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1) Sound is a physical phenomenon that stimulates the sense of hearing in humans through vibrations between 15-20,000 Hz reaching the inner ear. The speed of sound varies but travels around 1,190 km/h through dry air. 2) The frequency and amplitude of a sound wave determine its pitch and loudness. Frequency is measured in Hertz and refers to the number of vibrations or cycles per second. Amplitude is the degree of motion of air molecules and corresponds to changes in air pressure. 3) There are two main types of sound waves: transverse waves, where the vibration is perpendicular to the direction of travel, and longitudinal waves, where the vibration is parallel to the direction of travel.
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Presentation1
Sound is produced by vibrations of objects that create waves which push air molecules and transmit through the air. The frequency, or amount of vibrations per second, determines if a sound is high or low pitched. Humans can hear sounds between 20-20,000 Hz, while sounds outside this range are infrasonic or ultrasonic. Volume is measured in decibels, where each 10 dB increase means a sound is perceived as twice as loud. Different sounds have unique frequency profiles that allow for distinguishing characteristics.
Sound
The document discusses sound and ultrasound. It defines the audible range of human hearing as 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Frequencies above 20,000 Hz are ultrasound, while frequencies below 20 Hz are infrasound. The ear detects sound waves that travel through the outer, middle, and inner ear to the brain. Sources of sound include vibrating strings and air columns, as seen in instruments like guitars and wind instruments. The Doppler effect causes changes in frequency or wavelength for an observer moving relative to a sound source. Ultrasound is used in nondestructive testing and medical imaging techniques like Doppler echocardiography. Infrasound sources include volcanic eruptions and wind flowing around ocean waves.
Speed of sound
The speed of sound in dry air at 20°C is 343.2 meters per second or 1,234 kilometers per hour. In the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci discovered the speed of sound, which was later refined by Mersenne in the 1640s. The first objects to break the sound barrier were German V-2 ballistic missiles in 1942, followed by Chuck Yeager becoming the first person in 1947 and Jackie Cochran becoming the first woman in 1953. Passenger supersonic flight debuted with the Concorde in 1976. Felix Baumgartner and Andy Green broke the sound barrier as a human projectile and on land, respectively, in 1997.
Sound waves
Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical waves that require a medium such as air or water to propagate. There are two types of mechanical waves: longitudinal waves where particles of the medium move parallel to the wave direction, and transverse waves where particles move perpendicular. Interference occurs when sound waves from different sources meet and combine to produce a new wave. Constructive interference amplifies the waves while destructive interference cancels them out. Infrasonic waves have frequencies below 20 Hz and ultrasonic waves are above 20,000 Hz, the normal human hearing range. Both have applications like monitoring earthquakes and welding.
Sound
Sound waves are longitudinal waves that propagate through a medium by causing oscillations in pressure. The speed of sound depends on properties of the medium like density and bulk modulus. Frequency determines pitch, with the human hearing range from 20-20,000 Hz. The Doppler effect causes changes in observed frequency due to relative motion between source and receiver. Sonar uses echoes to locate objects by sound, while sonic booms occur when the source moves at or faster than the speed of sound.
Vikas sound
1. Sound is a mechanical wave that travels through air or water and is audible to humans.
2. Sound waves can be longitudinal or transverse, with longitudinal waves having areas of compression and rarefaction and transverse waves having crests and troughs.
3. The speed and properties of sound depend on factors like the medium it travels through, temperature, and humidity.
Sound
This document discusses various topics related to sound waves including:
1. Sound waves are caused by vibration sources like vibrating guitar strings or air inside a trumpet. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that cause compressions and rarefactions in the transmitting medium like air.
2. The approximate range of audible frequencies for humans is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Ultrasound has frequencies above this range and is used in medical diagnosis.
3. A medium is required to transmit sound waves as compressions and rarefactions can only form if the medium can be compressed and stretched. Sound cannot propagate through a vacuum.
The summary covers the key topics and main points discussed in the document in 3 sentences
Sound
Sound is a pressure wave that propagates through a medium such as air or water. It is produced by something vibrating and disturbing the molecules of the medium. In humans, sound is produced by the larynx or voice box located in the throat. The vocal cords within the larynx vibrate, causing variations in air pressure that travel as sound waves. Vibration is the oscillating or reciprocating motion of an object. The hertz is the standard unit of frequency defined as one cycle per second.
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Presentation1
Sound is produced by vibrations of objects that create waves which push air molecules and transmit through the air. The frequency, or amount of vibrations per second, determines if a sound is high or low pitched. Humans can hear sounds between 20-20,000 Hz, while sounds outside this range are infrasonic or ultrasonic. Volume is measured in decibels, where each 10 dB increase means a sound is perceived as twice as loud. Different sounds have unique frequency profiles that allow for distinguishing characteristics.
Sound
The document discusses sound and ultrasound. It defines the audible range of human hearing as 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Frequencies above 20,000 Hz are ultrasound, while frequencies below 20 Hz are infrasound. The ear detects sound waves that travel through the outer, middle, and inner ear to the brain. Sources of sound include vibrating strings and air columns, as seen in instruments like guitars and wind instruments. The Doppler effect causes changes in frequency or wavelength for an observer moving relative to a sound source. Ultrasound is used in nondestructive testing and medical imaging techniques like Doppler echocardiography. Infrasound sources include volcanic eruptions and wind flowing around ocean waves.
Speed of sound
The speed of sound in dry air at 20°C is 343.2 meters per second or 1,234 kilometers per hour. In the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci discovered the speed of sound, which was later refined by Mersenne in the 1640s. The first objects to break the sound barrier were German V-2 ballistic missiles in 1942, followed by Chuck Yeager becoming the first person in 1947 and Jackie Cochran becoming the first woman in 1953. Passenger supersonic flight debuted with the Concorde in 1976. Felix Baumgartner and Andy Green broke the sound barrier as a human projectile and on land, respectively, in 1997.
Sound waves
Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical waves that require a medium such as air or water to propagate. There are two types of mechanical waves: longitudinal waves where particles of the medium move parallel to the wave direction, and transverse waves where particles move perpendicular. Interference occurs when sound waves from different sources meet and combine to produce a new wave. Constructive interference amplifies the waves while destructive interference cancels them out. Infrasonic waves have frequencies below 20 Hz and ultrasonic waves are above 20,000 Hz, the normal human hearing range. Both have applications like monitoring earthquakes and welding.
Sound
Sound waves are longitudinal waves that propagate through a medium by causing oscillations in pressure. The speed of sound depends on properties of the medium like density and bulk modulus. Frequency determines pitch, with the human hearing range from 20-20,000 Hz. The Doppler effect causes changes in observed frequency due to relative motion between source and receiver. Sonar uses echoes to locate objects by sound, while sonic booms occur when the source moves at or faster than the speed of sound.
Vikas sound
1. Sound is a mechanical wave that travels through air or water and is audible to humans.
2. Sound waves can be longitudinal or transverse, with longitudinal waves having areas of compression and rarefaction and transverse waves having crests and troughs.
3. The speed and properties of sound depend on factors like the medium it travels through, temperature, and humidity.
Sound
This document discusses various topics related to sound waves including:
1. Sound waves are caused by vibration sources like vibrating guitar strings or air inside a trumpet. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that cause compressions and rarefactions in the transmitting medium like air.
2. The approximate range of audible frequencies for humans is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Ultrasound has frequencies above this range and is used in medical diagnosis.
3. A medium is required to transmit sound waves as compressions and rarefactions can only form if the medium can be compressed and stretched. Sound cannot propagate through a vacuum.
The summary covers the key topics and main points discussed in the document in 3 sentences
Sound
Sound is a pressure wave that propagates through a medium such as air or water. It is produced by something vibrating and disturbing the molecules of the medium. In humans, sound is produced by the larynx or voice box located in the throat. The vocal cords within the larynx vibrate, causing variations in air pressure that travel as sound waves. Vibration is the oscillating or reciprocating motion of an object. The hertz is the standard unit of frequency defined as one cycle per second.
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Sound is produced by vibration and requires a medium like air, water or solid material to propagate. When a vibrating source produces sound waves, the medium's particles vibrate in compressions and rarefactions that transfer energy as the wave moves. Characteristics of waves include amplitude, wavelength, frequency and velocity. The human range of hearing is 20-20,000 Hz but ultrasound above 20 kHz and infrasound below 20 Hz also exist and have applications like echolocation and earthquake detection.
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Sound is produced by vibrations that travel through a medium as sound waves, which can be transverse or longitudinal. In humans, sound is produced by vibrations of the vocal cords causing fluctuations in air pressure that move as sound waves. These waves travel to the ear where they cause the eardrum and bones to vibrate, transmitting the sound signals to the brain. [/SUMMARY]
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Sound waves are produced by the vibration of material objects. A disturbance in the form of a longitudinal wave travels away from the vibrating source. High-pitched sounds are produced by sources vibrating at high frequency, while low-pitched sounds are produced by low-frequency sources Sound waves consist of traveling pulses of high-pressure zones, or compression, alternating with pulses of low-pressures zones, or rarefaction. Sound can travel through gases, liquids, and solid, but not through a vacuum.
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Sound is a form of energy that travels in waves and produces hearing sensations. It is produced when a body vibrates, such as when a tuning fork is struck. Sound waves need a medium like air, water or other materials to propagate. They are longitudinal waves that cause compressions and rarefactions as they travel. The pitch and frequency of a sound are directly related, with a higher frequency producing a higher pitch. Loudness depends on factors like the amplitude and area of the vibrating body as well as the distance from the source. Ultrasound has a frequency above the human audible range and is used for applications like medical imaging and cleaning.
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This document discusses the physics of sound and how it is transmitted. It explains that sound is a vibration that travels through a medium, like air or water, from a source to a receiver. The human ear is able to detect sound vibrations because it contains tiny hairs in the inner ear that respond to different vibration speeds and transmit that information to the brain. In summary, sound is a vibration that travels from its source through a medium and is received and processed in the brain.
Presentation2
Sound travels as a pressure wave through gases, liquids, and solids at approximately 343 meters per second. Humans can typically hear sounds between 12-20,000 Hz, though some animals like dogs can hear higher frequencies. The scientific study of how sound waves propagate, absorb, and reflect is called acoustics. Noise refers to unwanted sound that obscures wanted signals.
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Chapter - 13, Sound, Science, Class 8
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Chapter - 13, Sound, Science, Class 8
WHAT IS SOUND?
INTRODUCTION TO SOUND
SOUND-PRODUCING MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
SOUND PROPERTIES
HOW DO HUMANS PRODUCE SOUND?
HOW SOUND PROPAGATE IN A MEDIUM?
SOUNDS BY HUMANS
THERE ARE THREE MAJOR PARTS OF THE HUMAN EAR
AMPLITUDE, TIME PERIOD, AND FREQUENCY
THE LOUDNESS OF A SOUND
PITCH OF THE SOUND
AUDIBLE AND INAUDIBLE SOUNDS
NOISE AND MUSIC
NOISE POLLUTION
CAUSES OF NOISE POLLUTION
EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION
PREVENTION OF NOISE POLLUTION
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This document provides an overview of key concepts about sound waves including:
- Sound waves are longitudinal waves that cause fluctuations in air pressure.
- Pressure can be graphed against position or time to show variations from equilibrium.
- The speed of sound depends on properties of the medium like bulk modulus and density.
- In air, speed increases with temperature as density decreases.
- Wavefronts represent crests of high pressure spreading out from a source.
- Frequency determines pitch while amplitude determines loudness.
- The human ear detects sounds from 20-20,000 Hz and converts pressure waves to nerve signals.
Sound waves
Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave that travels through air, liquids, and solids as vibrations of molecules. It can have different frequencies, velocities, and wavelengths. Frequency describes how often the vibrations occur per second and determines whether a sound is high or low pitched. Sound travels at different speeds depending on the medium and temperature, with the speed increasing in denser materials. Humans can detect sounds between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz, while some animals can hear sounds outside this range. Intensity and amplitude measure the energy of sound waves, with louder sounds having higher intensities and amplitudes.
sound
Sound is a mechanical wave that transfers energy through vibrations that can be heard by humans. Sound waves travel outward from a vibrating source and are transmitted through solids, liquids, or gases by compressing and rarefying particles. Without a vibrating source and the transfer of energy, there would be no sound. Sound waves can be classified as infrasonic, audible, or ultrasonic based on their frequency.
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propogation of sound (CLASS 9 ICSE)
Sound is produced by vibration and requires a medium like air, water or solid material to propagate. When a vibrating source produces sound waves, the medium's particles vibrate in compressions and rarefactions that transfer energy as the wave moves. Characteristics of waves include amplitude, wavelength, frequency and velocity. The human range of hearing is 20-20,000 Hz but ultrasound above 20 kHz and infrasound below 20 Hz also exist and have applications like echolocation and earthquake detection.
Presentation of class 8 ch sound
Sound is produced by vibrations that travel through a medium as sound waves, which can be transverse or longitudinal. In humans, sound is produced by vibrations of the vocal cords causing fluctuations in air pressure that move as sound waves. These waves travel to the ear where they cause the eardrum and bones to vibrate, transmitting the sound signals to the brain. [/SUMMARY]
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Sound waves are produced by the vibration of material objects. A disturbance in the form of a longitudinal wave travels away from the vibrating source. High-pitched sounds are produced by sources vibrating at high frequency, while low-pitched sounds are produced by low-frequency sources Sound waves consist of traveling pulses of high-pressure zones, or compression, alternating with pulses of low-pressures zones, or rarefaction. Sound can travel through gases, liquids, and solid, but not through a vacuum.
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I made this presentation to support a hearing impaired student in my class. The idea is to talk about what sound is, how we hear and about hearing impairments.
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Sound is a longitudinal pressure wave that humans can hear if its frequency is between 20-20,000 Hz. The speed of sound depends on the medium, traveling fastest in solids and slowest in gases. Pitch is determined by frequency, with higher pitches having shorter wavelengths and higher energies. Loudness, measured in decibels, depends on sound intensity or amplitude. Quality or timbre distinguishes tones of the same pitch and loudness based on their waveforms. Sound waves can refract, diffract, interfere, and reflect, and technologies like sonar and altimeters utilize these properties.
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Sound is a form of energy that travels in waves and produces hearing sensations. It is produced when a body vibrates, such as when a tuning fork is struck. Sound waves need a medium like air, water or other materials to propagate. They are longitudinal waves that cause compressions and rarefactions as they travel. The pitch and frequency of a sound are directly related, with a higher frequency producing a higher pitch. Loudness depends on factors like the amplitude and area of the vibrating body as well as the distance from the source. Ultrasound has a frequency above the human audible range and is used for applications like medical imaging and cleaning.
Waves and Sound
This document provides information about waves and sound waves. It defines different types of waves including longitudinal waves, transverse waves, and standing waves. It explains how the speed of a wave is calculated and provides examples of calculating wavelength and frequency. It also describes the differences between closed and open pipes and how harmonics work for each, with closed pipes producing sound at odd harmonics and open pipes at all harmonics.
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The document discusses sound and how it is produced through vibrations. It describes how different instruments produce sound through vibrating strings, lips, reeds or air columns. It also discusses properties of sound including frequency, pitch, loudness, intensity, harmonics, resonance, the human ear, and how sounds are perceived.
Sounddoctrine
This document discusses the physics of sound and how it is transmitted. It explains that sound is a vibration that travels through a medium, like air or water, from a source to a receiver. The human ear is able to detect sound vibrations because it contains tiny hairs in the inner ear that respond to different vibration speeds and transmit that information to the brain. In summary, sound is a vibration that travels from its source through a medium and is received and processed in the brain.
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Sound travels as a pressure wave through gases, liquids, and solids at approximately 343 meters per second. Humans can typically hear sounds between 12-20,000 Hz, though some animals like dogs can hear higher frequencies. The scientific study of how sound waves propagate, absorb, and reflect is called acoustics. Noise refers to unwanted sound that obscures wanted signals.
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Sound is a vibration that travels through a medium, such as air or water, from a source to a receiver. For sound to be produced, the vibrating object or source must have tension, like a solid object, string, or stretched membrane. The vibration causes the medium to move up and down, transmitting the sound waves. The human ear is a receiver of sound that processes vibrations through the outer ear, eardrum, and inner cochlea to the brain.
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This document discusses the properties of sound. It defines sound as a type of energy that moves through matter in longitudinal waves of vibration. It describes how sound travels faster through solids than gases due to the closer packing of particles. Frequency is defined as the number of times a particle vibrates per second and is measured in Hertz. Pitch and frequency are related, but not the same - pitch is how our ears perceive sound based on the number of peaks in the vibrations. Amplitude refers to the density of particles during compression and rarefaction and is measured in decibels.
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This document provides information about sound and hearing. It defines sound as vibrations that have frequencies between 20-20,000 Hertz that can be detected by the human ear. It describes hearing as the ability to perceive sound through detecting vibrations in the air, liquid or solid medium through an organ such as the ear. It explains that sound travels through variations in pressure that push surrounding material like water or air, and discusses key characteristics of sound waves such as pitch, frequency, amplitude and speed of sound. The document also describes how we are able to hear sound, with our ears converting vibrations into nerve signals sent to the brain for interpretation.
Chapter - 13, Sound, Science, Class 8
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 13, Sound, Science, Class 8
WHAT IS SOUND?
INTRODUCTION TO SOUND
SOUND-PRODUCING MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
SOUND PROPERTIES
HOW DO HUMANS PRODUCE SOUND?
HOW SOUND PROPAGATE IN A MEDIUM?
SOUNDS BY HUMANS
THERE ARE THREE MAJOR PARTS OF THE HUMAN EAR
AMPLITUDE, TIME PERIOD, AND FREQUENCY
THE LOUDNESS OF A SOUND
PITCH OF THE SOUND
AUDIBLE AND INAUDIBLE SOUNDS
NOISE AND MUSIC
NOISE POLLUTION
CAUSES OF NOISE POLLUTION
EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION
PREVENTION OF NOISE POLLUTION
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This document provides an overview of key concepts about sound waves including:
- Sound waves are longitudinal waves that cause fluctuations in air pressure.
- Pressure can be graphed against position or time to show variations from equilibrium.
- The speed of sound depends on properties of the medium like bulk modulus and density.
- In air, speed increases with temperature as density decreases.
- Wavefronts represent crests of high pressure spreading out from a source.
- Frequency determines pitch while amplitude determines loudness.
- The human ear detects sounds from 20-20,000 Hz and converts pressure waves to nerve signals.
Sound waves
Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave that travels through air, liquids, and solids as vibrations of molecules. It can have different frequencies, velocities, and wavelengths. Frequency describes how often the vibrations occur per second and determines whether a sound is high or low pitched. Sound travels at different speeds depending on the medium and temperature, with the speed increasing in denser materials. Humans can detect sounds between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz, while some animals can hear sounds outside this range. Intensity and amplitude measure the energy of sound waves, with louder sounds having higher intensities and amplitudes.
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Sound is a mechanical wave that transfers energy through vibrations that can be heard by humans. Sound waves travel outward from a vibrating source and are transmitted through solids, liquids, or gases by compressing and rarefying particles. Without a vibrating source and the transfer of energy, there would be no sound. Sound waves can be classified as infrasonic, audible, or ultrasonic based on their frequency.
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Cairo University
Multimedia Sound and Audio.pptx
Audio refers to the range of frequencies detectable by the human ear, from 20Hz to 20kHz. Audio work involves the production, recording, manipulation and reproduction of sound waves, which requires an understanding of sound waves and sound equipment. Common areas of audio work include studio and live sound engineering, music production, DJing, radio, film sound, and more.
Sound
This document discusses key concepts about the nature and properties of sound. It defines sound as a mechanical wave that is created by vibrating objects and propagates through a medium by particle vibration. The document covers topics like: the generation and propagation of sound waves; amplitude and frequency; speed of sound in different mediums; and the Doppler effect. It provides examples of the range of hearing for different animals and defines concepts such as intensity, wavelength, reflection, refraction, and interference of sound waves.
Audio visual system principles #1
This presentation provide fundamentals of audiovisual system, more slides will be uploaded for more details
Music vs. Noise
This document discusses key concepts in acoustics. It defines acoustics as the study of sound properties, especially transmission. The differences between sounds are caused by intensity, pitch, and tone. Pitch refers to the perceived highness or lowness of a tone based on its frequency. Tone depends on the combination of frequencies and distinguishes different sound sources. Resonance occurs when an object's natural vibration frequency is excited, dramatically increasing amplitude. Noise is defined as unwanted, random sound that obscures signals and is characterized by non-repetitive patterns. The document also discusses sources and effects of noise pollution.
Sound
The document discusses the physics of sound and acoustics. It covers how sound is produced through vibrations, the speed of sound in different mediums, properties of sound like pitch, frequency, loudness and intensity. It also summarizes the anatomy of the human ear and how we perceive sound. Musical instruments are described based on how they produce sound through vibrating strings, reeds, lips or air columns. Interference patterns between sounds and concepts like resonance, beats, timbre and noise are also covered at a high level.
Theory of sound
1. Sound is defined physically as fluctuations in pressure in an elastic medium like air, while subjectively it is the auditory sensation these fluctuations produce.
2. Sound waves are created by outwardly traveling layers of compression and rarefaction of air particles, causing pressure fluctuations without changing the particles' positions.
3. A sound wave's amplitude is the distance a particle moves from its rest position during one full displacement cycle, while its frequency is the number of cycles per second. The speed of sound is about 1130 feet per second at room temperature.
SCIENCE ( GROUP 2).pptx
1) Sound waves are patterns of disturbance caused by energy traveling through a medium like air or water from a vibrating object, creating variations in pressure.
2) Sound waves are called longitudinal waves because the medium's particles vibrate parallel to the direction of propagation.
3) Sound has many uses including entertainment, medicine, cleaning, generating electricity, and art and is an important aspect of human communication and understanding our environment.
Sect 19.1
Sound waves are compressional waves that travel through air, creating areas of higher and lower density called compressions and rarefactions. The frequency of a sound wave is the number of compressions and rarefactions that pass by per second, while the wavelength is the distance between compressions or rarefactions. Sound travels fastest in solids and slowest in gases. Louder sounds have greater amplitude and carry more energy than softer sounds with smaller amplitude.
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Sc Ience
- 1. SCIENCE PROJECT Jose Joseph IX-A
- 2. SOUND
- 3. Sound, physical phenomenon that stimulates the sense of hearing. In humans, hearing takes place whenever vibrations of frequencies from 15 hertz to about 20,000 hertz reach the inner ear. The hertz (Hz) is a unit of frequency equaling one vibration or cycle per second. Such vibrations reach the inner ear when they are transmitted through air. The speed of sound varies, but at sea level it travels through cool, dry air at about 1,190 km/h (740 mph). The term sound is sometimes restricted to such airborne vibrational waves. Modern physicists, however, usually extend the term to include similar vibrations in other gaseous, liquid, or solid media. Physicists also include vibrations of any frequency in any media, not just those that would be audible to humans. Sounds of frequencies above the range of normal human hearing, higher than about 20,000 Hz, are called ultrasonic.
- 5. FREQUENCY Sounds can be produced at a desired frequency by different methods. Sirens emit sound by means of an air blast interrupted by a toothed wheel with 44 teeth. The wheel rotates at 10 revolutions per second to produce 440 interruptions in the air stream every second. Similarly, hitting the A above middle C on a piano causes a string to vibrate at 440 Hz. The sound of the speaker and that of the piano string at the same frequency are different in quality, but correspond closely in pitch. The next higher A on the piano, the note one octave above, has a frequency of 880 Hz, exactly twice as high. Similarly, the notes one and two octaves below have frequencies of 220 and 110 Hz, respectively. Thus, by definition, an octave is the interval between any two notes whose frequencies are in a two-to-one ratio.
- 6. AMPLITUDE The amplitude of a sound wave is the degree of motion of air molecules within the wave, which corresponds to the changes in air pressure that accompany the wave. The greater the amplitude of the wave, the harder the molecules strike the eardrum and the louder the sound that is perceived. The amplitude of a sound wave can be expressed in terms of absolute units by measuring the actual distance of displacement of the air molecules, the changes in pressure as the wave passes, or the energy contained in the wave.
- 7. Types of Sound Waves TRANSVERSE WAVES LONGITUDINAL WAVES