a process known as 'operant conditioning' which is the result of
repeated training. Operant means 'voluntary behaviour' which is the result of learner's own free–will
and is not forced by any outsider or thing (Ortega, 2009). The learner will demonstrate the new
behaviour first as a response to a system of a reward or punishment, and finally it will become an
automatic response. Behaviourists believe that learning a language is no different from learning
anything else. It becomes a habit by the stimulus–response–reinforcement–repetition process (Cook,
2001). The behaviourists also claim that we learn by imitation and by association (Lightbown &
Spada, 2006). However, psycholinguists argue that imitation is not enough because it is not only the
mechanical repetition but also natural exposure that children acquire language (Cook, 2001).
Therefore, from the behaviourist approach, language acquisition can be seen as a stimulus–response
process. Children learn language by immitation and analogy. The roles of imitation, repetition,
reinforcement, and motivation are essential in learning the language. The First Language
Acquisition is thus the result of nature which based on practicing. Nativist or Innateness

The Importance Of The First Language Acquisition
"During the first two or three years of development, a child requires interaction with other
language–users in order to bring the general language capacity into contact with a particular
language such as English." (Yule, The Study of Language, 2010)
It is very important for a child to hear a certain language and to interact with others who are using
this certain language in order to produce the language because a child is acquiring the language from
his environment as it is not genetically inherited. Hearing language sounds is not enough to acquire
a language, but interacting with others who are using this language is a crucial requirement for the
first language acquisition.
"So, in order to speak a language, a child must be able to hear that language being used." (Yule, The
Study of Language, 2010)
A child who is doing so must be physically capable of hearing a language "hearing sense" and
producing sounds. Deaf infants stop making "cooing" and "babbling" noises after six months unlike
the normal hearing infants who are making these noises during their first year.
"Under normal circumstances, human infants are certainly helped in their language acquisition by
the typical behavior of older children and adults in the home environment who provide language
samples, or input, for the child." (Yule, The Study of Language, 2010)
Acquiring a language should be by the help of others in a child`s environment like his mother, father
and grandparents who are using simplified

Acquiring the Human Language-Playing the Language Game
Video Viewing Guide for "Acquiring the Human Language–Playing the Language Game" (in the
Human Language Series) (Preview these questions before you watch the film. Take notes as you
watch the film, then answer on a separate paper.) 1. What arguments in support of language as an
innate ability are brought up in the film? This video is about a great mystery; how do children
acquire language without seeming to learn it and how do they do so many things with so little life
experience. 2. Explain the ambiguity of the question asked by Jill de Villiers to both children and
graduate students: "When did the boy say he hurt himself?" Why is this question ambiguous and
why is it interesting to note that this question is ambiguous? ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They can understand quite complex sentence in early age. 5. The film (Chomsky) claim that
acquiring language is different from kinds of learning. What does he mean? It means we seem to
learn language with different say from leaning other difficult things such as playing the trumpet and
riding bicycle. It is not learned by practice, or by imitation. 6. What proof is there that analogy is not
the explanation for first language learning? With the sentence "I painted the red barn", we can
substitute color word, and it is acceptable. If we switch the last two words, it is still acceptable. So
by analogy, child will extend this to other verb "see" and create new sentence. "I saw a read barn."
And a concept of analogy doesn't work for switching last two words, since I saw a bard red is
broken sentence. And also, with sentence "Taro ate" it means he ate something but this something is
not his shoes or hat. Another proof that analogy is not the explanation of first language learning is
the verb "grow" can mean differently in the sentence such as "John grows tomatoes" and "John
grows." Analogy is wildly broken and cannot explain first language learning. 7. Observe the details
of the experiment with the 16–month old babies who are shown Cookie Monster and Big Bird.
Explain the experiment's design, including the question posed by the researchers and the
conclusions they reach regarding children's acquisition of

Piaget 's Beliefs About Language Development
Multiple–Choice Questions (2 points each)
1. Which of the following are most consistent with Piaget's beliefs about language development?
a. Language is not a separate innate characteristic, but is one of several abilities resulting from
cognitive development
b. The sequence of language development depends on the sequence of cognitive development
c. Language acquisition results from general cognitive and social processes
d. Language development is innately wired via universal grammar
e. All of the above
f. a and b only
g. c and d only
2. In contrast to serial processing, parallel processing involves
a. Single operations performed sequentially one at a time
b. Multiple operations occur simultaneously
c. Both single and multiple operations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
phonological loop functioning / speech and language difficulties
c. visual–spatial scratch pad functioning / behavioral difficulties
d. general working memory / speech and language difficulties
7. A common congenital disorders of childhood that affects muscle tone, movement, and motor
skills and is caused by brain damage that occurs before or during a child 's birth is
a. Developmental Delay
b. William's Syndrome
c. Fragile–X
d. Cerebral Palsy
8. Cultural competence is the ability to
a. understand and learn about your own culture
a. interact effectively with people within your own culture
b. interact effectively with people of different cultures
c. be sympathetic to individuals from different cultures
9. Children who are exposed to multiple languages simultaneously
a. often have equivalent skills in each of those languages

b. may have uneven skills in each language
c. often fail to learn each language with high proficiency
d. are at greater risk for development of language delays in one or more of the languages
10. An example of a contextual factor that can lead to individuals differences is
a. People
b. Location
c. Vocabulary used by others
d. Language used by others
e. All of the above
f. a and b only (*A and B are "context," C and D are "input," context and input are similar/related.
Ex: The language heard spoken by others (input) will vary day–to–day due to the different people
they are exposed to (context).)
g. c and d only 11. In reading,

Definitions And Classifications Of Language Learning...
Literature Review
Definitions and Classifications of Language Learning Strategies "Strategy", from the ancient Greek
term strategia, refers to generalship or the art of war. In a more specific sense, strategy entails the
optimal management of troops, ships or aircraft in a planned campaign. "Tactics" is different but
related to strategies, which are tools to achieve the success of strategies. Moreover, the two
expressions share some basic concepts: planning, competition, conscious manipulation and
movement toward a goal. In nonmilitary settings, the concept of strategy has been applied to the
non–adversarial situations, where it has come to mean a plan, step or an action is taken for achieving
a specific objective (Oxford, 1990). Oxford (1990) stated 第二期（2007 年 3 月） 238 that
strategies are particularly important for language learning "because they are tools for active, self–
directed involvement, which is essential for developing communicative competence" (p.1). Because
of its significance, learning strategies have been extensively employed in the educational field. In
defining the language learning strategy, "different researchers use different terms and different
concepts" (Oxford & Crookall, 1989, p.414); therefore, a great number of researchers have
formulated their own definitions which will be discussed in the followings. Schemeck (1988) stated,
strategy is "the implementation of a set of procedures (tactics) for accomplishing something" and
learning strategy is "a

Why A Parent 's Help And Guidance Important For A Child 's...
Whilst I would consider a parent's help and guidance important in a child's linguistic development,
this development would be "impossible without innately organized circuitry to do the learning"
(210, Pinker). Therefore, a language cannot simply be taught. The human brain can seemingly
process information in some way that is involuntary and requires no real conscious effort; the only
type of help or guidance a child requires is exposure to a stimulus. Therefore, I believe that a
parent's help and guidance is not imperative, it is just helpful in an infant's linguistic progress.
There are different, quite opposing theories as to how children actually acquire language. On the one
hand, in discussing "the formal, nativist approach, grammar is conceptualized as a set of abstract
categories, structures and principles, and constraints that are genetically encoded as an innate
Universal Grammar" (319, Genetti). On the other hand, the discourse–based theory states that
"grammar is viewed as a set of forms and functions that are constantly being shaped by the mental
processes and communicative needs of speakers and hearers as they use language in everyday talk
(discourse)" (319, Genetti). Although I do consider the latter discourse theory to be important in a
child's language development, as a child will to some degree imitate their caregiver, they will only
do this when they are mentally ready and capable to do so. Therefore the nativist theory is a very
credible concept in child

How Do Early Theories Explain How Children Develop Their...
Hi Tom, there are many theories that try to explain that how children develop their language skills.
From my perspective, I believe that early theories have provided a good understanding of children
and their progress. In early theories, the environment was said to greatly influence a child's learning
and also played a major role in child language developments. According to Skinner, "children learn
language based on behaviorist reinforcement principles by associating words with meanings.
Correct utterances are positively reinforced when the child realizes the communicative value of
words and phrases. For example, when the child says 'milk' and the mother will smile and give her
some as a result, the child will find this outcome rewarding, enhancing the child 's language
development" (1).
I think that early theories are a perfect way to explain how a child develops their language skills.
However, Noam Chomsky has heavily criticized early child development theories. Chomsky has
proposed that the theory of Universal Grammar can improve our understanding of childhood
development. According to Chomsky, Universal Grammar is "an idea of innate, biological
grammatical categories, such as a noun category and a verb category that facilitate the entire
language development in children and overall language processing in adults. Universal Grammar is
considered to contain all the grammatical information needed to combine these categories, e.g. noun
and verb, into phrases. The child's

The Effects Of Bilingualism On Children And Adults Essay
Language, in its simplest form, provides humans a way to communicate with each other to express
needs, desires, and emotions in general. Without even thinking about it, speech is a tool that we use
every day at work or in casual conversation, and that our lives would be completely different
without. Humans learn a first language (L1) around the age of 1, and there is a sort of innateness for
it to be acquired–our brains are ready for it. However, acquiring a second language can often times
be a different, and more difficult process for anyone who attempts to do so. But while it may be
challenging, the benefits of bilingualism are seemingly endless as it enables one to communicate
with a whole new group of people as well as helps in brain development in children and adults. It
truly opens up a door of possibility. So what is it about the process of learning a new language that
makes it so different? Our native language is the language that we first begin using and developing
around the age of 1 year old. In addition, if an L2 is learned during infancy then it is also considered
a mother tongue. Acquisition "normally takes place during infancy and early childhood, at a time in
which the child is maturing physically and mentally, and is simultaneously acquiring many other
skills and much other knowledge of the world about him/her" (Mace–Matluck 697). When learning
our first language, it is not by any means an isolated task in comparison to when learning an L2
where there is

Amy Tan's Language In The Immigrant Family
It is a well–known fact that children acquire language through their environment. From the time of
birth, they are exposed to many different phonetics which allow them to shape words and form
language. As parents and families utilize specific words as symbols for different concepts and ideas,
children learn that they must use these to communicate their desires. This is evident in everyday life,
for example those born in different parts of the world, who grow up hearing a predominant
language, grow up speaking that language with all of the same particular nuances, slangs and
variations that are present. Therefore, Amy Tan's claim that "the language spoken in the family,
especially in the immigrant families, plays a large role in shaping the language of the child," is
definitely viable. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tan's assertion that my family did and does influence my language. From infancy, the main
language spoken in my home was Punjab with all of my immediate family members being fluent
with their version of words, sentence structure, and grammar. Although, my parents did try to
incorporate some English, my grandparents only spoke Punjabi and since they were the primary care
givers it was their influence that most affected me and my sister. Although, my parents spoke
English and also conversed with us, it was usually only for few moments before bedtime. But even
with just that little bit of influence there are still words within my vocabulary that they and I only
understand. Of course, some of this vocabulary is not used with anyone other than my family.
Sometimes however, a particular accent or emphasis on a word that was stressed by my parents
comes through in my syntax as I speak to friends, co–workers and

Essay on The Power of Words
The Power of Words Communication and language are not always synonymous. Gesticulations and
facial expression can convey certain messages that often make verbal expression unnecessary.
Although I appreciate the endless possibilities that are associated with speaking, our primary means
of communication, I have discovered that the human capacity for speech might not be as extremely
innate as the linguist Noam Chomsky claimed. A few years ago, I had the privilege of encountering
a thirty–five year–old woman named Joann at a summer camp for adults with multiple disabilities.
Being extremely autistic, Joann was unable to close her mouth, let alone form distinguishable
words. Instead of talking, her principal method of communication was to ... Show more content on
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Genie was never able to learn how to properly talk and was rendered verbally impotent by her silent
environment, but according to Dennett, shouldn't she have been able to learn? However, Joann did
seem to be able to understand what was being said to her, though she was not capable of responding
since she was able to comprehend and follow simple directions. Even some of the most autistic
people in the camp were able to recognize when someone was talking to them, which confirms the
innateness of oral comprehension, but not speaking. Understanding and talking are not
interchangeable, so a clarification is needed in order to distinguish the two. I sometimes have
moments in which a "verbal freeze" occurs, in which I have a thought that I can't manage to
verbalize. Perhaps Joann lives in a constant state where she is unable to express what she is
thinking–the thought processes are there, but the language is not. If this is true, then the capacity for
language is innate, but cannot be so simply accessed in all people. Therefore, is it possible for Joann
to think without using language? Are language and thought somehow linked? For our Neanderthal
and early human forbearers, verbal communication probably consisted of a series of grunts and
gestures and language as we know it today subsequently ensued. Thus, did thought precede
language? Our ancestors were able to create fire without words, which displays some form of
intellect, but I think that

How Children Learn Language
HOW CHILDREN LEARN LANGUAGE
By : Ahmadrawi
The writer can be contacted at:
scholars.assist@gmail.com
1. OVERVIEW
The exact way in which millions of developing children get to the point where they can produce and
understand millions of words and make sentences out of it is the subject of a heated debate in the
psycholinguistic field. According to Saxton (2010,p.18), the study on how children learn language
can be traced back to the German biologist, Tiedermann, in 1787. However, up until the late 1950's,
it is generally agreed that approach to child language research is at best haphazardly organized.
Research for example was often limited to a generally informal observations (for example research
done by Lukens,1894) or diary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This time, the rat only received food if it pressed the bar a certain number of times. After initial
confusion, it learned to do this also (Aitchison,2008,pp.8–9). This type of learning is called operant
conditioning by Skinner which can be translated as training by means of voluntary responses (the
word 'operant' means a voluntary response rather than an automatic one) and Skinner suggested that
a vast majority of human learning take place via this mode, including learning of
language(,Aitchison,2008,p.9). In his book Verbal Behaviour, Skinner argued that child efforts to
speak are rewarded by parents. Each time the child produces an utterances that comes close to
sounding like an acceptable word or sentence, the parent offers a reward in the form of praise or
encouragement. As this conditioning goes on, the closer the child gets to the adult model of
utterance the more parental rewards that he/she gets. Thus, the operant conditioning relies on the
learner producing a linguistic behaviour that is progressively shaped through rewards, until the
desired behaviour is achieved (Saxton,2010,p.90). Skinner's explanation of language acquisition
soon inspired a critique and rival explanation from Noam Chomsky. Chomsky argued in some detail
that mechanisms such as stimulus, response and reinforcement which are favoured by the
behaviourists are not sufficient to explain verbal bahaviour. In this regard, Chomsky pivotal

The subtlety of language acquisition has been the most...
The subtlety of language acquisition has been the most fundamental question in the study of
linguistics and human development. From Bow–wow Theory to Yo–He–Ho Theory, the major
theories on language origins and learnability emerged at mid–20th century and has been heavily
debated ever since. Among them, the idea of universal grammar in which is usually credited to
linguist Noam Chomsky, remains the most notable and controversial theory over time. He
introduced and developed the t heory from 1950s to 1970s as he proposed and championed
linguistic nativism in language acquisition. Chomsky supports that language mastery involves
knowledge of linguistic rules and conventions, which he later named that as 'cognizance'. He
believes that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are totally 5 stages in children language development. Preverbal stage refers to the crying of 0
– 6 months old infants. This is followed by the "one–word" holophrastic stage in 7–12 months
children where they imitate vowels to communicate, i.e. "da da" for daddy. By adding gestures (e.g.
pointing) and intonation into their words, they can convey directions, spacious relations of the
objects near them, making it the third stage in language development. After 18 months, children
enter the telegraphic stage where they can use 2–word phrases to indicate their needs, for instance,
"Papa! Milk!" which they later enter the final stage: the multi–word stage. In this stage, they make
remarkable breakthrough in language comprehension and speech. No matter what the first language
that children are exposed to, the majority of them stick to such linguistic developmental mechanism.
With the support of other generative linguists and data of 5000 to 6000 languages all over the world,
Chomsky has proved that despite their very different grammars, all of the languages are rooted with
similar syntactic principles and rules. This shows the universality of language acquisition. It is clear
that there is some unique device in human brains that isolates language learning from cultural and
intelligence, make human innate to language acquisition; the environment only shapes the outline of
such neurobiological system to a specific language.
What do children learn when they are

Milgram Obedience Research Paper
1950: Reformed the field of linguistics
Proposed Universal Grammar: Idea of innate grammatical catergories, that facilitate the
development of language in children.
Chomsky's Linguistic Theory: Born with innate ability to learn language
Argued children are born with Language Acquisition Device (LAD): Help acquire language
naturally with the help of the brain.
However there is a critical/sensitive period, whereeveryone have a time frame for learning a new
language. Once the time fram closes, it becomes more difficult to acquire a language. 1960:
Conducted controversial experiment on obedience to authority – "Milgram Obedience Experiment
Subjects were required to shock a person, from an authority figure, whenever the person would give
an incorrect

The Use Of Language In Wes Anderson's 'The Magnificent...
In the 1950s, when television and the use of film experienced a growth in popularity, Edward R.
Murrow, a notable American journalist, recognized its capacity to influence and shape perception of
the masses. Even with its many uses, its primary purpose has been and is to entertain, rather than to
teach, for escapism rather than reality, and to delude rather than to enlighten. Despite this, film and
media still retains untapped potential to communicate and explain what could never be written or
spoken in words. Within the field of language, film is an area left with only a few scratches on its
surface. These small inquiries into language and film's purpose often appear in an analysis of the
script. In the example of the film, The Royal Tenenbaums, its first connection to language would be
its association with literature, as it is an adaptation of Booth Tarkington's novel, The Magnificent
Ambersons. It is Wes Anderson's use of language that is truly fascinating. Within the script there is a
mixture of both the antique and genteel as well as modern speech which is a bit vulgar at times. One
of the most notable ways Anderson uses language is to temper potentially dark moments within in
the film by pairing it with the ridiculous. Anderson uses this juxtaposition to demonstrate an
example of life. It has been observed that "Anderson deliberately throws absurdity into painful
situations and fakery into very real pain, serving as a jarring reminder to viewers that reality is

Achieving Attainment And Second Language Acquisition
Introduction
In second language acquisition research, ultimate attainment refers to the outcome of acquisition,
interchangeably ultimate attainment is used with the terms final state.
It is found the ability to attain native like phonological skills in second language acquisition begins
to decline at the age of 6, and in many individuals before the later age of 12. It is found that native
like morphology and syntax is only possible for those under the age of 15 in second language
acquisition.
In most general terms second language acquisition (L2A) challenges the similarity to first language
acquisition (L1A). It is found that L1A is usually successful with all normal children, but in L2A
results can be controversial.
This essay will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Flege, Yeni–Komshian and Liu (1999) individuals were required to live in the US for at least
eight years and Birdsong and Flege (2001) approximated at least ten years of residence for L2
ultimate attainment.
Although these estimates are granted, a resident that has lived in a country that is not their origin,
may have lived in the country for ten years or more and not been exposed to the language, in other
words are isolated from the native speakers. This would therefore mean that the individual will more
than likely not have reach the levels of L2 competence they are capable of. This tell us that native
likeness can have an impact on the ultimate attainment of L2 acquisition, because like L1
acquisition for children, a certain amount of what they learn is influenced by adult interaction.
The ultimate attainment should be native like in L2 acquisition, at least with respect to core
grammar. Universal grammar is a theory which provides restrictions on linguistic representation, it
places limitations on grammars, constraining their form and as well how they operate.
It is found from research that L2 learners are subject to universal grammar principles but cannot
reset parameters. (Clahsen and Muysken 1989; Liceras et al. 1997; Tsimpli and Roussou).
Where others argue that L1 settings prevail initially with subsequent acquisition of other values.
(Schwartz and Sprouse

The Importance Of A Second Language Teacher
A second language teacher has a significant influence on how the learners will achieve in their
learning or fail. First and foremost, a second language teacher should understand the other
language's culture to build a communication bridge between her and the learners. Once students feel
valued and their culture is respected, they will feel motivated and try to discover the second
language enthusiastically. The effective teacher cares about a learner as a human being.
According to the Natural Approach, a teacher needs to lower the students' affective filter to
minimize the degree of nervousness. Such negative feelings about the second language may block
acquisition from taking place. Therefore, the teacher can create a friendly, exciting and proper
classroom environment, where there is a low affective filter for learning. Also, the teacher can
provide the learners with group activities, games, and music to lower the emotional obstacles.
Importantly, the teacher should not put the learners in embarrassing situations or ask them to speak
before they get ready to.
As claimed in the sociocultural theory, the effective teacher should provide appropriate scaffolding
for the learners. Teacher's scaffolding role offers outstanding opportunities for the students and helps
them work collaboratively. Additionally, it enables learners to obtain a higher level than they can
attain by themselves.
Providing the learners with the correction, evaluation or feedback is crucial for both

Analyse The Importance Of Early Intervention In Children
I have learnt that language can be cognitive, material or social (Gee & Hayes, 2011). Some view
language as a set of social conventions, shared by a group of people about how to communicate such
as classroom or sporting rules, often supplied in books and followed by people. Children don't read
books so social conventions need to be taught by modelling behaviour and communication.
With the exception of severe disabilities or social problems, all humans acquire language as a core
of basic property of their humanity called 'vernacular' which is used in everyday life Gee & Hayes
(2011, p. 8). I believe that this is why early intervention is so important; not to label a child; but to
better support them for further education. Most humans can learn

Maria Montessori And The Intellectual Development Of A Child
'A tiny sixteen–month–old child toddles off down the garden path. Close behind her follow two
adults. She pauses, looks around and says meaningfully: "Windy." The adults scribble furiously in
their Woolworths notepads.' Homes all over the world, scenarios like this are repeated in a way to
experience every tiny word said by the child, it is almost an achievement and a breakthrough for
some parents to hear their child say, 'mama' or 'dad' for the first time but what is put into this
development is what is earned back. Language acquisition is established all around the intellectual
development of a child.
Considering turn of events, health, education and upbringings, the acquirement of a language when
fully acquired allows one to make sense of the world they live in. Maria Montessori (1870–1952)
who was one of the most innovative childhood pedagogues of the 20th Century had argued that each
and every child has a unique potential for growth and development waiting to be expressed and
revealed. Aforesaid potential is best advanced by allowing children to be free to explore and
manipulate the surrounding environment. Her concept basically suggested that in hands–on, multi–
modality activities, learning fixated on creating mental modes but having adult observation followed
by appropriate adult intervention worked better, thus 'structured'. Notably language, it is the core of
the apparatus to be human that is why child's growth and development in language has received the
most

First Language Acquisition In Children
Introduction:
First language acquisition is the first words that the child speaks or says and it's the process by
which the child learn, speaks and write, and it is the initial stages of language development in
humans infants, children begin learning their language since they're babies with uncorrected
grammar until many years they will be able to learn the language with a perfect grammar after going
to school and have some support with their family, on the psychology side, Many of psychologist
have a different point of view in the first language acquisition and every psychologist have a
different theory about the language acquisition. And some of the theorists says that the language is
acquired while the other theorists said that the language is learnt, so every psychologist have a
theory about the language acquisition, and in my essay I will be talking about the first language
acquisition for the child, and if the language is learnt or acquired and more of things I will be talking
about.
To sum up the introduction,

Code Of Language
A baby is programmed to learn language–any language–but he isn't any more equipped to learn your
language than he is to learn Portuguese. If he were adopted by a family in Portugal, he would learn
Portuguese and not the English he will learn from you.
Every baby is faced with the challenge of "cracking the code" of language. This involves hearing the
language, beginning to figure out the "bits" of language, and beginning to recognize word
boundaries. Then she has to learn grammar rules and social uses for language. This is no small task
for your little one. But she is wired to do it, and she has already begun tackling this while still
developing in the womb.
How can parents help their babies and toddlers to learn language?
First, parents can be aware that babies are learning a language that is foreign to them. Babies have
an advantage over older people who try to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hearing key words several times in relation to what is going on (the "context" of the learning
situation) really helps cement the learning.
Speak clearly. Rushed speech can sound mushy to a language learner.
"Highlight" what you say by slowing down on certain words or making those key words just a little
louder so they will stand out from the flow of connected sounds.
Make sentences and then reduce them to phrases and to single words. Break down from complex to
simple. Build up from simple to complex. I use the analogy of a pyramid–the Upside–Down
Pyramid and the Right–Side Up Pyramid to give parents a visual representation of these two
processes.
Smile, praise, enjoy verbal interactions. Again, thinking of a classroom learning situation, would
you prefer the pleasant teacher who praised your efforts or a stern teacher who corrected you all of
the time?
Keep it natural. Go places, have fun, find new things to talk about. Variety is the spice of life, as the
saying goes.
Talk a lot. Provide a lot of exposure to language. Quantity and quality of talking input are both very

Naja Ferjan Ramirez Losing Listening
This presentation of "Losing Listening," is an important critical observation.When I think of making
meaning from sound just as important for most people who are auditory learning from birth, with an
exception of course to someone with a hearing disability. The way our sound patterns are already
tuned into the influence of our culture and ethnicity, tells me that sound is universal. But, it can be
timely as well. When children are learning. The first thing their learning is how to distinguish sound,
even the sound of their own noises. Eventually, children learn by audible cues and can distinguish
inflections in tenses of their parent voice audibles. According to Naja Ferjan Ramirez, a Research
Scientist from the University of Washington who

Language And Development Of Language, Experience,...
Language plays a significant role in the process of transmitting knowledge and culture among
mankind. Everyone learns a language at the early stages of life. From birth to seven years, a
tremendous development of language skills is seen in a child. The essay states the various
developmental phases of phonetics, morphology, semantics and syntax in a child. The behaviourist
and cognitive theories states that nature and nurture plays a vital role in this process. The essay also
throws light on the importance of culture, experience, maturation and readiness with the aid of
theories laid by Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget.
Language is explained as the communication among human beings. Human communication can be
either spoken or written ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From this stage a child even begins to grasp the
meaning of short phrases such as 'give me', do not touch' and the like. In the next
phase of language
development, the child articulates words. The child picks up simple words from its surroundings
and that which may be taught him. He associates the words with its meaning (Kuhl et al., 2016).
The development of semantic skills take place here. In the later phase, sentence formation begins. In
the beginning, grammar and the conventional way of sentence structure is lacked. From here
commences the syntactic development in an individual. Through experiences and expressions, the
child unknowingly adapts to the accepted grammar and conventional sentence construction rules of
its language ((Bloom, 1993). By the age of four a child speaks and understands his language clearly.

A child is inspired by surroundings to develop its language skills. He or she imitates and reacts to
the sounds around them. B. F. Skinner, one of the pioneers of behaviourism, emphasizes the role of
environment in language development (Sommerville, 2006). He argues that a child learns words by
associating it with meanings. The word 'cat' brings the idea of that particular animal in
the child's
mind. Children imitate words and sentences used by parents and elders. According to him, children
learn language on the basis of reinforcement principles. Adults surrounding them, especially parents
and siblings, correct and

Teaching And Learning English As A Foreign Language
1 UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH
LINGUISTIC AND LITERATURE REFLECTION PAPER TESOL–MA Program Course:
Advanced Teaching Methodology Name: ân ĐClass: 2016–B Instructor: ương, Ph.D. Taking the
course of MA on TESOL, whose design is research–oriented, post–graduates are required to
accomplish credit subjects including Advanced Teaching Methodology. It is obviously an
opportunity for master students not only to review what they have learned but also to have an in–
depth insight of issues related to teaching and learning English as a foreign language. Two–third of a
nine–session course passed and it is time for course learners to take a look back on what they have
experienced via a reflection paper. From a very personal perspective, in the one hand, this paper is
going to summarize what have been presented and discussed throughout six weeks; and in the other
hand, it includes certain points that the writer himself have interests in. The first session of the
course focused on knowing of English language learners. In order to help learners achieve success in
conquering a second language, it is important that teachers should pay careful attention to what their
learners' role is, viewing from both inside and outside the classroom. In addition, learners' extrinsic
and intrinsic motivation must be also taken into account if the teacher wants to

Why Adults Are Better Learners
Why adults are better learners than kids (So NO, you're not too old)
Kids are great! I was an ESL (English as a Second Language) teacher for several years in several
countries, teaching mostly children, and I could see how quick they were at learning a second
language.
Of course, who of us doesn't want to go back to our childhood, when things were simpler and the
world was full of endless possibilities (which too many people claim it somehow isn't any more...)?
Along these lines, one of my favourite songs in the world is a Brazilian one about never losing touch
with your childhood.
So it's no wonder we want them to pounce on any advantages they have now to do something better,
which they may lose out on later.
This is why when some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Forgetting obvious advantages with tonnes of common words (which of course are more beneficial
between somewhat languages, such as between European ones), a baby has so much extra work that
you are totally ignoring.
From birth it takes you years to be able to confidently distinguish between all sounds in your native
language. When you start learning Spanish, Italian, German, Hungarian, Czech etc. as an adult, don't
you realise everything you get to merrily skip over?
No need to learn how to distinguish m from n. Hell, no need to learn the vast majority of sounds that
are the same between those languages. No need to develop the muscles in your voice box and
tongue so you can simply attempt to make noises with them. No need to train your ear to be able to
distinguish voices as male/female or even recognisable friends/family, and different to other noises
from the environment. No need to be exposed to years of context of universal human interaction to
indicate when someone is angry, shouting or asking a question. No need to learn the vast majority of
international body language.
Don't people get that they aren't dealing with a separate species when they learn a new language? I'd
argue that the majority of

Linguistic Genius Of Babies Book Review
Patricia Kuhl's TED Talk lecture, The Linguistic Genius of Babies, is an overview of how infants as
young as six months old are capable of discriminating between the units of all languages equally,
but at ten months, infants tend to become better at distinguishing between units of their native
language and worse at those of a foreign language. This shows that there is a critical period not just
for language acquisition but also for the ability to acquire a second language. Therefore, parents who
with for their children to have a bilingual advantage should expose infants to a second language as
soon as possible. Noam Chomsky believed that humans are genetically designed with the capacity to
learn language. Humans have a system of common rules and properties, called universal grammar,
which allows us to learn any world language. It appears that Kuhl's research supports this theory.
Kuhl exposed American infants, who had only been previously exposed to English, to Mandarin
during the critical period for language acquisition. Babies exposed to both English and Mandarin
showed equivalent statistics for language discrimination. This exposure alters the Language
Acquisitions Device (LAD) in the brain and makes infants the "citizens of the world," (Kuhl, 2010)
Chomsky believed them to be, rather than the "culture–bound listeners," ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
While humans are biologically designed to produce language, with exception of reasons of defect,
there is still a time limit during which infants must be exposed to language or risk developmental
delays. These delays are not just in the area of language acquisitions, but are related to other
cognitive functions as well, as we saw in the example of Justin, the boy who was raised as a dog by
his caregiver. Language acquisition is essential in the development of the ability to problem solve
and to process and understand symbolic

Theories Of Acquiring Language
Acquiring language is one of the most important processes in human life. Unlike animals, human
beings are able to acquire a native language and they do so in a procedure that takes time. During
this procedure, human beings start to learn alphabet, forming words, forming sentences and after all
they learn how to communicate with other people. In his book "A Dictionary of Phonetics and
Linguistics (2008), David Crystal mentions that this acquisition procedure is not only required for
one's mother tongue, but it is also used when children come to learn a foreign language or a second
language. This definition that Crystal gives in his book has a relationship with the theory of
"Language Acquisition Device" made by Noam Chomsky.
Noam Chomsky believes that every single child has in his brain a "language acquisition device".
Chomsky suspects that every single born child has this mechanism in his brain that helps him
acquire the language, which is spoken in his environment. He believes that this is something
biological and this helps the child's brain to form the main principles of his language such as
grammar. Chomsky notices that after children acquire this knowledge about grammar, they have to
learn vocabulary so they begin to form sentences. Chomsky specifies that children could not learn
their native language properly because most of the time, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This, is also known as "Jargoning". In her article "What is toddler jabbering?" published on
'livestrong.com' (2015), Sharon Perkins explains that during this stage when listening to a toddler,
one might think that the toddler is speaking a foreign language. This is because most of the words
produced by the toddler at this age don't be understandable and a few words can be recognized.
Perkins point up that this stage is the toddlers way of to start communicate with people and which
can be

The Various Language Skill Development
Being social animals, human beings experience an innate drive to communicate and share their
thoughts and feelings with others. The essay discusses the various language skill development stages
among the children from zero to seven years. It analyses the importance of nature and nurture with
the aid of behaviourist and nativist perspectives. In the light of the explanations by Vygotsky and
Jean Piaget, the essay attempts to discuss the role of culture, experience, maturation and willingness
to learn. Cambridge dictionary defines language as 'a system of communication' among
human beings. This communication system consists of sounds and words. The element of grammar
makes communication meaningful (Cambridge Dictionary 2016). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Gradually the child imitates the words from its environment. Children are more used to the words,
like mom, milk, dad, no, that are recited to them frequently. At this stage, the child associates these
words to their meanings. After the age of two, there is a tremendous exploration of vocabulary
(Clarke, 2009). Children accumulate thousands of words till the age of six. Initially they go for
replacement of difficult terms with simple ones. This is due to their struggle with complex
vocabulary. This tendency changes after six. The conventional word order, tense and grammar are
grasped during these ages. By the age of four, children would be good conversationalist. At this
stage the syntactic and semantic developments occur in children (Choice2099, 2014). Children, in
their early years, imitate sounds and words that are produced by adults. B.F. Skinner employs his
theory of behaviourism to explain this mental process (Nellie, 2013). Skinner argues that language
development like any other behaviour or habit, can be imbibed through repetition and
reinforcement. He uses the concepts of classical conditioning and operant conditioning to explain
this phenomenon. Children associates the frequently used terms with its meanings. The word
'mom' brings the mental image of their mother. They tend to use correct words and
pronunciation to experience positive

The Second Language By Vivian Cook
Summary
Acquisition of an L2 (second language), has always been an important issue in the field of
linguistics, and its relationship with an L1 (First language) is what concerns Vivian Cook in the
chapter called "The relationship between first and second language learning revisited".
In the chapter the author argues that the relationship between both L1 and L2, defines the second
language. That is why SLA (Second Language Acquisition) research has taken ideas and research
techniques from L1 research such as the independent grammar assumption, which claims that the
child's language, constitutes an independent system of its own, and is not a poor version of the
adult's one. And techniques, being the most obviously borrowed those ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These arguments are the ones that made me meditate the most, because they are there in front of
everyone, yet, I was never able to see them. For instance, when Cook claims that "The L2 learner
already has at least one other language in his mind; the initial language state of his mind is in
principle different from the L1 child, because of the first language..." This first language has already
taken a place in the mind of the learner, so it is harder for the L2 to get without any

First Language Acquisition And The Doubt Towards...
Due to the development in first language acquisition and the doubt towards contrastive analysis
which has deemed that all errors made by language learners are caused by the interference from the
mother tongue, error analysis, a response to and an alternative of contrastive analysis and an
approach influenced by behaviourism was given birth to and become increasingly popular among
researchers and teachers who began paying more attention on and shifting the interest in the errors
made by second language learners in the 1960s and 1970s (Mitchell, Myles and Marsden, 2013).
Central to the notion of error analysis is that it is a process where learners' errors are collected and
analysed in order to get some implication from the results (Brown, 1987, p. 17; Corder, 1967;
Khansir, 2012) and the purpose of error analysis according to Corder (1974, p. 170) is to "find what
the learner know and does not know" and to "ultimately enable the teacher to supply him not just
with the information that his hypothesis is wrong, importantly, with the right sort of information or
data for him to form a more adequate concept of rule in the target language". Moreover, Gass and
Selinker (2008) also agree that second language learners' errors can provide information about their
knowledge of the system.
To know how error analysis works, firstly it should know what an "error" is and its possible sources.
When it comes to the definition of errors, many researchers have given their own ideas. Corder

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