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Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) is considered the father of modern linguistics. He taught a course in general linguistics from 1907-1911 that was published posthumously in 1916. In this work, he introduced key concepts in structuralism such as langue and parole, the linguistic sign comprising the signifier and signified, and the distinction between synchronic and diachronic analysis of language. Saussure viewed language as a system of signs defined by relationships between the concepts they represent and the sounds used to express them.
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Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist who developed structural linguistics, viewing language as a system of signs. He argued that language should be studied synchronically, focusing on its structure at a single point in time, rather than diachronically looking at its evolution over time. Saussure analyzed language as consisting of signs, each with a signifier (sound-image) and signified (concept). The relationship between signifier and signified is arbitrary, and signs can be organized through their syntagmatic (combinatory) and paradigmatic (substitutable) relationships.
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Ferdinand de Saussure was a pioneer in modern linguistics who viewed language as a system of arbitrary signs. He made an important distinction between langue (the abstract system of a language) and parole (individual usage). Saussure also differentiated between the synchronic study of language at a single point in time versus the diachronic study of language evolution over time. His work emphasized analyzing the langue through its sign relationships and structure at a fixed time period, establishing linguistics as a formal, scientific discipline.
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1. Saussure sought to establish linguistics as an exact science by isolating language as its object of study and distinguishing it from speech.
2. He theorized that language exists socially and should be studied as a system of signs independent of individuals, with each sign consisting of a signifier and signified.
3. Saussure laid the groundwork for semiology, the science of signs in society, by demonstrating language can be modeled as a symbolic system comparable to writing.
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The Prague School was an influential linguistic circle established in 1926 in Prague. It studied language as a system of functionally related units and emphasized the functions that linguistic elements fulfill. The Prague School's major contributions included its conception of linguistic function, the concept of phonological opposition, the theory of markedness, and the distinction between theme and rheme. The general approach of the Prague School can be described as a combination of structuralism and functionalism.
Line time
This document summarizes the major developments in linguistics from ancient times to the modern era in 3 sentences or less per time period:
1) Linguistics began to develop as a field in ancient Greece and Rome, with Varro concluding language is rule-governed and Donatus and Priscian establishing the eight parts of speech.
2) In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, comparative studies of language emerged and the Grimm's Law was established describing sound changes in Proto-Indo-European languages.
3) The 19th century saw major advances like Bopp studying language relations and Diez founding Romance linguistics, setting the stage for modern linguistics with Saussure's distinction between
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This document provides a historical overview of the study of linguistics from ancient Sumerians to modern times. It covers the following key periods and figures:
- The Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed the earliest known written texts in cuneiform around 400 BC that included lists of nouns.
- Greek linguistics from the 5th century BC investigated philosophical questions about language including the origin of language and the relationship between language and thought.
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Cognitive development occurs through social interaction and internalization of socially shared processes. Children first learn skills and concepts through interaction with others, then internalize them to perform independently. For example, a child learns to point through social interactions with caregivers before understanding it as a means of communication. Similarly, a child learns to tie shoes through verbal guidance from an adult before being able to do it alone. Vygotsky's theory of the zone of proximal development also illustrates how children can perform higher-level tasks with assistance from others before mastery alone. Language plays a key role in cognitive development, first appearing between people and then within the individual through private speech that later becomes inner speech.
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This document summarizes key topics in language and thought, including:
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- 1. Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) Father of Modern Linguistics Structuralism
- 2. 1. Life history (F. De Saussure) 2. Language: langue/parole 3. Sign: signifier/signified 4. Relations: syntagmatic/paradigmatic Content
- 3. Born 1857 (Geneva ) Studied Latin, Greek, chemistry, theology and law at University of Geneva 1880 awarded doctorate at University Leipzig (Germany) Taught ancient Sanskrit for 21 years! Life History
- 4. 1907 – 1911 taught a course in General Linguistics died in 1913 Course in General Linguistics (1916)
- 5. the object of Linguistics - language – a system body of words Language
- 6. Synchronic and Diachronic Synchronic: confined to one point of view in order to show the whole language system (Static linguistics) o Diachronic: traces evolution of language, looking not at the whole system but at individual elements of it at different times (Evolutionary linguistics) 1900
- 7. Abstract vs. Concrete sense Language
- 8. Langue vs Parole Langue - the shared system of language in a society the formal structure of language Linguistic competence
- 9. Parole - “living language” or individual speech act the way language is employed in actual speech
- 10. Linguistic Sign= Signifier + Signified Signifier: a sound image Signified: the concept Language is a system of Signs “The linguistic sign unites, not a thing and a name, but a concept and a sound-image” (De Saussure 66)
- 12. no natural resemblance convention Arbor, drvo, Baum = tree ARBITRARINESS
- 13. syntagmatic (concerning positioning): in prasentia S + V + O paradigmatic (concerning substitution):in absentia Relations
- 15. synchronic
- 16. Saussure, Ferdinand. Course in General Linguistics. Ed. Charles Bally and Albert Reidlinger. Trans. Wade Baskin. New York: Philosophical Library, 1959. JELENA LEŽ References