The document discusses how to properly manage waste through the 5Rs approach: reduce, reuse, recycle, repair, and recover. It explains that landfills cannot accommodate the amount of waste generated daily, so some waste ends up uncollected and causes pollution. The 5Rs help minimize garbage and avoid pollution. The document provides examples of applying each of the 5Rs, such as using eco bags instead of plastic, reusing items, making new products from scrap materials, fixing broken items, and using waste for energy or fertilizer. It emphasizes that practicing the 5Rs is important for a clean environment.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
3. WhatI Need to Know
Thewaste that we generate per day is more
than what landfills canaccommodate. This is
why some wastes are left uncollected in
different places.Uncollected waste causes
land, water, and air pollution and any form of
pollution is harmful to all orga nisms.
Therefore, we should practice 5Rs to manage
waste in theenvironment and help make our
surroundings clean and tidy.After working on
this module, you will be able to understand
The waste that we generate per day is more than what
landfills can accommodate. This is why some wastes
are left uncollected in different places. Uncollected
waste causes land, water, and air pollution and any
form of pollution is harmful to all orga nisms.
Therefore, we should practice 5Rs to manage waste in
theenvironment and help make our surroundings
clean and tidy. After working on this module, you will
be able to understand how people canmanage their
waste through the 5Rs: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repair
or Recover
What I Need to Know
4. Directions:
Study the pictures of the new
products created or made and
identify what
common materials are used.
HowCan We Manage Our
Waste: The 5R’s Technique
5. 1. What materials are shown in the picture?
2. Where can we find these materials?
3. Are these materials common to our locality?
6. 1. What materials are shown in the picture?
2. Where can we find these materials?
3. Are these materials common to our
locality?
7. 1. What materials are shown in the picture?
2. Where can we find these materials?
3. Are these materials common to our
locality?
8. 1. What materials are shown in the picture?
2. Where can we find these materials?
3. Are these materials common to our
locality?
15. Whatare the different ways of managing waste? What
are the specific materials that can be reduced, reused,
recycled, repaired or recovered?
There are strategies that can be used in handling waste
materials found in our home and community su ch as
the 5 R’s Technique. This technique is composed of five (
ways we can manage our wastes such as:
18. (2) Reusing finding another w ay for
materials that have already been used
suchas using old but usable shoes
(3) Recycling producing new
product out of discarded
materials such as making
decoration ( figurines) from
used/scrap papers)
19. (4)Recovering making the most out of
the waste by regenerating energy such
as using peelings of fruits and
vegetables as plant fertilizers
(5)Repairing fixing broken things so
that they can be used again such as
sewing and mending old clothes.
20. Asa whole, the 5 R’s Technique
helps in minimizing garbage to
avoid pollution in air, water, and
land.
Now,think of some situations in
your home or community that you
have observed or experienced that
use the 5 techniques mentioned.
21. Have you practiced
using the 5 techniques at
home? In your community? If
yes, you and your family are
certainly caring for the
environment! Congratulations
23. The 5Rs of waste management is the
modern way of handling garbage and
waste materials. 1.__________ simply means
lessen the use of unnecessary materials.
It means buying only what you need.
Meanwhile, 2._______________means to use
again if not by you then by others. Clothes,
cooking wares, bags and shoes are someof
the examples.
24. The processing of the waste materials to
make another product is called 3.
____________ 4.____________ is the fixing or
restoring broken items to be used again.
5.___________means taking energy or
materials from waste that cannotbe used
anymore.
26. 1. If you have a garden in your
backyard, which of the following
materials cannot be used as
fertilizers for your plants?
A. manure from cow C. rice husk
B. dried leaves D. candy wrappers
27. 2. Pedro used few big boxes to plant
tomatoes instead of many small pots.
What technique did he apply?
A. Recycling
B. Reducing
C. Reusing
D. Repairing
28. 3. Why are we encouraged to apply 5 R’s
technique?
A. it will make us rich.
B. it will lessen the volume of garbage
produced daily.
C. It will not need to buy more trash bins.
D. It will make our house more beautiful.
29. 4. Your Father is so eager to fix your house
after it was destroyed by a strong typhoon,
what waste management did he apply?
A. Recycle
B. Repair
C. Reduce
D. Reuse
30. 5. One good characteristic of being a
responsible consumer is to refrain
from buying new materials when you
still have supplies, what waste
management is being practiced?
A. Reuse B. Repair
C. Recover D. Reduce
31. 6. Which of the following statements shows a person
practice recovering materials to help save the
environment?
A. Carol bought good vegetables only enough for her one-
day meal.
B. Instead of throwing away all the soft drink cans he
bought, Dennis used them as pots for his plants.
C. Denise, instead of buying a new bag for the upcoming
school days, washed and fixed held old one.
D. Mr. Cruz collected the chicken manure in his poultry
farm and gave it to a shop that can convert
biodegradable material to LPG.
32. 7. Because he/she cannot go out of the
house, Sarah decided to make her time
more productive. She made a figurine
from the empty seashells they have out
from their yesterday’s lunch. What
technique did she apply?
A. Recycling C. Reducing
B. Repairing D. Recovering
33. 8. Which of the following situations involves recycling?
A. Sean Beda made a string notebook out of the unused
pages of his old spiral notebook.
B. Arianne Denise would always place oil on the gears of
her bicycle to prevent rusting.
C. Kent Denzel collected biodegradable waste materials
then made a compost.
D. CJ Kean made a bag out of his old worn-out pants.
34. 9. Which of the following is the best
substitute for plastic cellophane if you
want to go to the grocery store?
A. Newspaper bags C. Banana leaves
B. Big cans D. Cloth bags
35. 10. Ana, a 15 year-old girl, gave her old dresses
to her younger neighbor. What is she doing?
A. Recycling
B. Reducing
C. Reusing
D. Recovering