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Chapter 13 Global Health Challenges
MANY INDIVIDUALS AND NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) HELP FIGHT GLOBAL DISEASE. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation plays a key role in the war against malaria, AIDS, and other diseases. Melinda and Bill Gates met with doctors and patients at the Manhica Research Center and Hospital in an area of Mozambique heavily affected by malaria.
Learning Objectives
1. 13.1Recall the causes and effects of noncommunicable diseases
2. 13.2Evaluate the role of global travel and trade in facilitating the globalization of infectious diseases
3. 13.3Outline the three developments that gave rise to the concept of human security
4. 13.4Describe the three epidemiologic transitions to better understand contemporary concerns about infectious diseases
5. 13.5Report the cause, spread, effects, and control measures of influenza and avian flu
6. 13.6Report the cause, spread, effects, and control measures of malaria
7. 13.7Recognize the causes and preventive measures of HIV
8. 13.8Report the origin, spread, effects, and control measures of SARS
9. 13.9Report the origin, spread, effects, and control measures of Ebola
10. 13.10Outline role of the WHO in preventing the spread of infectious diseases
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and mental illness in general and Alzheimer’s disease in particular are the leading causes of death and disability globally. Long associated with affluent Western standards of living, NCDs are now a global problem. While rich countries are better equipped to deal with chronic diseases, they are far more deadly in poor countries. Growing numbers of old people and the spread of middle-class lifestyles make NCDs more prevalent than infectious diseases. Globalization also contributes to the growth of NCDs by helping expand the global middle class and by promoting fast foods, sugary drinks, alcohol, smoking, processed foods, and sedentary lifestyles. A major global health threat that undermines efforts to cure diseases is the emergence of germs that are resistant to antibiotics. This is due mainly to the excessive use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture.
Infectious diseases are intertwined with numerous global issues and are inseparable from political, economic, and cultural components of globalization. Ethnic conflicts make populations vulnerable to infectious diseases. Fighting contributes to the collapse of public services, which means that many people die from what would ordinarily be treatable diseases, such as diarrhea and respiratory infections. Conflicts also create refugees, overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions, thereby creating environments conducive to the spread of infectious diseases.
Environmental degradation and deforestation expose humans to a variety of infectious diseases. They also contribute to global warming and flooding,.
Global health is the health of populations in the global context;
It has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent. Global health practices can respond to some of the major health responsibilities such as non-communicable diseases (heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases) or injuries that occur in varying degrees in many countries, no matter how advanced.
The guidelines set out the principles and practices that government can look at when making laws and regulating food programs. Inequality affects the health of the world.
The future of global health is at risk and needs urgent strategies. Also, technology is contributing at a vast pace to overcome the various health challenges all over the world.
For prevention of non-communicable diseases(NCD):
Ban all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship.
Restrictions on the availability of retailed alcohol.
Replacement of trans fats with polyunsaturated fats.
Scale-up early detection and coverage starting with very cost-effective, high-impact interventions.
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AND PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIVAIDS IN T.docxssuser454af01
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AND PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA
Disparities in the Global North and Global South are reflected in the socio-economic and political positions of these two respective regions in the world. This gap is also best exemplified by the disparities in healthcare systems, education, and prevalence of diseases between these two regions. The Global North, which is comprised of advanced countries like the United States has a robust healthcare system and an educated mass. This in turn plays a significant role in reducing the rate of infectious diseases. Contrary, the Global South, comprised of many poor and conflicting countries has problems of high rate of diseases such as HIV/AIDS. What are the primary factors that contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS? What preventative measures work best in halting the rapid spread of this virus? This paper will briefly analyze these questions and more with an emphasis on HIV/AIDS in the Global North and Global South.
This paper assumes that the Global North and the Global South are considerably different in their social, cultural, political, and economic make-up. However, since this paper is a brief analysis, which aims to compare this disparity and its effects on health, it will proceed by using the United States (Global North) and South Africa (Global South) as representative samples for these regions respectively. The United States, with a population of approximately 320 million is regarded as the vanguard of the developed world, if not the world in general. A hub of diversity and immigrants from all over the world, America is perceived as a rich country of opportunities. South Africa, on the other hand, is a relatively small country with a population of roughly 53 million. It is considered to be the political and economic leader and one of the success stories of sub-Saharan Africa. Nonetheless, its wealth and socio-political maturity is by no means comparable to that of the United States.
The World Health Organization defines HIV as a virus that targets and weakens an individual’s immune system (immunodeficiency) thus making the infected individual susceptible to other infections. (WHO Cite) HIV becomes AIDS only when an infected individual contracts other infections. In advanced countries such as the U.S, Canada, and their likes, HIV infected individuals are able to live longer due to readily available retroviral drugs. On the other hand, underdeveloped or developing countries suffer high rates of mortality due to lack of medication in rural areas and at times urban areas alike. From this reality, it can be highlighted that economically advanced countries are better equipped to diagnose, treat, and perhaps prevent and deter infectious diseases compared to their economically dependent counterparts.
Data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that nearly 1.2 Americans are carriers of the HIV virus. (CDC CITE2)) However, the ...
In today's interconnected world, the term "pandemic" has become all too familiar. But what exactly does it mean, and why is it so significant? A pandemic can be defined as a global health crisis caused by the outbreak of an infectious disease that spreads across multiple countries or continents. It is a term that denotes the severity and scale of an epidemic.
To understand the significance of a pandemic, it is essential to differentiate between a pandemic and an epidemic. While both refer to the spread of infectious diseases, an epidemic is typically confined to a specific region or community. In contrast, a pandemic transcends borders, affecting people worldwide.
The impact of a pandemic goes beyond its immediate health consequences. It can disrupt economies, strain healthcare systems, and cause social upheaval. The COVID-19 pandemic serves as a stark reminder of how vulnerable our global society can be in the face of such crises.
OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION 1
OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION 2
Outbreak Investigation
Introduction
Epidemiology deals with the study of the determinants and distribution of disability or disease in the population groups (Szklo & Nieto, 2014). Epidemiology is one of the core areas in public health study and is essential for the evaluation of the efficacy of the new therapeutic and preventive modalities as well in the new organizational health care delivery patterns. I have for a long time developed a lot of interest in the area towards learning more on finding the causes of diseases and health outcomes in populations. Epidemiology views the individuals collectively, and the community is considered to be patient. The area of public health study is systematic, scientific, and data-driven in analyzing the pattern or frequency of the distributions and the risk factors or causes of specific diseases in the neighborhood, city, school, country, and global levels. Epidemiology handles various areas including environmental exposures, infectious diseases, injuries, non-infectious diseases, natural disasters and terrorism (Szklo & Nieto, 2014). Specifically, this paper explores epidemiology in addressing infectious disease, food-borne illness in the community. Also, the paper examines outbreak investigations as an intervention towards addressing the foodborne illness in the society. Further, an evaluation of the intervention and the expected results are discussed to examine or analyze the contributions of the intervention.
Foodborne Illness
Foodborne illness is any illness that results from food spoilage of the contaminated food. Food can be contaminated by the pathogenic bacteria, contaminated food, parasites, or viruses, as well as natural or chemical toxins including several species of beans, and poisonous mushrooms. In the United States, food-borne illness is estimated to impact negatively over 76 million people annually (Jones, McMillian, Scallan et al., 2007). This is translated to 5,2000 deaths, and 325,000 hospitalizations. However, the true incidence of food-borne illness is unknown. The majority of food-borne illness and most of the deaths are linked to “unknown agents” following the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis a foodborne disease. An estimated $7 billion is lost regarding productivity and medical expenses and is attributed to the most prevalent but diagnosable foodborne illnesses. Comment by Vetter-Smith, Molly J: Reference needed for this statement Comment by Vetter-Smith, Molly J: References needed for these statements
The under diagnosis in foodborne illnesses is further contributed by the majority who has the symptoms and signs of the disease but totally fail to seek medical attention. This circumstance coupled with the global and national distribution of foo.
Unraveling the Mystery of Accelerated Ageing in Young Peoplehealthcare360social
In a phenomenon sweeping social media, concerns are raised over the apparent hastening of accelerated ageing in young people, sparking discussions about potential health implications. As influencers and researchers delve into this intriguing topic, a complex web of factors emerges, shedding light on a troubling trend.
Scapegoating is a theory of prejudice and discrimination. Societ.docxtodd331
Scapegoating is a theory of prejudice and discrimination. Society looks at the weakest group, and places blame on that group for all ills. That group then becomes the bottom level of society. We've seen this over the past 18 months. Illegal immigrants have been blamed for many issues, in particular crime and unemployment rates. Yet, I know few in my own area who will do the jobs these folks do every day. As for crime, please see the link below for a journal article that addresses this issue. Most crimes committed by immigrants without papers are misdemeanors.
What are your thoughts?
.
Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerIN.docxtodd331
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
INSTRUCTIONS
Write a brief case study (ALZHIEMER DISEASE) of a real or hypothetical issue or problem that needs investigation (approx. 200-250 words max).
Discussion 3.2: Hypothesis Test Tag Team
Corporate Responsibility 8;
The Social Responsibility of Business Is
to Increase Its Profits
Milton Friedman
When I hear businessmen speak eloquently
about the “social responsibilities of business
in a free-enterprise system,” I am reminded
of the wonderful line about the Frenchman
who discovered at the age of 70 that he had
been speaking prose all his life. The busi
nessmen believe that they are defending free
enterprise when they declaim that business
is not concerned “merely” with profit but
also with promoting desirable “social” ends;
that business has a “social conscience” and
takes seriously its responsibilities for provid
ing employment, eliminating discrimina
tion, avoiding pollution and whatever else
may be the catchwords of the contemporary
crop of reformers. In fact they are—or
would be if they or anyone else took them
seriously—preaching pure and unadulter
ated socialism. Businessmen who talk this
way are unwitting puppets of the intellectual
forces that have been undermining the basis
of a free society these past decades.
The discussions of the “social responsibil
ities of business” are notable for their analyt
ical looseness and lack of rigor. What does it
mean to say that “business” has responsibili
ties? Only people can have responsibilities.
A corporation is an artificial person and in
this sense may have artificial responsibili
ties, but “business” as a whole cannot be said
to have responsibilities, even in this vague
sense. The first step toward clarity in ex
amining the doctrine of the social responsi
bility of business is to ask precisely what it
implies for whom.
Presumably, the individuals who are to be
responsible are businessmen, which means
individual proprietors or corporate execu
tives. Most of the discussion of social respon
sibility is directed at corporations, so in what
follows I shall mostly neglect the individual
proprietors and speak of corporate execu
tives.
In a free-enterprise, private-property sys
tem, a corporate executive is an employee of
the owners of the business. He has direct re
sponsibility to his employers. That responsi
bility is to conduct the business in accord
ance with their desires, which generally will
be to make as much money as possible while
conforming to the basic rules of the society,
both those embodied in law and those em
bodied in ethical custom. Of course, in some
cases his employers may have a different ob
jective. A group of persons might establish a
corporation for an eleemosynary purpose—
for example, a hospital or a school. The
manager of such a corporation will not have
money profit as his objectives but the ren
dering of certain services.
In either case,.
Global health is the health of populations in the global context;
It has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent. Global health practices can respond to some of the major health responsibilities such as non-communicable diseases (heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases) or injuries that occur in varying degrees in many countries, no matter how advanced.
The guidelines set out the principles and practices that government can look at when making laws and regulating food programs. Inequality affects the health of the world.
The future of global health is at risk and needs urgent strategies. Also, technology is contributing at a vast pace to overcome the various health challenges all over the world.
For prevention of non-communicable diseases(NCD):
Ban all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship.
Restrictions on the availability of retailed alcohol.
Replacement of trans fats with polyunsaturated fats.
Scale-up early detection and coverage starting with very cost-effective, high-impact interventions.
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AND PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIVAIDS IN T.docxssuser454af01
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AND PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA
Disparities in the Global North and Global South are reflected in the socio-economic and political positions of these two respective regions in the world. This gap is also best exemplified by the disparities in healthcare systems, education, and prevalence of diseases between these two regions. The Global North, which is comprised of advanced countries like the United States has a robust healthcare system and an educated mass. This in turn plays a significant role in reducing the rate of infectious diseases. Contrary, the Global South, comprised of many poor and conflicting countries has problems of high rate of diseases such as HIV/AIDS. What are the primary factors that contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS? What preventative measures work best in halting the rapid spread of this virus? This paper will briefly analyze these questions and more with an emphasis on HIV/AIDS in the Global North and Global South.
This paper assumes that the Global North and the Global South are considerably different in their social, cultural, political, and economic make-up. However, since this paper is a brief analysis, which aims to compare this disparity and its effects on health, it will proceed by using the United States (Global North) and South Africa (Global South) as representative samples for these regions respectively. The United States, with a population of approximately 320 million is regarded as the vanguard of the developed world, if not the world in general. A hub of diversity and immigrants from all over the world, America is perceived as a rich country of opportunities. South Africa, on the other hand, is a relatively small country with a population of roughly 53 million. It is considered to be the political and economic leader and one of the success stories of sub-Saharan Africa. Nonetheless, its wealth and socio-political maturity is by no means comparable to that of the United States.
The World Health Organization defines HIV as a virus that targets and weakens an individual’s immune system (immunodeficiency) thus making the infected individual susceptible to other infections. (WHO Cite) HIV becomes AIDS only when an infected individual contracts other infections. In advanced countries such as the U.S, Canada, and their likes, HIV infected individuals are able to live longer due to readily available retroviral drugs. On the other hand, underdeveloped or developing countries suffer high rates of mortality due to lack of medication in rural areas and at times urban areas alike. From this reality, it can be highlighted that economically advanced countries are better equipped to diagnose, treat, and perhaps prevent and deter infectious diseases compared to their economically dependent counterparts.
Data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that nearly 1.2 Americans are carriers of the HIV virus. (CDC CITE2)) However, the ...
In today's interconnected world, the term "pandemic" has become all too familiar. But what exactly does it mean, and why is it so significant? A pandemic can be defined as a global health crisis caused by the outbreak of an infectious disease that spreads across multiple countries or continents. It is a term that denotes the severity and scale of an epidemic.
To understand the significance of a pandemic, it is essential to differentiate between a pandemic and an epidemic. While both refer to the spread of infectious diseases, an epidemic is typically confined to a specific region or community. In contrast, a pandemic transcends borders, affecting people worldwide.
The impact of a pandemic goes beyond its immediate health consequences. It can disrupt economies, strain healthcare systems, and cause social upheaval. The COVID-19 pandemic serves as a stark reminder of how vulnerable our global society can be in the face of such crises.
OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION 1
OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION 2
Outbreak Investigation
Introduction
Epidemiology deals with the study of the determinants and distribution of disability or disease in the population groups (Szklo & Nieto, 2014). Epidemiology is one of the core areas in public health study and is essential for the evaluation of the efficacy of the new therapeutic and preventive modalities as well in the new organizational health care delivery patterns. I have for a long time developed a lot of interest in the area towards learning more on finding the causes of diseases and health outcomes in populations. Epidemiology views the individuals collectively, and the community is considered to be patient. The area of public health study is systematic, scientific, and data-driven in analyzing the pattern or frequency of the distributions and the risk factors or causes of specific diseases in the neighborhood, city, school, country, and global levels. Epidemiology handles various areas including environmental exposures, infectious diseases, injuries, non-infectious diseases, natural disasters and terrorism (Szklo & Nieto, 2014). Specifically, this paper explores epidemiology in addressing infectious disease, food-borne illness in the community. Also, the paper examines outbreak investigations as an intervention towards addressing the foodborne illness in the society. Further, an evaluation of the intervention and the expected results are discussed to examine or analyze the contributions of the intervention.
Foodborne Illness
Foodborne illness is any illness that results from food spoilage of the contaminated food. Food can be contaminated by the pathogenic bacteria, contaminated food, parasites, or viruses, as well as natural or chemical toxins including several species of beans, and poisonous mushrooms. In the United States, food-borne illness is estimated to impact negatively over 76 million people annually (Jones, McMillian, Scallan et al., 2007). This is translated to 5,2000 deaths, and 325,000 hospitalizations. However, the true incidence of food-borne illness is unknown. The majority of food-borne illness and most of the deaths are linked to “unknown agents” following the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis a foodborne disease. An estimated $7 billion is lost regarding productivity and medical expenses and is attributed to the most prevalent but diagnosable foodborne illnesses. Comment by Vetter-Smith, Molly J: Reference needed for this statement Comment by Vetter-Smith, Molly J: References needed for these statements
The under diagnosis in foodborne illnesses is further contributed by the majority who has the symptoms and signs of the disease but totally fail to seek medical attention. This circumstance coupled with the global and national distribution of foo.
Unraveling the Mystery of Accelerated Ageing in Young Peoplehealthcare360social
In a phenomenon sweeping social media, concerns are raised over the apparent hastening of accelerated ageing in young people, sparking discussions about potential health implications. As influencers and researchers delve into this intriguing topic, a complex web of factors emerges, shedding light on a troubling trend.
Scapegoating is a theory of prejudice and discrimination. Societ.docxtodd331
Scapegoating is a theory of prejudice and discrimination. Society looks at the weakest group, and places blame on that group for all ills. That group then becomes the bottom level of society. We've seen this over the past 18 months. Illegal immigrants have been blamed for many issues, in particular crime and unemployment rates. Yet, I know few in my own area who will do the jobs these folks do every day. As for crime, please see the link below for a journal article that addresses this issue. Most crimes committed by immigrants without papers are misdemeanors.
What are your thoughts?
.
Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerIN.docxtodd331
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner
INSTRUCTIONS
Write a brief case study (ALZHIEMER DISEASE) of a real or hypothetical issue or problem that needs investigation (approx. 200-250 words max).
Discussion 3.2: Hypothesis Test Tag Team
Corporate Responsibility 8;
The Social Responsibility of Business Is
to Increase Its Profits
Milton Friedman
When I hear businessmen speak eloquently
about the “social responsibilities of business
in a free-enterprise system,” I am reminded
of the wonderful line about the Frenchman
who discovered at the age of 70 that he had
been speaking prose all his life. The busi
nessmen believe that they are defending free
enterprise when they declaim that business
is not concerned “merely” with profit but
also with promoting desirable “social” ends;
that business has a “social conscience” and
takes seriously its responsibilities for provid
ing employment, eliminating discrimina
tion, avoiding pollution and whatever else
may be the catchwords of the contemporary
crop of reformers. In fact they are—or
would be if they or anyone else took them
seriously—preaching pure and unadulter
ated socialism. Businessmen who talk this
way are unwitting puppets of the intellectual
forces that have been undermining the basis
of a free society these past decades.
The discussions of the “social responsibil
ities of business” are notable for their analyt
ical looseness and lack of rigor. What does it
mean to say that “business” has responsibili
ties? Only people can have responsibilities.
A corporation is an artificial person and in
this sense may have artificial responsibili
ties, but “business” as a whole cannot be said
to have responsibilities, even in this vague
sense. The first step toward clarity in ex
amining the doctrine of the social responsi
bility of business is to ask precisely what it
implies for whom.
Presumably, the individuals who are to be
responsible are businessmen, which means
individual proprietors or corporate execu
tives. Most of the discussion of social respon
sibility is directed at corporations, so in what
follows I shall mostly neglect the individual
proprietors and speak of corporate execu
tives.
In a free-enterprise, private-property sys
tem, a corporate executive is an employee of
the owners of the business. He has direct re
sponsibility to his employers. That responsi
bility is to conduct the business in accord
ance with their desires, which generally will
be to make as much money as possible while
conforming to the basic rules of the society,
both those embodied in law and those em
bodied in ethical custom. Of course, in some
cases his employers may have a different ob
jective. A group of persons might establish a
corporation for an eleemosynary purpose—
for example, a hospital or a school. The
manager of such a corporation will not have
money profit as his objectives but the ren
dering of certain services.
In either case,.
Sara Mohammed1991 Washington St.Indiana, PA 15701(571) 550-3.docxtodd331
Sara Mohammed
1991 Washington St.
Indiana, PA 15701
(571) 550-3232
[email protected]
EDUCATION
Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP) Expected December 2020
Bachelor of Science in Business
Northern Virginia Community College (NOVA), Woodbridge, VA May 2016
English As a Second Language
Volunteerism
Saudi club association at Gannon University Fall 2018
SKILLS
· Speak three languages (Arabic, English, and Turkish)
· Knowledge with technology
· Experience with Microsoft, Word, Excel, and PowerPoint
· Looking for helping others always
· Familiar with taking care of kids
.
Scanned with CamScannerApplication Assignment 2 Part 2 .docxtodd331
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Application Assignment 2: Part 2 - Developing an Advocacy Campaign
The following application, Part 2, will be due in Week 7.
To prepare:
· Review Chapter 3 of Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide.
· In the first assignment, you reflected on whether the policy you would like to promote could best be achieved through the development of new legislation, or a change in an existing law or regulation. Refine as necessary using any feedback from your first paper.
· Contemplate how existing laws or regulations may affect how you proceed in advocating for your proposed policy.
· Consider how you could influence legislators or other policymakers to enact the policy you propose.
· Think about the obstacles of the legislative process that may prevent your proposed policy from being implemented as intended.
·
To complete:
Part Two will have approximately 3–4 pages of content plus a title page and references. Part Two will address the following:
· Explain whether your proposed policy could be enacted through a modification of existing law or regulation or the creation of new legislation/regulation.
· Explain how existing laws or regulations could affect your advocacy efforts. Be sure to cite and reference the laws and regulations using primary sources.
· Provide an analysis of the methods you could use to influence legislators or other policymakers to support your policy. In particular, explain how you would use the “three legs” of lobbying in your advocacy efforts.
· Summarize obstacles that could arise in the legislative process and how to overcome these hurdles.
Milstead: 3 Legs of Lobbying
“According to Milstead (2013), Leg One of the Three-Legged Stool consists of lobbying which is the act of influencing – the art of persuading-a government entity. “Legislators often rely on lobbyists’ expertise to help them understand what they are voting for or against.” (Milstead, 2013, p. 53). Local State Representatives should be targeted as a champion for the bill and that’s likely where an average voter can begin for their voice to be heard at the local and state levels.Leg Two of the Three-Legged Stool also includes the grassroots lobbyists. The AmericanNurses Association often spear-heads lobbying efforts in the best interest of the public on healthcare related issues and has a strong history of working with Congress on these important issues. “Grassroots lobbyists are constituents who have the power to elect officials through their vote and have expertise and knowledge about a particular issue (such as nurses in healthcare reform debates)” (Milstead, 2013, p. 54). Nurses can become a member of the American Nurses Association or other associations to ensure nurses have a voice on these important issues”
Reflection
Associate Professor Michael Segon
Director MBA
1
Reflection
Reflection is used as a learning tool to make sense of what we have experienced and how we can optimise our learning from that experience.
.
Scanned by CamScannerScanned by CamScannerChapte.docxtodd331
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Chapter 13:The Bureaucracy
ADA Text Version
Learning Objectives
1. Describe the formal organization of the federal bureaucracy.
2. Classify the vital functions performed by the bureaucracy.
3. Explain the present Civil Service system and contrast it with the 19th century spoils system.
4. Identify the various factors contributing to bureaucracy's growth over time.
5. Compare the means by which Congress and the president attempt to maintain control over the bureaucracy.
6. Analyze and evaluate the problems that bureaucratic organization poses for American democracy.
Introduction
The very word "bureaucracy" often carries negative connotations. To refer to an institution as a "bureaucracy" or characterize it as "bureaucratic" is usually intended as an insult. But the national bureaucracy, sometimes called the "fourth branch of government", is responsible for practically all of the day-to-day work of governing the country. While bureaucracy in the United States, consistent with our tradition of more limited government, is smaller than its counterparts in other longstanding democracies, its influence extends to almost every corner of American society. From delivery of the mail to regulation of the stock market to national defense, federal employees plan, regulate, adjudicate, enforce, and implement federal law. Despite recurrent calls to "shrink" the size of government, the federal bureaucracy remains the largest single employer in the United States. This lesson examines the bureaucracy's formal organization, its critical role in the American economy and society, and its perceived weaknesses.
Study Questions
1. How did sociologist Max Weber define bureaucracy?
2. Identify the various functions federal bureaucracies perform giving at least one example each:
a. Implementation
b. Regulation
c. Adjudication
d. Enforcement
e. Policy-making
3. How many people does the federal government employ? For what percentage of GDP does federal spending account? How does this compare to other economically advanced democracies?
4. Classify and distinguish the major types of bureaucracy in the federal government:
a. Cabinet Departments
b. Independent Agencies
c. Independent Regulatory Commissions
d. Government Corporations
5. How does the federal bureaucracy select and recruit personnel? Contrast the present civil service system with the spoils system. What advantages does the present system provide?
6. What factors explain the growth of bureaucracy over time despite recurrent calls for limiting the size of government?
7. Identify those factors in the budget process making it difficult to cut bureaucratic funding.
8. Describe the way Congress authorizes funding for the federal bureaucracy.
9. How does Congress attempt to control the federal bureaucracy?
10. How does the president attempt to control the federal bureaucracy?
11. What special problems does bureaucratic independence present in a democracy? Discuss with re.
SANS SIFT tool Final project , related to (digital foren.docxtodd331
SANS SIFT tool Final project , related to (digital forensics tools and technique)
Description : A 500-700 word, double spaced paper, written in APA format, showing sources and a bibliography and ppt presentation too
Presentation materials
.
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TABLE 2.2 Connecting Knowledge of Development and Learning to Teaching Practices
Principles of Child Development and Learning
Developmentally Appropriate Teaching Practices
Children develop holistically
• Teachers plan daily activities and routines to address aesthetic, emotional, cognitive, language, physical, and social development.
• Teachers integrate learning across the curriculum (e.g., mixing language, physical, and social; combining math, science, and reading).
Child development follows an orderly sequence
• Teachers use their knowledge of developmental sequences to gauge whether children are developing as expected, to determine reasonable expectations, and to plan next steps in the learning process.
Children develop at varying rates
• Teachers give children opportunities to pursue activities at their own pace.
• Teachers repeat activities more than once so children can participate according to changing needs and abilities.
• Teachers plan activities with multiple learning objectives to address the needs of more and less advanced learners.
Children learn best when they feel safe and secure
• Teachers develop nurturing relationships with children and remain with children long enough so children can easily identify a specific adult from whom to seek help, comfort, attention, and guidance.
• Daily routines are predictable. Changes in routine are explained in advance so children can anticipate what will happen.
• There is two-way communication between teachers and families, and families are welcome in the program.
• Children have access to images, objects, and activities that reflect their home experiences.
• The early childhood environment complies with all safety requirements.
• Adults use positive discipline to enhance children’s self-esteem, self-control, and problem-solving abilities.
• Teachers address aggression and bullying calmly, firmly, and proactively.
Children are active learners
• Activities, transitions, and routines respect children’s attention span, need for activity and need for social interaction. Inactive segments of the day are short.
• Children participate in gross motor activities every day.
Children learn through a combination of physical experience, social experience, and reflection
• Adults encourage children to explore and investigate. They pose questions, offer information, and challenge children’s thinking.
• Children have many chances to document and reflect on their ideas.
Children learn through mastery and challenge
• Practitioners simplify, maintain, or extend activities in response to children’s functioning and comprehension.
Children’s learning profiles vary
• Teachers present the same information in more than one modality (seeing, hearing, touching) and through different types of activities.
• Children have opportunities to play on their own and with others; indoors and outdoors; with natural and manufactured materials.
Chil.
Sandro Reyes 1
5
Human Impact on the Environment
Every day, I see the harmful impacts of humans on the environment. Just 13 percent of the globe’s oceans remain unsoiled by humanity’s damaging impacts (Carrington, 2018). In the remotest poles and Pacific areas, most of the ocean has no natural marine wildlife. Pollution, huge fishing fleets, and global shipping along with climate change are all degrading the oceans. The vehicles we drive every day, industrial wastes, overpopulation, and fossil fuels, all have negative effects on the environment. Human activities are negatively affecting the environment by degrading it and sooner or later, the earth will not be able to sustain humans.
Overpopulation is now an epidemic with decreased mortality rates, improved medicine, and food sustainability. We are living longer, which is increasing population. The impact of overpopulation includes environmental degradation due to cutting down of trees to create space. With less trees to filter the air, an increase in carbon dioxide levels is damaging every single organism (Interesting Engineering, 2019). Another effect of overpopulation is overdependence on fossil fuels such as coal and oil, which emit plentiful carbon oxide into the air. With increased population, humans need more space, which damage ecosystems and augment carbon dioxide emissions.
Pollution is another impact of human activities on the environment. From trash, industrial wastes to carbon dioxide emissions into the air, pollutions is inevitable. Over 2.4 billion individuals have no access to sources of clean water. Human activities continue to deplete indispensable resources such as soil, water, and air. United States, for example, produces 147 million metric tons of air pollution annually (Interesting Engineering, 2019). Air quality in developing nations continues to plummet as well. This means that we are engaging in activities that are hurting the environment.
Global warming is one of the greatest causes of environmental degradation contributed by human activities. Some people do not believe that global warming is real. However, that is not true, and its major contributors include carbon dioxide emissions from respiration, deforestation, and burning fossil fuels. Each year, we continue to contribute to levels of carbon dioxide globally. Current levels exceed 400 PPM, and the rise in carbon dioxide emissions are attributed to an increase in global temperatures (Interesting Engineering, 2019). The result is the melting of arctic glaciers and land ice, which will increase sea levels, and have negative effects on oceanic life.
Climate change is another impact on the environment that is being caused by us. It is linked .
Scanned with CamScannerResearch Summary (paper)For thi.docxtodd331
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Research Summary (paper)
For this assignment you summarize one of the experimental research studies from your research collection.
(I did not make one, feel free to choose any research that has to do with psychology.)
Check out Audris Oh's research summary I put in the files -- it's a great model.
Write your summary in 5 pages or so, basically summarizing each of the major sections - literature review, methods section, results section and discussion. Let the abstract at the beginning of the paper guide you (It's just one paragraph but is a great guide). Why was the study done and how does it fit in with other work in the field (the intro or lit review)? What was the actual experiment (the methods section)? What were the results (the results section)? Why is it important (the discussion section)? Conclude your paper with a personal reaction -- does this fit with what you’ve seen? How might you use any insight the study provides?
Include the pdf of the article (or link to it) and the reference to the article in APA style. Here's an example of a reference:
Stein, S., Isaacs, G., & Andrews, T. (2004). Incorporating authentic learning experiences within a university course. Studies in Higher Education, 29(2), 239-258.
Example of how the essay should look like: https://middlesexcc.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=7578609
Mendel, 150 years on
T.H. Noel Ellis1, Julie M.I. Hofer1, Gail M. Timmerman-Vaughan2, Clarice J. Coyne3
and Roger P. Hellens4
1
Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth,
Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
2
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
3
USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
4
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
Review
Mendel’s paper ‘Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden’ is the
best known in a series of studies published in the late 18th
and 19th centuries that built our understanding of the
mechanism of inheritance. Mendel investigated the seg-
regation of seven gene characters of pea (Pisum sativum),
of which four have been identified. Here, we review what
is known about the molecular nature of these genes,
which encode enzymes (R and Le), a biochemical regula-
tor (I) and a transcription factor (A). The mutations are: a
transposon insertion (r), an amino acid insertion (i), a
splice variant (a) and a missense mutation (le-1). The
nature of the three remaining uncharacterized characters
(green versus yellow pods, inflated versus constricted
pods, and axial versus terminal flowers) is discussed.
Mendel’s studies: species, traits and genes
Mendel’s paper ‘Versuche ü ber Pflanzen-Hybriden’ [1] is
the best known in a series of studies published in the late
18th and 19th centuries [2–4] that built our understanding
of the mechanism of inheritance [5]. The title of M.
Scanned with CamScannerHACCP Recipe TermsCheck tempe.docxtodd331
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HACCP Recipe Terms
Check temperature of food at least every four hours and record
Check temperature of storage area at beginning of shift.
Cook eggs, poultry, fish, and meat in a microwave oven to a minimum temperature of 165 degrees F.
Cook fish to a minimum of 145 degrees F for 15 seconds.
Cook ground meats to a minimum of 155 degrees F for 15 seconds.
Cook poultry to a minimum of 165 degrees F for 15 seconds.
Cook vegetables to a temperature of 135 degrees F or higher.
Cooked food should be cooled from 135 degrees F to 70 degrees F within 2 hours and from 70 degrees F to 41 degrees F or lower in an additional 4 hours.
Cool foods to at least 70 degrees F before refrigerating or freezing.
Crack egg in separate bowl before combining to larger bowl.
Discard food held in the temperature danger zone for longer than four hours.
Hold cold foods at an internal temperature of 41 degrees F or lower.
Hold frozen foods at a temperature of 0 degrees F or lower.
Thaw food in a microwave oven if it will be cooked immediately after.
Hold hot foods at a minimum internal temperature of 135 degrees F or higher.
Hold hot foods at a minimum internal temperature of 135 degrees F or higher.
Inspect can before opening for swollen ends, rust, or dents.
Label food for storage with ingredient list and date of preparation.
Prepare raw foods separately from ready to eat foods.
Reduce the size or quantity of food to be cooled.
Reheat food to 165 degrees F for 15 seconds.
Remove from the refrigerator only as much product as can be prepared at one time.
Remove jewelry
Rotate products to ensure that the oldest inventory is used first.
Sanitize work surface, equipment, and utensils.
Store chemicals away from food products.
Store cut melons at 41 degrees F or lower.
Store fresh-cut produce between 33 to 41 degrees F to maintain quality.
Store raw meat, poultry, and fish in the bottom of the refrigerator.
Thaw food by submerging under running potable water at a temperature of 70 degrees F or lower.
Thaw food in a microwave oven if it will be cooked immediately after.
Thaw food in the refrigerator at 41 degrees F or lower.
Use a clean, sanitized, and calibrated thermometer to measure the internal temperature of foods.
Wash all fresh fruit prior to serving
Wash your hands
Wear gloves
Wear hairnet
Standardized Recipe Form
Recipe Name_____________________________________ Category_______________________________ Recipe #__________________________
(i.e., entrée, breads)
HACCP Process: _____ 1 – No Cook _____ 2 – Cook & Same Day Serve _____ 3 – Cook, Cool, Reheat, Serve
Ingredients
For ___________Servings
Directions: Include step by step instructions, the critical control points (CCP-specific points at which a hazard can be reduced, eliminated or prevented) and critical limit (time and/or temperature that must be achieved to control a hazard).
Weight
Measure
Serving Size___________________ Pan Size_______________.
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1
STANDARIZATION OF A BASE
AND TITRATION OF A VINEGAR SOLUTION
ADDITIONAL READING
The concepts in this experiment are also discussed in sections 3.6 AND 17.3 of Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity by
Kotz, Treichel, Townsend and Treichel, and in sections 4.3b, 17.3a, and 17.3b of Mindtap General Chemistry by Vining,
Young, Day, and Botch
ABSTRACT
This experiment is divided into two parts. Each student is expected to perform the experiment individually.
In Part A, you will prepare a NaOH titrant solution, then standardize it (determine its exact concentration) using the acid
primary standard, potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHC8H4O4, frequently abbreviated as KHP. Note KHP is not a chemical
formula.
In Part B you will use your standardized NaOH solution to determine the molar concentration of vinegar (an acetic acid,
CH3COOH, solution), and convert this concentration unit to a mass percent concentration unit, and finally compare your
measured mass percent concentration to the value reported on the bottle.
BACKGROUND
TITRATIONS
One of the most useful strategies in analytical chemistry is to use a known reagent (known composition or concentration)
as a standard to analyze an unknown substance. A titration is an analytical procedure in which a solution of known
concentration, the standard solution, is slowly reacted with a solution of unknown concentration. The concentration of
the unknown solution can be easily calculated. Titration is often used to measure the concentration of an acid or base,
but it can also be used for any chemical reaction if the stoichiometry is known.
EXPERIMENTS 6 AND 7 ARE BOTH ACID BASE TITRATION EXPERIMENTS, QUITE SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER.
THE REASONS FOR DOING TWO TITRATION EXPERIMENTS
A. TO GIVE STUDENTS PLENTY OF OPPORTUNITY BOTH TO PERFECT THEIR TITRATION TECHNIQUE AND
TO LEARN TO DO THE CALCULATIONS;
B. TITRATION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT TECHNIQUE LEARNED IN CHEM 1033 LAB.
YOU WILL DO A PRACTICAL LAB EXAM AT THE END OF THE SEMESTER; IT WILL BE A VERY SIMILAR
TITRATION.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO REALIZE THAT TITRATION IS AN ACQUIRED SKILL, REQUIRING PRACTICE. MOST
STUDENTS ARE NOT PROFICIENT AT FIRST, BUT IF YOU WANT TO BECOME EXPERT AT IT, YOU WILL GET
THERE WITH PRACTICE.
It is critical that there be an observable change that signals that the titration is complete. This is called the endpoint,
since it signals the end of the titration, when the equivalents of titrant added just equal the equivalents of the analyte
unknown. When performing an acid-base titration, we commonly use an acid-base indicator that has one color before the
endpoint but changes sharply to a different color at the pH of the endpoint.
Titrations are carried out using a specialized piece of glassware called a buret, which is long tube with a dispensing valve.
The buret scale has graduated marks in units of 0.01 mL or 0.02 mL. You can apply the techniques used for readi.
Scanlon Technologies, Inc. Anne Scanlon founded Scanlon Technol.docxtodd331
Scanlon Technologies, Inc.
*
Anne Scanlon founded Scanlon Technologies, Inc., in 1993. The company designed and manufactured high-tech products that were used in various industries ranging from semiconductor to aviation. Over the years, Scanlon Technologies reported a compound annual growth rate in revenues of over 20% due to high demand for the company’s products and Anne’s superior management skills. By the end of 1996, it was clear that any further growth would have to come from international expansion. However, establishing manufacturing operations and opening up sales and marketing offices abroad required a significant amount of capital. Anne considered investing more of her own money into the business; however, given that she already had most of her wealth tied up in the company, she decided against the idea. Moreover, she believed that the amount of funds Scanlon Technologies needed to raise for expansion was in the tens of millions. In her mind, there was only one clear solution—go public.
In September 1996, Anne hired J.P. Suisse, a top tier investment bank, to take Scanlon Technologies public. On January 1, 1997, the company, which was authorized by the State of Delaware to sell 20 million common stock and 10 million preferred stock, issued one million shares of common stock in an Initial Public Offering (IPO) and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol STI. The stock, which had a par value of $1, was sold for $20 per share and climbed to $26 a share by the end of its first trading day.
As expected, the funds raised in the IPO were used to open offices all over the world as well as build a second manufacturing plant in Toronto, Canada. Over the next couple of years, business was good and the company was able to generate enough cash to maintain its level of operations.
In October 1999, Anne learned that Kadehjian
Solution
s Coporation, a competitor, was considering the option of being acquired. Anne believed that such an acquisition would position Scanlon Technologies as the industry leader. One of Kadehjian’s requirements for such an acquisition was that it be an all-cash transaction. Anne knew that this would require Scanlon Technologies to raise approximately $7 million.
Ann contracted J.P. Suisse to discuss raising these funds through the capital markets. The managing directors at J.P. Suisse recommended that Scanlon Technologies employ a combination of debt and equity securities. Anne agreed and on January 1, 2000, the company issued an additional one hundred thousand shares of its $1 par value common stock at $40 per share. On the same day, the company issued $2 million in bonds at 95.8, due in 5 years with 5% interest payable annually (at year end). The market interest rate at the time was 6% per year. Also on January 1, 2000, Scanlon Technologies issued $1.3 million in zero-coupon (i.e. no interest) convertible bonds, also due in 5 years. Each $1,000 bond converted into 20 shares of its commo.
scan the following 2 poems by Robert Herrick. analyze each poems rhy.docxtodd331
scan the following 2 poems by Robert Herrick. analyze each poems rhyme and verse and its meter and number of feet. then in a short paragraph, tell me what you think.
Upon Julia's Breasts
Display thy breasts, my Julia, there let me
Behold that circummortal purity;
Between whose glories, there my lips I'll lay,
Ravished in that fair Via Lactea.
Upon a Child That Died
Here she lies, a pretty bud,
Lately made of flesh and blood,
Who as soon fell fast asleep
As her little eyes did peep.
Give her strewings, but not stir
The earth that lightly covers her.
.
SBUX ISIncome Statement - As Reported 10K in millionsIncome Statem.docxtodd331
SBUX ISIncome Statement - As Reported 10K in millionsIncome Statement - As Reported 10Q in millions9/30/139/30/149/30/159/30/169/30/179/30/18TTM12/30/173/30/186/30/189/30/1812/29/18TTM Company-operated stores$11,793.2$12,977.9$15,197.3$16,844.1$17,650.719,690.320,318.8 Company-operated stores4,741.84,828.05,060.45,060.1$5,370.3020,318.8 Total specialty$3,073.6$3,469.9$3,965.4$4,471.8$4,736.15,029.24,959.6 Total specialty1,331.91,203.81,249.91,243.5$1,262.404,959.6 Licensed stores$1,360.5$1,588.6$1,861.9$2,154.2$2,355.02,652.22,706.9 Licensed stores682.4625.6660.6683.6$737.102,706.9 CPG, foodservice and other$1,713.1$1,881.3$2,103.5$2,317.6$2,381.12,377.02,252.7 CPG, foodservice and other649.5578.2589.3559.9$525.302,252.7Total net revenues$14,866.8$16,447.8$19,162.7$21,315.9$22,386.8$24,719.525,278.4Total net revenues6,073.76,031.86,310.36,303.6$6,632.7025,278.4 Cost of sales including occupancy costs-$6,382.3-$6,858.8-$7,787.5-$8,511.1-$9,038.2-10,174.5-10,434.2 Cost of sales including occupancy costs-2,502.9-2,516.0-2,554.9-2,604.6($2,758.70)-10,434.2 Store operating expenses-$4,286.1-$4,638.2-$5,411.1-$6,064.3-$6,493.3-7,193.2-7,449.2 Store operating expenses-1,737.0-1,789.6-1,825.0-1,841.6($1,993.00)-7,449.2 Other operating expenses-$431.8-$457.3-$522.4-$545.4-$553.8-539.3-532.2 Other operating expenses-141.6-134.3-148.0-156.7($93.20)-532.2 Depreciation and amortization expenses-$621.4-$709.6-$893.9-$980.8-$1,011.4-1,247.0-1,321.6 Depreciation and amortization expenses-258.8-331.6-330.0-326.6($333.40)-1,321.6 General and administrative expenses-$937.9-$991.3-$1,196.7-$1,360.6-$1,393.3-1,759.0-1,797.8 General and administrative expenses-379.1-405.8-468.7-460.0($463.30)-1,797.8 Restructuring and impairments$0.0$0.0$0.0$0.0-$153.5-224.4-240.0 Restructuring and impairments-27.6-134.7-16.9-45.2($43.20)-240.0 Litigation credit / charge-$2,784.1$20.2$0.0$0.0$0.0$0.0Income from equity investees89.452.771.487.7$67.80279.6Income from equity investees$251.4$268.3$249.9$318.2$391.4301.2279.6Operating income / loss1,116.1772.51,038.2956.6$1,015.703,783.0Operating income / loss-$325.4$3,081.1$3,601.0$4,171.9$4,134.7$3,883.33,783.0Gain resulting from acquisition of joint venture1,326.3Net interest and other income62.3483-$24.8074.9 Gain resulting from acquisition of joint venture$0.0$0.0$390.6$0.0$0.01,376.4$0.0 Interest income and other, net88.2313239$24.80126.0Loss on divestiture of certain operations$0.0$0.0-$61.1$0.0$0.0499.2 Interest expense-25.9-503($75.00)-77.0 Interest income and other, net$123.6$142.7$43.0$108.0$275.3191.4$126.0Earnings / loss before income taxes3,005.9363236$965.501,068.7 Interest expense-$28.1-$64.1-$70.5-$81.3-$92.5-170.3-$77.0Income tax expense / benefit-755.8-35-45-64($205.10)-349.4Earnings / loss before income taxes-$229.9$3,159.7$3,903.0$4,198.6$4,317.5$5,780.0$1,068.7Net earnings / loss including noncontrolling interests2,250.18161,027932$760.403,534.721.83%Net earnings / loss attributab.
Scan the articles in the attached course text. Write a discussi.docxtodd331
Scan the articles in the attached course text. Write a discussion initial post on one of the articles. Choose the one that interests you most.
1.Provide a very brief overview of what you think are the key points (a literature review).
2.What about the policy area interests you?
3.What about the information systems involved in the article interested you?
4.How might this article’s research approach help you in your dissertation research project?
(NOTE: Please cut and paste the above-numbered list into your reply to help with organization.)
.
Scale Ratio Variable Histograms are useful for presenting qu.docxtodd331
Scale Ratio Variable
Histograms are useful for presenting quantitative data such as the example variable ADULT_CT which describes the number of individuals per household. The variable measurement is scale ratio and as it depicts a number, a histogram is able to reflect the number of individuals belonging to each variable value or interval of values (Mishra, Pandey, Singh & Gupta, 2018).). Histograms divide the variable into equal intervals as shown below in individuals reported per home. The graph indicates nearly 3,000 reporting and displays the individual numbers per interval. The bar levels of the graph make it is easy to discern the average number reporting as 2 per household.
Nominal Variable
As nominal variables depict qualitative data such as in the variable Q87 which describes the level of trust individuals felt towards others, a pie graph would be beneficial to use as it easily displays each group or individual share in the total being examined (Mishra, Pandey, Singh & Gupta, 2018). For example, the pie graph here which shows what percentage of trust was and wasn’t felt toward others. Graphs like these are appropriate for showing a variable that cannot be ordered or numerical in value such as feelings of trust (Frankfort-Nachmias, Leon-Guerrero & Davis, 2020).
References
Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Leon-Guerrero, A., & Davis, G. (2020). Social statistics for a diverse society (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., & Gupta, A. (2018). Scales of measurement and presentation of statistical data.
Annals of cardiac anesthesia
,
21
(4), 419.
Wagner, III, W.E. (2020).
Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics
(7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Be sure to support your Main Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style.
.
Scan 12Scan 13Scan 14Scan 15Scan 16Scan 17Scan 18Scan 19
HIST 308
Sofia Clark
Spring 2020
Research Paper
Sample Outline:
1) Introduction
2) Story of capture
3) Background on British antislavery
4) Background on Royal Navy
5) Background on this specific Royal Navy vessel
6) Story of what treaty was used to condemn the slave ship
7) Background on treaty
8) Background on British relations with treaty country
9) Background on slave trade in this particular region
10) Story of what happens to the captives removed from this particular slave ship
11) Background on the general treatment of liberated Africans
12) Explanation of how the story of your ship exemplifies the broader history of slavery and anti-slavery
Bibliography
1) The slave trade in general (i.e., either the Transatlantic slave trade or Indian Ocean slave trade depending on your ship)
Article (JSTOR): Alkalimat, Abdul. "Slave Trade." In The African American Experience in Cyberspace: A Resource Guide to the Best Web Sites on Black Culture and History, 34-42. LONDON; STERLING, VIRGINIA: Pluto Press, 2004. Accessed May 30, 2020. doi:10.2307/j.ctt183q64x.8.
Article (JSTOR): JUNKER, CARSTEN. "Containing Bodies—Enscandalizing Enslavement: Stasis and Movement at the Juncture of Slave-Ship Images and Texts." In Migrating the Black Body: The African Diaspora and Visual Culture, edited by RAIFORD LEIGH and RAPHAEL-HERNANDEZ HEIKE, 13-29. Seattle; London: University of Washington Press, 2017. Accessed May 30, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwnj4v.5.
2) The slave trade in the specific area of Africa in which your ship embarked enslaved African captives (e.g., Bight of Benin, Senegambia, Angola).
Book (JSTOR): Strickrodt, Silke. "The Atlantic Connection: Little Popo & the Rise of Afro-European Trade on the Western Slave Coast, C. 1600 to 1702." In Afro-European Trade in the Atlantic World: The Western Slave Coast, C. 1550- C. 1885, 65-101. Woodbridge, Suffolk; Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer, 2015. Accessed May 30, 2020. doi:10.7722/j.ctt7zst5n.9.
Article (JSTOR): Graham, James D. "The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History: The General Approach." Cahiers D'Études Africaines 5, no. 18 (1965): 317-34. Accessed May 30, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/4390897.
3) Slavery in the region to which your ship was heading (e.g., Cuba, Bahia, Pernambuco).
Book (One Search): Schneider, Elena Andrea. The Occupation of Havana: War, Trade, and Slavery in the Atlantic World. North Carolina Scholarship Online. Williamsburg, Virginia : Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture ; University of North Carolina Press, 2018.
Article (Project Muse): Garrigus, John. "Cuba, Haiti, and the Age of Atlantic Revolution." Reviews in American History 44, no. 1 (2016): 52-57. doi:10.1353/rah.2016.0012.
4) British antislavery policy toward the country your ship was from (e.g., Portugal, Spain, USA)
Book- page 14(Academic Search Premiere- also works for #.
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
4
Chapter 1
Mastering Strategy: Art and Science
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
After reading this chapter, you should be able to understand and articulate answers to the following
questions:
1. What are strategic management and strategy?
2. Why does strategic management matter?
3. What elements determine firm performance?
Strategic Management: A Core Concern for Apple
The Opening of the Apple Store
Image courtesy of Neil Bird, http://www.flickr.com/photos/nechbi/2058929337.
March 2, 2011, was a huge day for Apple. The firm released its much-anticipated iPad2, a thinner and
faster version of market-leading Apple’s iPad tablet device. Apple also announced that a leading publisher,
Random House, had made all seventeen thousand of its books available through Apple’s iBookstore.
Apple had enjoyed tremendous success for quite some time. Approximately fifteen million iPads were sold
in 2010, and the price of Apple’s stock had more than tripled from early 2009 to early 2011.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
http://www.saylor.org/books
http://www.flickr.com/photos/nechbi/2058929337
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
5
But future success was far from guaranteed. The firm’s visionary founder Steve Jobs was battling serious
health problems. Apple’s performance had suffered when an earlier health crisis had forced Jobs to step
away from the company. This raised serious questions. Would Jobs have to step away again? If so, how
might Apple maintain its excellent performance without its leader?
Meanwhile, the iPad2 faced daunting competition. Samsung, LG, Research in Motion, Dell, and other
manufacturers were trying to create tablets that were cheaper, faster, and more versatile than the iPad2.
These firms were eager to steal market share by selling their tablets to current and potential Apple
customers. Could Apple maintain leadership of the tablet market, or would one or more of its rivals
dominate the market in the years ahead? Even worse, might a company create a new type of device that
would make Apple’s tablets obsolete?
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
http://www.saylor.org/books
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
6
1.1 Defining Strategic Management and Strategy
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
1. Learn what strategic management is.
2. Understand the key question addressed by strategic management.
3. Understand why it is valuable to consider different definitions of strategy.
4. Learn what is meant by each of the 5 Ps of strategy.
What Is Strategic Management?
Issues such as those currently faced by Apple are the focus of strategic management because they help
answer the key question examined by strategic management—“Why do some firms outperform other
firms?” More specifically, strategic management examines how actions and .
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. ScanScan 1Scan 2Scan 3Scan 4Scan 5Scan 6Scan 7Scan 8Scan
9Scan 10Scan 11Scan 12Scan 13
Chapter 13 Global Health Challenges
MANY INDIVIDUALS AND NONGOVERNMENTAL
2. ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) HELP FIGHT GLOBAL DISEASE.
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation plays a key role in the
war against malaria, AIDS, and other diseases. Melinda and Bill
Gates met with doctors and patients at the Manhica Research
Center and Hospital in an area of Mozambique heavily affected
by malaria.
Learning Objectives
1. 13.1Recall the causes and effects of noncommunicable
diseases
2. 13.2Evaluate the role of global travel and trade in facilitating
the globalization of infectious diseases
3. 13.3Outline the three developments that gave rise to the
concept of human security
4. 13.4Describe the three epidemiologic transitions to better
understand contemporary concerns about infectious diseases
5. 13.5Report the cause, spread, effects, and control measures
of influenza and avian flu
6. 13.6Report the cause, spread, effects, and control measures
of malaria
7. 13.7Recognize the causes and preventive measures of HIV
8. 13.8Report the origin, spread, effects, and control measures
of SARS
9. 13.9Report the origin, spread, effects, and control measures
of Ebola
10. 13.10Outline role of the WHO in preventing the spread of
infectious diseases
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease,
cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and mental illness
in general and Alzheimer’s disease in particular are the leading
causes of death and disability globally. Long associated with
affluent Western standards of living, NCDs are now a global
problem. While rich countries are better equipped to deal with
chronic diseases, they are far more deadly in poor countries.
Growing numbers of old people and the spread of middle-class
lifestyles make NCDs more prevalent than infectious diseases.
Globalization also contributes to the growth of NCDs by
3. helping expand the global middle class and by promoting fast
foods, sugary drinks, alcohol, smoking, processed foods, and
sedentary lifestyles. A major global health threat that
undermines efforts to cure diseases is the emergence of germs
that are resistant to antibiotics. This is due mainly to the
excessive use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture.
Infectious diseases are intertwined with numerous global issues
and are inseparable from political, economic, and cultural
components of globalization. Ethnic conflicts make populations
vulnerable to infectious diseases. Fighting contributes to the
collapse of public services, which means that many people die
from what would ordinarily be treatable diseases, such as
diarrhea and respiratory infections. Conflicts also create
refugees, overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions, thereby
creating environments conducive to the spread of infectious
diseases.
Environmental degradation and deforestation expose humans to
a variety of infectious diseases. They also contribute to global
warming and flooding, which facilitate the emergence of
infectious diseases. Rising temperatures in winter enable germs
to survive in large numbers, and flooded areas become potent
breeding grounds for mosquito-related diseases and cholera.
Rapid population growth and urbanization bring more people
closer together and into contact with infectious diseases. Trade
has long been a major facilitator of the spread of infectious
diseases. Consequently, trade suffers greatly when outbreaks
occur. In many ways, trade liberalization contributes to the
spread of infectious diseases by reducing the role of many
governments in providing essential basic health care and other
services. Infectious diseases have far-reaching social, economic,
demographic, security, and political consequences.
This chapter examines the globalization of noncommunicable
and infectious diseases, the concept of human security, and the
nature and spread of infectious diseases. The chapter discusses
global responses to the growth, persistence, and transmission of
infectious diseases. It concludes with a case study of obesity as
4. a global epidemic. The American Medical Association officially
classified obesity as a disease in 2013.13.1: Noncommunicable
Diseases (NCDs)
1. 13.1 Recall the causes and effects of noncommunicable
diseases
Modern medicine was primarily focused on curing and
preventing infectious diseases, precisely because they were the
leading causes of mortality and disability. The success of
modern medicine in eradicating and controlling many infectious
diseases combined with industrialization, urbanization, dietary
changes, economic prosperity, and changing lifestyles has
focused more attention on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).
These diseases are not caused by infections. They require long-
term treatment and care and cause long-term harm.
Major NCDs are cancer, heart disease, diabetes, obesity,
Alzheimer’s disease, respiratory diseases, and other chronic
diseases. Depression and other mental health issues are
interrelated with NCDs. More than thirty-five million people die
each year from NCDs. Roughly 75 percent of all adult deaths
and half of all disability globally are caused by NCDs. Eighty
percent of these deaths occur in middle- and low-income
countries, and the death rate before the age of sixty for people
in the developing world is twice as high as it is for people in
rich countries.1 Rates of cancer and other NCDs are rising
sharply.13.1.1: The Impact of NCDs
NCDs have profound economic, social, and political
implications. They affect many issues discussed earlier. NCDs
increase poverty and drain financial resources of individuals,
families, and governments. Businesses are also affected.
Workers with NCDs usually miss work, underperform at work,
become disabled, and leave the workforce before they reach
retirement age. Chronic diseases require extensive medical care
and a variety of services that are very expensive. Payment for
treatment and care often reduces families to financial ruin,
trapping them in cycles of debt, impoverishment, and sickness.
Poor people are the most vulnerable to the negative effects of
5. economic costs associated with NCDs. Many lack economic
assistance and health insurance and often have to leave their
jobs to care for relatives. Some children are forced to leave
school to supplement their family’s income. Demographic
transitions in many countries, especially Western Europe, the
United States, Canada, and Japan, have reduced the proportion
of working-age adults while rapidly increasing the number of
older people who need care. Throughout the world, including
the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, women are the
indispensable caregivers. This means that many women leave
work and abandon opportunities for economic advancement and
diminish their chances of achieving gender equality. Diseases
such as Alzheimer’s disease require intensive and prolonged
care that is generally not provided by most national health care
systems. Furthermore, few families can afford the expense
associated with such care and must rely primarily on unpaid
informal care by the family. Many NCDs are the result of aging.
Governments are challenged to develop comprehensive and
sustainable long-term care plans and support for older people.
This inevitably leads to political struggles over the allocation of
scarce resources and the setting of national
priorities.213.1.2: Causes of NCDsGlobalization
Leading causes of NCDs include unhealthy diets, lack of
exercise, smoking, the harmful use of alcohol, affluence,
poverty, and pollution, especially black carbon, which is
discussed in Chapter 10. Globalization is playing a pivotal role
in the growth of NCDs. The spread of medicine and technology
to distant parts of the world to treat diseases directly
contributes to longevity, a major cause of NCDs. Globalization
also spreads Western lifestyles that enhance the development of
NCDs. Throughout the world, even in many small communities,
people have retreated from the outdoors and spend most of their
time with technological devices, especially the Internet and
television. Combined with rapid urbanization, these
technologies encourage sedentary lifestyles that contribute to
obesity, heart disease, and other NCDs. In a world that is
6. always busy, stress becomes toxic. Stress impairs the immune
system and is an underlying cause of many diseases, including
cancer. Global connectedness engenders chronic sleep deficits
which are implicated in many NCDs, including depression, heart
disease, chronic pain, diabetes, and cancer.
Globalization promotes free trade, which includes the spread of
fast food and processed foods even to remote parts of the world.
Profits, not proper nutrition, are the primary concern of global
food companies. Rising obesity rates around the world are
directly linked to the consumption of vast quantities of sugary
drinks. The Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy in
Minnesota has shown that following the passage of the North
American Free Trade Agreement in 1994, discussed
in Chapter 8, there has been a more than 1,200 percent increase
in high fructose corn syrup exports from the United States to
Mexico. Mexico now has the highest obesity rates in the world.
Turkey tails, which are about 40 percent fat, are frequently
consumed in Samoa, which has strong ties with the United
States. Similarly, many Pacific islands close to New Zealand
have diets that include mutton flaps, which are mostly fat.
Consequently, Pacific islands have very high rates of
obesity.3Smoking
Smoking is the leading cause of NCDs and preventable
deaths. More than six million people die each year from tobacco
use, a number that is higher than all the deaths caused by
HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined. With more than
300 million smokers, about one-third of the global total, China
has one million deaths each year from smoking. While rich
countries have sharply reduced smoking, countries in Central
and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America are
experiencing a rise in tobacco use, due partly to aggressive
marketing efforts of tobacco companies. Tobacco use is the
leading cause of cancer, heart disease, and chronic respiratory
disease.Alcohol, Affluence, Poverty, and Pollution
Alcohol, a leading cause of NCDs in Eastern Europe, Central
Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean, is the third leading
7. cause of deaths worldwide. Heavy drinking, especially when
combined with smoking, can cause cancers of the mouth, larynx,
pharynx, esophagus, liver, and breast. Affluence, often equated
with Westernization, has long been a leading cause of NCDs.
Some NCDs, such as colorectal and breast cancers, are still
more prevalent in rich countries than in the developing world.
Poverty also contributes to the increase in NCDs. People in
poorer countries tend to smoke more, are more obese, and have
higher blood pressure. Most poor countries lack adequate
medical care, and many diseases are not diagnosed early. Even
if a diagnosis is known, the disease often goes untreated. This
results in higher death rates from NCDs in poor countries than
in rich ones.4 Pollution is among the top seven leading causes
of NCDs and accounts for more than three million deaths
globally each year. Women and girls suffer most from indoor
pollution that comes from wood-burning stoves. Chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer increase with
greater industrialization. China, which has many factories and
relies mostly on coal for energy, heating, and cooking, has very
high levels of pollution, as we discussed in Chapter 10.
Pollution causes an estimated 1.2 million deaths in China and is
the fourth leading risk factor for deaths in China.13.1.3: Major
NCDsCancer
Cancer kills more than eight million people each year
globally. Approximately 70 percent of these deaths are in
developing countries. Cancers are caused by many different
things, including smoking, nutrition and diet, obesity, sunlight,
alcohol, and environment hazards such as chemicals and
pollution. Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, and
dietary intake can increase the risk of colon, breast, kidney,
prostate, and endometrial cancers. Patients with cancer in high-
income countries have twice the survival rates of people in
developing countries, due largely to the quality of medical care.
For example, many cases of breast cancer in middle- and low-
income countries are not diagnosed until it has reached stage 4,
the final stage, when it has invaded organs or bones and cannot
8. be cured. Enormous tumors develop. Stigma, poverty,
misinformation, and lack of knowledge are impediments to
getting medical treatment. In many parts of the developing
world, many people with cancer rely on useless herbs from
traditional healers. The unavailability of modern medical
technology that can help make sure that a lumpectomy is done
correctly often leads to unnecessary mastectomies.5Heart
Diseases
Heart disease, once concentrated in affluent societies, is
increasing in the developing world, especially among middle-
class individuals. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in
China, a country that has experienced unprecedented economic
growth and poverty reduction. As we have seen, many NCDs are
interrelated and are caused by many of the same things. Heart
disease is connected to high blood pressure, or hypertension.
Excess sodium in processed foods, fast food, and food prepared
at home is a key risk factor for hypertension. Heart disease is
also caused by diets that contribute to high blood cholesterol.
Other causes include obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and
diabetes.Diabetes
Diabetes is rapidly growing globally as more people are able
to afford foods that contain large amounts of sugar. Sugar is
addictive and toxic. The consumption of large containers of
sugary drinks is mainly responsible for the rapid growth of
diabetes. The average individual in the United States and
Mexico consumes forty gallons of soft drinks a year. China,
with a rapidly growing middle class, has 114 million people
with diabetes, the highest proportion of the population (around
11.6 percent) in the world. Diabetes affects around 26 million
Americans, or 8.3 percent of the population. Type 2 diabetes is
by far the most common form of the disease and accounts for
about 95 percent of those over age twenty with diabetes. Type 2
diabetes usually begins later in life and is caused by lifestyle,
especially excessive sugar consumption. In contrast, Type 1
diabetes, or juvenile diabetes, usually begins early in life and is
an autoimmune disorder with genetic origins. Diabetes can have
9. many devastating health consequences. It is the seventh leading
cause of death in the United States. It is the dominant cause of
kidney failure, nontraumatic lower limb amputations, blindness,
heart disease, and stroke.Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease is the most feared noncommunicable
disease because many individuals will get it if they get old, and
there is no cure for it. Alzheimer’s disease is the dominant
cause of dementia. The greatest risk for developing Alzheimer’s
disease is old age. This disease is growing rapidly as the
number of old people increases globally, as we discussed
in Chapter 11. More than thirty-five million people suffer from
Alzheimer’s disease globally. It is a degenerative disease that
poses severe challenges for the global community. Symptoms
include memory loss, cognitive impairment, difficulty
communicating, and mood changes.
There are three stages of Alzheimer’s disease
1. The early stages, during which those affected become
forgetful and have problems with orientation, making decisions,
and doing household work.
2. The middle stages, in which the symptoms from stage one get
worse. There is a greater need for personal care, which extends
to personal hygiene. Behavioral changes include wandering,
clinging, agitation, and aggression.
3. The final stages, in which individuals become unaware of
time and place; unable to recognize relatives, friends, or
familiar objects; unable to eat without help; severely restricted
in their mobility; and bedridden. Care, support, and supervision
needs are constant. Families are under severe stress and face
huge financial burdens.613.1.4: Global Responses to NCDs
Since many NCDs, with the exception of Alzheimer’s disease,
can be prevented or significantly diminished, there is an
emphasis on lowering the risks of getting them. Conventional
medical approaches that work well with infectious diseases are
less appropriate and less effective when dealing with NCDs.
Effective ways to reduce the growth of NCDs are to promote
healthy diets, encourage more physical activity, reduce stress,
10. and clean up the environment. These are essentially lifestyle
changes. To help treat these diseases, global pharmaceutical
companies such as GlaxoSmithKline and Merck provide
inexpensive drugs to people in developing countries.
Many governments are focusing on promoting healthier diets.
This means eating more fresh fruits and vegetables and whole
grains and limiting fast foods, processed foods, and sodium.
When Michael Bloomberg was mayor of New York City, he
stressed limiting the sale of large sugary drinks and reducing
the calories of food served in restaurants. Similar approaches
are being tried globally. Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto,
for example, proposed a tax on the sale of all sugary drinks to
discourage their consumption. Bloomberg provided financial
support for Mexico’s National Institute of Public Health to
promote policies such as taxing soft drinks, controlling junk
food advertising targeted at children, and improving nutrition
labeling. Global fast food companies such as McDonald’s, KFC,
Taco Bell, and Pizza Hut are under increasing pressure to serve
more nutritious and healthy food.
Governments in Europe, Australia, the United States, Canada,
and elsewhere have implemented policies that restrict smoking
in public places. Australia has led the world by requiring
cigarette companies to place gruesome images of people who
have been harmed or disfigured by tobacco on plain dark brown
cigarette packages. Similarly, Uruguay requires tobacco
companies to cover 80 percent of their cigarette packages with
graphic pictures showing detrimental health consequences of
smoking. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) has an advertising campaign that shows graphic images
of people harmed by smoking. The World Health Organization
(WHO), CDC, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health, World Lung Foundation, Campaign for Tobacco Free
Kids, and several NGOs collaborate to reduce smoking.
The CDC’s Field Epidemiology Training Programs help health
professionals deal with NCDs in Brazil, China, Colombia,
Jordan, Tanzania, and Thailand. The emphasis is on prevention.
11. A global organization that works to prevent and treat NCDs is
the NCD Alliance, a partnership of the World Heart Federation,
International Diabetes Federation, Union for International
Cancer Control, and International Union Against Tuberculosis
and Lung Disease. Alzheimer’s Disease International is a global
federation of Alzheimer’s associations that support people with
Alzheimer’s disease. Its goal is to make dementia a global
health priority. Bupa is a leading health care group that focuses
on dementia care and treatment. The Global CEO Initiative on
Alzheimer’s Disease is an organization of private sector leaders
who partner with public leaders to provide treatment and care
for patients with Alzheimer’s disease and to support research to
find a cure for the disease.
13.2: Globalization of Infectious Diseases
1. 13.2 Evaluate the role of global travel and trade in
facilitating the globalization of infectious diseases
The rapid spread of globalization underscored links between
infectious diseases in poor countries and
Table 13.1 Deaths from Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) by
Country, 2012
In 2012, a total of 68 percent of global deaths were due to
noncommunicable diseases.
Adapted from Global Health Observatory (GHO) data on deaths
from NCDs, published in 2014 by the World Health
Organization, www.who.int/gho/ncd/mortality_morbidity/ncd_to
tal/en/ (retrieved May 2, 2015).
Top 10 Countries for NCD Deaths
NCD deaths per 100,000 population, both sexes
Turkmenistan
1,025
Guyana
1,024
Mongolia
967
Sierra Leone
13. 244
outbreaks of these diseases in rich countries. The most dramatic
development was the discovery of HIV/AIDS in the United
States, Western Europe, and other rich countries. Although
perceived initially as a disease limited primarily to
homosexuals, HIV/AIDS began to spread to the general
population through blood transfusions, intravenous drug usage,
and heterosexual practices. Furthermore, prominent people who
were suffering from the disease fought to put it on both
domestic and global agendas. Many of the diseases that were
believed to have been eradicated in rich countries re-emerged
and were placed on the global agenda. Two factors explain this
re-emergence: (1) growing resistance to common antibiotics and
(2) the devastating impact of new epidemics. The new
epidemics included cholera in Latin America, particularly in
Peru and Haiti; plague in India; the Ebola virus in Africa; and
the West Nile virus in the United States.
13.2.1: Global Travel and Communications
Human beings are the most efficient transmitters of diseases. In
the past, large proportions of populations were killed by plagues
as people traveled to distant places. The Plague of Justinian,
which occurred around 541 CE, devastated Europe. In the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the bubonic plague, known as
the Black Death, killed twenty-five million (or one of every
three) Europeans. The decimation of Native American
populations by European diseases is another example of how
travelers spread infectious diseases. More recently, China and
other Asian countries have spawned deadly infectious diseases
that have spread quickly to the rest of the world because of
travel and excellent global links. In 1968, the Hong Kong flu,
originating in South China, spread from Hong Kong to other
countries. About seven hundred thousand people died
worldwide. Following a devastating earthquake in 2010, Haiti
faced an outbreak of cholera that killed more than eight
thousand people. UN peacekeepers from Nepal brought the
deadly cholera strain to Haiti.
14. Trade also has been a major facilitator in the globalization of
infectious diseases. The bubonic plague (Black Death) was
transmitted to Europe through trade with Asia. Today, the rapid
expansion of trade with China exposes the world to many
diseases. The global trade in agricultural products has also
escalated the risk of the global transmission of diseases. Human
activities have profoundly affected the natural environment.
People have migrated to areas that bring them into contact with
animals and soils that play a role in the spread of infectious
diseases. Furthermore, gradual increases in the Earth’s
temperature (i.e., global warming) are conducive to the global
spread of diseases.
Conflicts have always contributed to the outbreak of disease and
often the spread of infectious diseases. Combatants are often
more likely to die from infectious diseases than from actual
fighting. It is estimated that more than two-thirds of the roughly
six hundred thousand deaths in the American Civil War were
caused by infectious diseases.7 Furthermore, the movement of
troops and mass migrations of civilians as a consequence of war
have contributed to the wider transmission of infectious
diseases. During the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918–1920, many
American soldiers who were transported on trains and troop
ships perished. On the battlefields of Vietnam and Iraq,
American troops suffered from infectious diseases, many of
which are drug resistant. Endemic ethnic conflicts in Africa
play a leading role in that continent’s struggle with infectious
diseases.
Conditions that influence people to leave one area to settle in
another initiate the downward spiral leading to infectious
diseases. The deterioration of health services, the destruction of
infrastructure, food shortages, and the lack of proper sanitation
make refugees susceptible to communicable diseases. The
poorest countries, like poor individuals, are generally more
vulnerable to contracting infectious diseases. Poverty is usually
a reliable incubator of disease. Overcrowding, malnutrition,
inadequate medical care, and unsanitary conditions facilitate the
15. growth and transmission of infectious diseases.
A growing problem that assists in the spread of infectious
diseases is overuse and misuse of antibiotics. The increasing
use of antibiotics in agricultural products has contributed to a
process of pathogenic natural selection, which promotes the
emergence of more virulent, resilient, resistant, and powerful
disease strains. The spread of infectious diseases has focused
attention on human security.
13.3: Human Security and Infectious Diseases
1. 13.3 Outline the three developments that gave rise to the
concept of human security
As we discussed in Chapter 1, the forces of globalization have
strengthened the concept and reality of global security, which
stresses a common and comprehensive security. The concept of
global security moves us beyond the narrow traditional view of
national security with its emphasis on military force and war to
emphasize the global dimensions of emerging threats and
problems and the need to achieve security with others. Within
the broader context of global security is the concept of human
security, derived from the globalist school of thought. Human
security focuses on the individual as the primary object of
security. It embraces a people-centered approach of anticipating
and coping with the multiple threats ordinary individuals face in
an increasingly globalized society. The emergence of the
concept of human security during the 1990s is attributed
to three developments: (1) the end of the Cold War, which
radically altered the global political and security environment;
(2) a better understanding of the everyday
insecurities experienced by the world’s poor, who comprise the
vast majority of the world’s population; and (3) the process of
globalization, which ushered in unprecedented changes and
uncertainty, thereby influencing a reevaluation of traditional
views of security.
13.4: Infectious Diseases
1. 13.4 Describe the three epidemiologic transitions to better
16. understand contemporary concerns about infectious diseases
The microbes (such as bacteria), viruses, parasites, and fungi
that are the agents of infectious diseases are integral
components of the natural and human environments. Throughout
recorded history, our ancestors have been extremely vulnerable
to, and mostly defenseless against, infectious
diseases. Pathogens (i.e., organisms capable of causing disease)
have routinely demolished societies. In many cases, there are
outbreaks of diseases; that is, essentially localized, endemic
occurrences. When infectious diseases spread to a relatively
large number of people, they are classified as epidemics.
Although epidemics generally impact populations
worldwide, pandemics are long-lasting, catastrophic, and truly
global in their consequences. Two factors that have always been
at the root of infectious disease threats to human populations
are (1) social, economic, and environmental conditions that
enable infectious diseases to exist among human hosts and (2)
various means of transmission to new populations. As our
ancestors developed agriculture and moved from isolated
villages to more densely populated areas, they were exposed to
more diseases.8 Altering the natural environment enables
microbes to infect humans. Humans are infected when they
come into contact with natural hosts (i.e., organisms that carry
diseases). The hosts are not negatively affected by the disease.
Transmission of infectious diseases can occur within a single
species or from one species to another. Humans often infect
other humans. But host animals also infect humans, a
transmission known as zoonosis. Infectious diseases are
transmitted through air, water, direct contact with the host’s
bodily fluids, and sexual activity, as well as through vectors
such as mosquitoes and other insects.
To better understand contemporary concerns about infectious
diseases, we will discuss the problem within the framework of
epidemiologic transition theory. Each transition is characterized
by “a unique pattern of diseases that is ultimately related to
modes of subsistence and social structure.”9 There are
17. basically three distinct epidemiologic transitions. The first
epidemiologic transition, as we mentioned earlier, occurred
when our ancestors established agricultural communities. Think
about sanitation problems in permanently settled areas and the
close interaction of humans and their domesticated animals.
Both of …
EDUC 742
PPOL 650
Reading Summary and Reflective Comments Form and
Instructions
For each assigned reading, summarize the main principles and
reflect on these principles in order to make the content
meaningful to you. This will ensure that you understand the
reading and its relationship to current events. The reflective
comments may draw on your experiences or information from
other readings. You must also critique ideas in light of a
biblical worldview. Approximate length of main principles
summaries must be 100–125 words each and must be in
paragraph form, and the reflective comments must be 150–200
words each. Submit the Reading Summary and Reflective
Comments by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday in Modules/Weeks 1–
7, adding the new entries each time.
Student:
Reading
Assignment
Main Principles
Reflective Comments
Reading Summary 1
Henderson
18. Payne
United States Constitution
Reading Summary 2
Henderson
Payne
U.N. Charter
Reading Summary 3
Henderson
Payne
Reading Summary 4
Henderson
Payne
Reading Summary 5
Henderson
19. Payne
Reading Summary 6
Payne
Reading Summary 7
Payne
Page 2 of 3
PPOL 650
Student:
5 Points
4 Points
3 Points
0–2 Points
Critical
Thinking
Rich in content:
full of thought, insight, and analysis. Ideas are critiqued in light
of a biblical worldview.
Substantial information:
a degree of thought, insight, and analysis has taken place.
Generally competent:
information is thin and commonplace.
Rudimentary and superficial:
no analysis or insight is displayed.
Connections
The summaries are reflective. Ideas are critiqued in light of a
20. biblical worldview. Clear connections to real-life situations.
New connections lack depth and/or detail.
Limited, if any, connections. Vague generalities.
No connections are made. Off topic.
Uniqueness
New ideas and connections display depth and detail.
New ideas and connections lack depth and/or detail.
Few, if any, new ideas or connections, simply restates or
summarizes.
No new ideas or connections are explained.
Timeliness
All required postings submitted, adding new entries each time.
Most required postings submitted, adding new entries each time.
Some postings submitted.
All required postings missing.
Stylistics
Few grammatical or stylistic errors. Reflections are 150–200
words. Summaries are 100–125 words. Written in paragraph
form.
Some grammatical or stylistic errors. Reflections are 150–200
words. Summaries are 100–125 words. Written in paragraph
form.
Obvious grammatical or stylistic errors that interfere with
content. Reflections and summaries have less than the required
amount of words.
Obvious grammatical or stylistic errors that make understanding
impossible. The required amounts of words are not met.
Total ____________________________/25
Reading Summary and Reflective Comments Grading Rubric