Schizophrenia is a group of disorders characterized by disturbances in perception, thought, language, and behavior. Common symptoms include false beliefs, confused thinking, hearing voices, reduced social engagement and emotional expression, and lack of motivation. Schizophrenia can be genetically transmitted and family environment and stresses can influence its course. It is associated with overactivity in dopamine systems in the brain. There are four main types of schizophrenia: catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, and undifferentiated. Patients are also classified as type 1 or 2 based on their symptoms. Treatment involves social support, predictable routines, avoiding emotionally charged situations, stimulating environments, and antipsychotic drugs to block dopamine receptors.

2. Schizophrenia
* Schizophrenia is a group of disorders
characterized by perturbations in language ,
perception , cognition and behavior .
*Common symptoms include false beliefs, unclear
or confused thinking, hearing voices that others
do not, reduced social engagement and
emotional expression, and a lack of motivation.

3. Etiology
• A number Of factors have been identified that
predispose to, or precipitate, or sustain
schizophrenia they are :-
• Schizophrenia can be transmitted genetically .
• Family environment can influence the course of
illness .
• A highly emotional family environment
contributes to relapses.
• Psychological stresses like adverse life events.

4. Etiology
• A viral vector or early developmental
abnormalities in some cases .
• Schizophrenia is associated with functional
over activity in dopaminergic neuronal systems
in mesolimbic and mesocortical areas.

5. symptomatic schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia syndrome can be associated with
temporal lobe epilepsy , Huntington’s chorea ,
cerebral tumors and demyelinating diseases
known as symptomatic schizophrenia

6. Types of schizophrenia
• There are four major types disorders :-
1. Catatonic
2. Disorganized
3. Paranoid
4. Undifferentiated

7. Schizophrenia …
Patient also classified as Type-1 and Type-2
 Type-1 patients have predominance of
“positive” symptoms , normal ventricular size
and a good response to anti-psychotic drugs.
 Type-2 patients have a predominance of
“Negative” symptoms , increased ventricular size
and a poor response to anti-psychotic drugs.

8. Clinical features
• Clinical manifestations can
consider under three heading ;
1. The first rank symptoms (which strongly
suggest a diagnosis of schizophrenia)
2. Other symptoms ( lower diagnostic)
3. Negative symptoms

9. Clinical features
First rank symptoms
Thought insertions
Thought broadcasting
Passivity feelings
Auditory hallucinations
Delusional perceptions

10. Clinical features
Other symptoms
Catatonia
Thought disorder
Neologisms
Delusions- grandiose, paranoid, sexual or
religious
Visual tactile olfactory or gustatory
hallucinations
Affective change

11. Clinical features
Negative symptoms
Social withdrawal
Poverty of speech
Flatness of effect

12. Management
Social measures:
• These patient do best in an environment that has
a regular and predictable routine .
• Positive symptoms are exacerbated in highly
charged emotional situations .
• Negative symptoms are induced in
environments that are under stimulating .

13. Management
Neuroleptic drugs
(Antipsychotic drugs) block both D1 and D2
(dopamine) groups receptors , adrenergic and
cholinergic receptors.
• chlorpromazine 100mg thrice a day
(max.1500mg until symptoms subside )
• fluphenazine 20-100 mg od in 2 weeks i.m
• Newer clozpine , risperidone and olanzapine

14. Thank you for attention
By : Ravinder Kumar