The document discusses latitude and longitude. It explains that the equator is the reference point for latitude, with lines of latitude measured in 15 degree increments from 0 degrees at the equator to 90 degrees at the North and South Poles. The prime meridian is the reference point for longitude, with lines of longitude measured in 15 degree increments from 0 degrees at the prime meridian to 180 degrees east and west. Latitude and longitude help determine a place's climate, with higher latitudes experiencing colder temperatures and different seasons than lower latitudes.