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The Kingdom of Aksum was a major trading nation located in the Horn of Africa between 100-940 AD. It played a key role in trade between the Roman Empire and India. Aksum established itself under King Zoskales in 100 AD and grew to control territories in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Egypt, and parts of Arabia at its height around 400 AD. The kingdom issued its own coins and created a currency called the Mani. Aksum's influence declined after 640 AD as Islam rose in the region, and it was ultimately conquered in 940 AD.
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2) The empire began in the 8th century under the leadership of Dinga Cisse and lasted until about 1076 AD.
3) The rulers of the empire were called "Ghanas" and the empire was known for its gold trade, though it eventually declined as traders moved to other kingdoms, weakening Ghana.
Kingdom of ghana
The document discusses the architecture of mosques in West Africa and Somalia. It describes key features of mosques in Ghana, Mali, and Somalia like the Larabanga Mosque in Ghana which shows Sudanese influences in its use of horizontal timber and triangular openings. It also provides details on the architectural elements of major mosques like the Great Mosque of Kairouan which is built from thick stone walls and features buttresses and towers that enhance its stability.
Lesson 2 chapter 4 notes
By 2400 BC, powerful kingdoms arose in northern Mesopotamia after Sumer's city-states were weakened by conflict. Sargon of Akkad formed the world's first empire around 2350 BC by conquering the city-states. Around 1792 BC, Hammurabi of Babylon created the Babylonian Empire and issued his famous code of laws. The Assyrian Empire extended across northern Mesopotamia and surrounding areas from around 900 BC, employing brutal military tactics to expand their control. The Chaldean Empire emerged in the 7th century BC after revolting against the Assyrians, with Babylon rebuilt to new heights under King Nebuchadnezzar.
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The Cyrus dynasty was a very powerful dynasty that lasted 200 years and grew into a huge empire. It ruled over a vast territory for two centuries before eventually falling. The dynasty established a large and influential empire in western Asia and northeast Africa that lasted for over two hundred years.
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The Umayyad dynasty expanded the Islamic empire greatly after the death of Muhammad. Under the Umayyads, the Islamic empire grew to span parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe within 100 years. The Umayyad armies began with hit-and-run raids and soon launched organized campaigns of conquest, taking control of most of Central Asia by the 700s and North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula by 711. However, over time unrest grew under the Umayyads as they neglected Islamic law and treated some groups, such as non-Arabs, as second-class. This led to their overthrow by the Abbasids in 750.
Ch 7 Africa
Early civilizations emerged in Africa around 7-8,000 years ago including Egypt, Kush, and Axum. Kush developed an ivory and frankincense trade with Egypt by 2000 BC. In 750 BC, Kush conquered Egypt but was later driven out by the Assyrians. Axum rose to power in Ethiopia in the 4th century AD, conquering Kush and prospering from trade along the Red Sea. King Ezana converted Axum to Christianity in 330 AD. Later, powerful trading empires like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai emerged in West Africa between the 5th-15th centuries, growing wealthy from the trade of local goods like yams, animals, and minerals
Fertile crescent vocabulary
The document discusses the geography and history of the Fertile Crescent region. It describes key locations like Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Silt deposits from seasonal flooding allowed for irrigation systems and surplus crop production. The Sumerians established the world's first civilization in cities like Ur around 3000 BC. Later groups like the Akkadians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Babylonians and Phoenicians occupied the region, developing writing, legal codes, and trade networks.
Fertile Crescent/ Mesopotamia Vocabulary
The document discusses the geography and history of the Fertile Crescent region. It describes key locations like Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Silt deposits from seasonal flooding made the land fertile for farming. Irrigation systems like canals allowed for surplus food production. This led to the growth of early civilizations like Sumer, whose cities like Ur engaged in trade. Important later groups mentioned include the Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Phoenicians.
Fertile Crescent/ Mesopotamia vocabulary
The document discusses the geography and history of the Fertile Crescent region. It describes key locations like Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The silt deposited during annual floods made the land fertile for farming. Irrigation systems like canals allowed for surplus food production. This led to the development of early civilizations like Sumer, whose cities like Ur traded goods widely. Important later groups mentioned include the Assyrians, Babylonians under Hammurabi, and Phoenicians, known for their sailing and alphabet.
1311 From Ancient Africa to the 1500s
This document provides an overview of ancient African civilizations and the Indian Ocean trade. It discusses the geography of Africa and the peoples who inhabited early Africa, including the Egyptians, Kush, Axum, Khoisan, and Bantu. It then summarizes the Ghana and Mali Empires, noting their wealth from trans-Saharan trade. The document also outlines various East African city-states that flourished through the Indian Ocean trade, spreading Islam and connecting Africa to other regions. It highlights Axum/Aksum and Ethiopia as the first Christian state, as well as the city of Great Zimbabwe. Students are assigned to finish reading Chapter 11 in preparation for the next class.
Africa Notes
1) Several major empires rose and fell in pre-colonial Africa, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in West Africa known for trans-Saharan trade of gold and salt.
2) In East Africa, the Aksum and Zimbabwe empires grew wealthy through trade of ivory and gold along Indian Ocean trade routes.
3) Trade brought economic growth as well as spread of Islam and Christianity throughout Africa, with Timbuktu becoming a center of learning under Mali rule.
Ancient Roman Civilization
The Beginnings of Ancient Rome About 750 B.C., the villages joined together to form a city called Rome. It was ruled by kings for more than 200 years. Eventually, Rome became a republic, and the people elected representatives. These representatives formed the Senate, Rome's most powerful body of government
Lesson 2 Kingdoms and Empires
The document discusses several major kingdoms and empires in Africa, including Aksum, Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Kilwa, and Zimbabwe. It explains that these civilizations rose to power through control of trade networks, especially the trade of gold and salt. As trade brought wealth and new ideas, many African societies integrated aspects of Islam and Arab culture while also developing powerful city-states of their own. Overall, strategic control of trade routes and the taxation of goods was a major source of power for many kingdoms and empires across Africa over time.
ASSYRIAN EMPIRE.pptx
The document provides information on the Assyrian civilization including:
- Assyria began as a small trading community in Mesopotamia centered around the city of Ashur and grew to become a powerful empire.
- The Assyrian Empire is divided into three periods - the Old Kingdom, Middle Empire, and Late Empire (Neo-Assyrian Empire).
- The Assyrians were known for their formidable army and ruthless warfare tactics, using iron weapons, chariots, and advanced siege equipment to conquer neighboring lands.
Ch 7 early african
The document summarizes early African civilizations from 2000 BC to 1500 AD. It discusses the impact of Africa's diverse geography on civilization development. It describes how civilizations like Kush, Axum, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai emerged as powerful states due to factors like trade, leadership, and control of resources. It also outlines the migration of Bantu peoples, rise of coastal city-states, and establishment of states like Great Zimbabwe in southern Africa. The document concludes by examining aspects of traditional African society, religion, and rich cultural traditions.
Assyria Abigail, Cassidy, Xiao Xiao, Fannie Period 1
The Assyrian Empire rose to power through its highly skilled and aggressive army. Kings like Ashurnasipal II and Sennacherib expanded the empire through brutal military conquests, deporting resistant populations. At its height, the empire stretched across Mesopotamia and Levant. However, the Assyrians' harsh rule also contributed to internal unrest and eventual rebellion, leading to the sacking of Nineveh in 612 BC and the fall of the empire.
Axum
The document provides an overview of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum located in what is now Eritrea and Ethiopia. It flourished between 100-940 AD and grew to become a major trading empire, facilitating trade between Rome/Byzantium and India. Aksum adopted Christianity in the 4th century and left behind significant architectural remains including large obelisks and tombs. It minted its own currency and had foreign relations across the Red Sea region and beyond. The document also discusses Aksumite society, culture, and the legend of the Queen of Sheba's visit to King Solomon which Ethiopians believe founded their Solomonic dynasty.
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- 2. The Kingdom Of Aksum • The kingdom of Aksum was an important trading nation. • Aksum existed approximately from 100-940 AD. • It was a major player in the commerce between the Roman Empire and Ancient India. • All of this takes place in the Iron Age.
- 3. Aksum’s Location • Aksum is located near the Red Sea and the horn of Africa.
- 4. Aksum’s Government • Aksum was a Monarchy.
- 5. Aksum’s Religion • Most of the people were polytheistic and believed in Judaism.
- 6. Aksum’s Language • Aksum had it’s own alphabet called • Ge'ez alphabet • They spoke Cushitic and Nilo-Saharan.
- 7. Aksums Coinage • The Empire of Aksum was one of the first African polities economically and politically ambitious enough to issue its own coins. • Gold, silver and bronze coins were minted
- 8. Aksums First King • Aksum was established by Zoskales in 100 AD.
- 9. Aksum’s Beginning • Around 100 AD. • Aksum was founded by Sabaeans who crossed the Red Sea from South Arabia where today lays Yemen. • Over 95% of Aksum remains unexplored beneath the modern city and its surrounding area.
- 10. Aksum’s Rise • Around 300 AD. • Aksum began intervening in South Arabian affairs • At this time Aksum controlled the Tihama region and it dominated states on Arabian Peninsula across the Red Sea and making the people pay a sort of tax or a tribute.
- 11. Aksum’s Currency Around 320 AD. Aksum invented a currency called Mani as one of the great four powers. The other powers were Persia, Rome and China.
- 12. Aksum and Kush • Around 350 AD. • The Aksums conquered the Kingdom of Kush.
- 13. Aksums Height • Around 400 AD. • At it’s height the Kingdom of Aksum controlled Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, southern Egypt, Djibouti, western Yemen and southern Southern Arabia.
- 14. Aksums King Kaleb • Around 520 AD. • King Kaleb sent an expedition to Yemen against the Jewish Himyarite King. • However in 525 AD. • Kaleb was sent on another expedition against Abreha, killing their commander, and joining Abreah.
- 15. Aksum Remains Strong • Around 615-645 AD. • In 620 AD Aksum remains strong but weakened until the rise of Islam. • Umar ibn al-Khattāb sent an expedition against Adulis in 640 AD but it was never actually defeated.
- 16. Aksums Last King • Aksums last King was Dil Na'od
- 17. Aksum Defeated • In 940 AD Aksum gets conquered by the Gudit.
- 18. Sources • http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/15 • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/ 11794/Aksum • http://wrldhistory.4t.com/Aksum.html • http://wysinger.homestead.com/aksum.html