This document describes an inline analytical system that uses radiographic methods to determine the mass of single and multi-dose powders. It discusses how radiographic analysis can be used to verify net mass and provides examples of historical applications. The system is capable of accurate mass analysis of powders in a range of 4-20 mg by using low X-ray energies. Typical standard deviations of around 0.1 mg can be achieved with continuous, real-time inline measurement. Key considerations in the system design include the X-ray tube, detector, layout, and material handling to accurately analyze powder fills.
This document describes radiographic mass analysis as a method for determining the mass of single and multi-dose powders. It discusses how x-ray transmission through a material is dependent on its physical properties and can be used to characterize attributes like weight. The document outlines the design of an x-ray system for analyzing powder fills, including choices for the x-ray tube, detector, and layout. It presents results of analyzing capsule fills ranging from 4-20 mg, with a typical standard deviation of 0.1 mg. The system allows for continuous, real-time, inline measurement of powder mass.
Near infrared spectroscopy-Food analysisFoodtech mbg
Near-infrared spectroscopy uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum to analyze the chemical composition of food and other solid materials. Measurements in the near-infrared region from 700-2500 nm are used for quantitative analysis of foods. A major advantage is its ability to directly measure the composition of solid foods using diffuse reflection techniques without needing to prepare samples. Near-infrared spectroscopy is used extensively in the food industry to rapidly and non-destructively measure attributes like moisture, fat, protein and sugar content.
What is Nephelometry,and a fully automated Nephlometer analyzer for protein a...Shahid Nawaz
Nephelometry is commonly used to determine protein levels in body fluids like serum and urine. It works by measuring the light scattered by antigen-antibody complexes formed when a sample containing antigen is mixed with corresponding antiserum. The amount of light scattered is proportional to the antigen concentration in the sample. This document provides instructions for using a nephelometer to test samples for C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, including preparing reagents and standards, running samples, generating a calibration curve from standards, and recording results. CRP levels between 0.0-1.0 mg/dL are considered normal.
Evaluation of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a tool for determination of...SLOPE Project
This document summarizes a task to evaluate near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for determining log and biomass quality in mountain forests. Several organizations will work together on the task, led by CNR. CNR will coordinate, evaluate NIR spectroscopy along the harvesting chain, and develop a "NIR quality index." Boku will support CNR with lab measurements and calibration transfer. Other partners will help collect NIR spectra in the field. The objectives are to evaluate NIR spectroscopy for characterizing resources along the harvesting chain and provide guidelines for collection and analysis of NIR spectra. Activities will include feasibility studies, developing chemometric models to predict quality indicators from spectra, and transferring calibrations between lab and portable instruments. Del
This document discusses the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for chemical analysis of feeds and foods. NIRS allows rapid, non-destructive testing of multiple components at once. It is faster and cheaper than traditional wet chemistry methods. NIRS works by measuring how organic compounds absorb near-infrared light. Absorption data is used to build calibration models that can then predict nutrient content of new samples. NIRS is advantageous as it provides real-time, multi-component analysis without chemicals or waste.
The document compares linear and non-linear methods for denoising hyperspectral data to estimate forest canopy chemistry. Hyperspectral data and lidar data were collected over forest plots. At the plot level, denoising did not improve chemistry predictions from the original reflectance data. However, at the tree level, a non-linear denoising method produced more accurate nitrogen and chlorophyll estimates than a linear method. The study demonstrates the non-linearity of hyperspectral data and the benefit of non-linear techniques for fine-scale analysis.
Vibha Chaswal performed various quality assurance tests on the MV CBCT and flat panel imaging capabilities of a Siemens Oncor Linac at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics as a medical physics resident. This included flat panel gain calibration and dead pixel mapping to correct for differences in diode response and non-responsive pixels. MV CBCT calibration was done using a geometry calibration phantom every six months, acquiring projection images to determine ball bearing positions and fit calibration matrices. Image quality tests assessed geometry accuracy, uniformity, noise, and low/high contrast resolution using phantoms and passing criteria.
This document describes radiographic mass analysis as a method for determining the mass of single and multi-dose powders. It discusses how x-ray transmission through a material is dependent on its physical properties and can be used to characterize attributes like weight. The document outlines the design of an x-ray system for analyzing powder fills, including choices for the x-ray tube, detector, and layout. It presents results of analyzing capsule fills ranging from 4-20 mg, with a typical standard deviation of 0.1 mg. The system allows for continuous, real-time, inline measurement of powder mass.
Near infrared spectroscopy-Food analysisFoodtech mbg
Near-infrared spectroscopy uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum to analyze the chemical composition of food and other solid materials. Measurements in the near-infrared region from 700-2500 nm are used for quantitative analysis of foods. A major advantage is its ability to directly measure the composition of solid foods using diffuse reflection techniques without needing to prepare samples. Near-infrared spectroscopy is used extensively in the food industry to rapidly and non-destructively measure attributes like moisture, fat, protein and sugar content.
What is Nephelometry,and a fully automated Nephlometer analyzer for protein a...Shahid Nawaz
Nephelometry is commonly used to determine protein levels in body fluids like serum and urine. It works by measuring the light scattered by antigen-antibody complexes formed when a sample containing antigen is mixed with corresponding antiserum. The amount of light scattered is proportional to the antigen concentration in the sample. This document provides instructions for using a nephelometer to test samples for C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, including preparing reagents and standards, running samples, generating a calibration curve from standards, and recording results. CRP levels between 0.0-1.0 mg/dL are considered normal.
Evaluation of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a tool for determination of...SLOPE Project
This document summarizes a task to evaluate near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for determining log and biomass quality in mountain forests. Several organizations will work together on the task, led by CNR. CNR will coordinate, evaluate NIR spectroscopy along the harvesting chain, and develop a "NIR quality index." Boku will support CNR with lab measurements and calibration transfer. Other partners will help collect NIR spectra in the field. The objectives are to evaluate NIR spectroscopy for characterizing resources along the harvesting chain and provide guidelines for collection and analysis of NIR spectra. Activities will include feasibility studies, developing chemometric models to predict quality indicators from spectra, and transferring calibrations between lab and portable instruments. Del
This document discusses the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for chemical analysis of feeds and foods. NIRS allows rapid, non-destructive testing of multiple components at once. It is faster and cheaper than traditional wet chemistry methods. NIRS works by measuring how organic compounds absorb near-infrared light. Absorption data is used to build calibration models that can then predict nutrient content of new samples. NIRS is advantageous as it provides real-time, multi-component analysis without chemicals or waste.
The document compares linear and non-linear methods for denoising hyperspectral data to estimate forest canopy chemistry. Hyperspectral data and lidar data were collected over forest plots. At the plot level, denoising did not improve chemistry predictions from the original reflectance data. However, at the tree level, a non-linear denoising method produced more accurate nitrogen and chlorophyll estimates than a linear method. The study demonstrates the non-linearity of hyperspectral data and the benefit of non-linear techniques for fine-scale analysis.
Vibha Chaswal performed various quality assurance tests on the MV CBCT and flat panel imaging capabilities of a Siemens Oncor Linac at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics as a medical physics resident. This included flat panel gain calibration and dead pixel mapping to correct for differences in diode response and non-responsive pixels. MV CBCT calibration was done using a geometry calibration phantom every six months, acquiring projection images to determine ball bearing positions and fit calibration matrices. Image quality tests assessed geometry accuracy, uniformity, noise, and low/high contrast resolution using phantoms and passing criteria.
This document describes a student project to monitor water quality in fish farms using a spectrophotometer and IoT sensors. The project aims to measure water parameters like color, oxygen, pH and transmit data in real-time to detect issues. Students conducted experiments adding dyes to water samples and using the spectrophotometer to analyze absorption spectra and correlate intensities at specific wavelengths to color concentration. Multiple linear regression and machine learning models were used to predict color levels. The project plans to develop an autonomous smart buoy with embedded sensors to continuously monitor open water quality.
This document describes a study investigating the use of steering-wheel photonic crystal fiber (SW-PCF) combined with a nanospectrometer for fluorescence spectroscopy applications. A 70mW laser at 637nm was used to excite nile blue perchlorate dye loaded into a 14cm SW-PCF. Fluorescence spectra were measured using both a conventional optical spectrum analyzer and a nanospectrometer. The SW-PCF enhanced the interaction between light and dye, but spectra obtained did not match expected dye absorption and emission peaks. Further optimization is needed to realize the potential of this SW-PCF nanospectrometer system for compact chemical sensing.
This document discusses near-infrared spectroscopy and its applications in food analysis. It begins with an introduction to near-infrared spectroscopy, including the physics behind molecular vibrations and overtones that produce absorption bands in the near-infrared region. It then covers instrumentation used in near-infrared spectroscopy, different methods for sample presentation including diffuse transmittance and reflectance, and considerations for calibration development and qualitative analysis. The document concludes by reviewing various food applications and limitations of near-infrared spectroscopy in food analysis.
This dissertation presents the development of a novel multi-slit collimated imaging system to image prompt gamma rays (PGs) emitted during proton beam cancer therapy, in order to verify proton beam range. The system uses a multi-slit collimator paired with a position-sensitive LSO scintillation detector to provide two-dimensional PG imaging. Initial measurements using a 50 MeV proton beam demonstrated the ability to reconstruct 2D PG distributions at clinical beam currents and localize the Bragg peak position to within 1-2 mm, suggesting the potential for the system to detect small shifts in proton range while delivering a fraction of a typical treatment dose. Further investigation and system optimization is warranted to validate system performance at clinical beam energies and implement
This document discusses brachytherapy dosimetry using the TG-43 formulation. It begins by introducing brachytherapy and the sources commonly used, such as iridium-192 and iodine-125. It then covers how sources are specified and calibrated, including using exposure rate constants, air kerma rate constants, and apparent activity. Methods for source calibration include air ionization chambers, well chambers, and solid phantoms. Dose distribution around sources is also discussed, including using the Sievert integral for line sources. The TG-43 formalism provides a standardized method for calculating dose around brachytherapy sources.
The document defines key terms related to measuring radon levels, including types of measurement devices, units of radioactivity, and concepts like accuracy, precision, and quality control. It distinguishes between active devices that continuously monitor radon versus passive devices like electret ion chambers. Background levels, calibration, and factors that can impact equilibrium ratios are also explained.
Lasers in the Undergraduate Laboratory: Precision Measurement for the MassesChad Orzel
This document discusses how lasers can be used in undergraduate laboratories to teach precision measurement techniques. It provides a brief history of lasers and their applications in medicine, industry, and science. Specifically, it describes how three "cheap and easy" laser experiments - measuring the speed of light, measuring the index of refraction of air, and laser spectroscopy of rubidium - can introduce students to real precision measurement techniques like lunar laser ranging, LIGO, and atomic clocks. It argues that while undergraduate experiments can't achieve the same precision as professional labs, they can provide students with the basic concepts. Resources for setting up these experiments are also provided.
FT-NIR as a real-time QC tool for polymer manufacturingGalaxy Scientific
Near infrared spectroscopy has been used widely in the polymer industry. Compared to traditional methods such as wet chemistry and chromatographic methods, NIR spectroscopy provides considerable advantages in process and quality control applications through fundamental benefits such as low to no cost of consumables such as solvents, columns, reagents; real time analysis - generally less than 10 seconds measurement time; multiple components per analysis; elimination of sample preparation time; and elimination of many sources of systematic error.
This presentation will present three FT-NIR polymer applications: 1) at line polyether polyols’ hydroxyl value analysis; 2) real time isocyanate number monitoring during a polyurethane reaction; and 3) off-line quality control of percentage styrene in styrene copolymers.
Bio Trak Importance Of Good Non Viable Measurements Us Cc 102 BStewart K. Jason
The document describes a new particle counter called the BIOTRAK Real-Time Viable Particle Counter. It can detect and count both viable and non-viable particles in real-time, addressing limitations of traditional particle counters. The counter meets regulatory standards for particle counting and sizing to allow comparison to historical non-viable particle data. It samples air at a high flow rate comparable to other samplers to optimize detection of contaminants. The counter separates particles, detects viability using laser fluorescence, and provides total and viable particle counts to help characterize cleanroom environments.
The document discusses the principles and procedures for photon beam calibration. It begins by explaining the need for standardized calibration protocols issued by national and international organizations. The main calibration procedure involves positioning an ionization chamber in a water phantom according to protocol, taking measurements under reference conditions, and applying necessary correction factors. Beam quality is determined by measuring the tissue phantom ratio, which is independent of electron contamination and specifies the quality index Q for high-energy photon beams.
CASE: 58 year old male presented with a liver lesion seen on prior imaging. A dual energy scan was performed to further characterize the lesion. Volumetric Dual Energy scans were performed following the injection of 80mls of contrast. Scans were performed during Arterial Phase, early Portal Phase and Delayed at 3mins. Monochromatic images, iodine maps and virtual non contrast images were generated for review.
Shah Maqsood Ahmad is applying for the position of Aircraft Technician at the company. He has completed his Aircraft Maintenance Engineering course from DGCA India, including passing Paper 1, 2, and 3, which covers aircraft rules and regulations, general engineering, helicopter aerodynamics, and jet engines. He is looking to further his meaningful career at a reputable organization and has over 5 years of experience as an Aircraft Technician, having previously worked at Indamer Aviation and Kestrel Aviation maintaining various aircraft including helicopters and fixed wing planes.
Hilary Nixon, Chair of Department of Urban & Regional Planning at San Jose State University
Sustainable Urban Systems Symposium
Stanford University, June 2016
El documento describe los conceptos fundamentales de ciencia, tecnología y desarrollo. Define la ciencia como la adquisición sistemática de conocimiento sobre el mundo a través de métodos empíricos y analíticos. Explica que la tecnología surge de la ciencia y la ingeniería para resolver problemas. Finalmente, señala que el desarrollo sustentable busca satisfacer las necesidades de la generación actual sin comprometer las de las generaciones futuras.
This document discusses guidelines for sustainable urbanization. It recommends that cities adopt a high-density centralized layout to minimize environmental footprint and encourage public transportation. Environmental technologies should utilize natural systems to purify water and generate energy on-site. Successful sustainable cities require collaboration among stakeholders and policymakers to address challenges through coordinated regional planning.
John Rahain, Director Planning, San Francisco
Sustainable Urban Systems Symposium
Stanford University, June 2016
San Francisco Planning, in partnership with the Transbay Joint Powers Authority and the Office of Community Investment and Infrastructure
Ethan Heil, Graduate Student in Civil & Environmental Engineering at Stanford University
Sustainable Urban Systems Symposium
Stanford University, June 2016
Rommy Joyce, Graduate Student in Civil & Environmental Engineering at Stanford University
Sustainable Urban Systems Symposium
Stanford University, June 2016
Final Presentation of Sichuan University's Global Urban Development Program class, which conducted a parallel exercise to Stanford University's Sustainable Urban Systems Project class. Presentation was given at Stanford University on May 31, 2016. Slides provided courtesy of Sichuan University.
This document describes a student project to monitor water quality in fish farms using a spectrophotometer and IoT sensors. The project aims to measure water parameters like color, oxygen, pH and transmit data in real-time to detect issues. Students conducted experiments adding dyes to water samples and using the spectrophotometer to analyze absorption spectra and correlate intensities at specific wavelengths to color concentration. Multiple linear regression and machine learning models were used to predict color levels. The project plans to develop an autonomous smart buoy with embedded sensors to continuously monitor open water quality.
This document describes a study investigating the use of steering-wheel photonic crystal fiber (SW-PCF) combined with a nanospectrometer for fluorescence spectroscopy applications. A 70mW laser at 637nm was used to excite nile blue perchlorate dye loaded into a 14cm SW-PCF. Fluorescence spectra were measured using both a conventional optical spectrum analyzer and a nanospectrometer. The SW-PCF enhanced the interaction between light and dye, but spectra obtained did not match expected dye absorption and emission peaks. Further optimization is needed to realize the potential of this SW-PCF nanospectrometer system for compact chemical sensing.
This document discusses near-infrared spectroscopy and its applications in food analysis. It begins with an introduction to near-infrared spectroscopy, including the physics behind molecular vibrations and overtones that produce absorption bands in the near-infrared region. It then covers instrumentation used in near-infrared spectroscopy, different methods for sample presentation including diffuse transmittance and reflectance, and considerations for calibration development and qualitative analysis. The document concludes by reviewing various food applications and limitations of near-infrared spectroscopy in food analysis.
This dissertation presents the development of a novel multi-slit collimated imaging system to image prompt gamma rays (PGs) emitted during proton beam cancer therapy, in order to verify proton beam range. The system uses a multi-slit collimator paired with a position-sensitive LSO scintillation detector to provide two-dimensional PG imaging. Initial measurements using a 50 MeV proton beam demonstrated the ability to reconstruct 2D PG distributions at clinical beam currents and localize the Bragg peak position to within 1-2 mm, suggesting the potential for the system to detect small shifts in proton range while delivering a fraction of a typical treatment dose. Further investigation and system optimization is warranted to validate system performance at clinical beam energies and implement
This document discusses brachytherapy dosimetry using the TG-43 formulation. It begins by introducing brachytherapy and the sources commonly used, such as iridium-192 and iodine-125. It then covers how sources are specified and calibrated, including using exposure rate constants, air kerma rate constants, and apparent activity. Methods for source calibration include air ionization chambers, well chambers, and solid phantoms. Dose distribution around sources is also discussed, including using the Sievert integral for line sources. The TG-43 formalism provides a standardized method for calculating dose around brachytherapy sources.
The document defines key terms related to measuring radon levels, including types of measurement devices, units of radioactivity, and concepts like accuracy, precision, and quality control. It distinguishes between active devices that continuously monitor radon versus passive devices like electret ion chambers. Background levels, calibration, and factors that can impact equilibrium ratios are also explained.
Lasers in the Undergraduate Laboratory: Precision Measurement for the MassesChad Orzel
This document discusses how lasers can be used in undergraduate laboratories to teach precision measurement techniques. It provides a brief history of lasers and their applications in medicine, industry, and science. Specifically, it describes how three "cheap and easy" laser experiments - measuring the speed of light, measuring the index of refraction of air, and laser spectroscopy of rubidium - can introduce students to real precision measurement techniques like lunar laser ranging, LIGO, and atomic clocks. It argues that while undergraduate experiments can't achieve the same precision as professional labs, they can provide students with the basic concepts. Resources for setting up these experiments are also provided.
FT-NIR as a real-time QC tool for polymer manufacturingGalaxy Scientific
Near infrared spectroscopy has been used widely in the polymer industry. Compared to traditional methods such as wet chemistry and chromatographic methods, NIR spectroscopy provides considerable advantages in process and quality control applications through fundamental benefits such as low to no cost of consumables such as solvents, columns, reagents; real time analysis - generally less than 10 seconds measurement time; multiple components per analysis; elimination of sample preparation time; and elimination of many sources of systematic error.
This presentation will present three FT-NIR polymer applications: 1) at line polyether polyols’ hydroxyl value analysis; 2) real time isocyanate number monitoring during a polyurethane reaction; and 3) off-line quality control of percentage styrene in styrene copolymers.
Bio Trak Importance Of Good Non Viable Measurements Us Cc 102 BStewart K. Jason
The document describes a new particle counter called the BIOTRAK Real-Time Viable Particle Counter. It can detect and count both viable and non-viable particles in real-time, addressing limitations of traditional particle counters. The counter meets regulatory standards for particle counting and sizing to allow comparison to historical non-viable particle data. It samples air at a high flow rate comparable to other samplers to optimize detection of contaminants. The counter separates particles, detects viability using laser fluorescence, and provides total and viable particle counts to help characterize cleanroom environments.
The document discusses the principles and procedures for photon beam calibration. It begins by explaining the need for standardized calibration protocols issued by national and international organizations. The main calibration procedure involves positioning an ionization chamber in a water phantom according to protocol, taking measurements under reference conditions, and applying necessary correction factors. Beam quality is determined by measuring the tissue phantom ratio, which is independent of electron contamination and specifies the quality index Q for high-energy photon beams.
CASE: 58 year old male presented with a liver lesion seen on prior imaging. A dual energy scan was performed to further characterize the lesion. Volumetric Dual Energy scans were performed following the injection of 80mls of contrast. Scans were performed during Arterial Phase, early Portal Phase and Delayed at 3mins. Monochromatic images, iodine maps and virtual non contrast images were generated for review.
Shah Maqsood Ahmad is applying for the position of Aircraft Technician at the company. He has completed his Aircraft Maintenance Engineering course from DGCA India, including passing Paper 1, 2, and 3, which covers aircraft rules and regulations, general engineering, helicopter aerodynamics, and jet engines. He is looking to further his meaningful career at a reputable organization and has over 5 years of experience as an Aircraft Technician, having previously worked at Indamer Aviation and Kestrel Aviation maintaining various aircraft including helicopters and fixed wing planes.
Hilary Nixon, Chair of Department of Urban & Regional Planning at San Jose State University
Sustainable Urban Systems Symposium
Stanford University, June 2016
El documento describe los conceptos fundamentales de ciencia, tecnología y desarrollo. Define la ciencia como la adquisición sistemática de conocimiento sobre el mundo a través de métodos empíricos y analíticos. Explica que la tecnología surge de la ciencia y la ingeniería para resolver problemas. Finalmente, señala que el desarrollo sustentable busca satisfacer las necesidades de la generación actual sin comprometer las de las generaciones futuras.
This document discusses guidelines for sustainable urbanization. It recommends that cities adopt a high-density centralized layout to minimize environmental footprint and encourage public transportation. Environmental technologies should utilize natural systems to purify water and generate energy on-site. Successful sustainable cities require collaboration among stakeholders and policymakers to address challenges through coordinated regional planning.
John Rahain, Director Planning, San Francisco
Sustainable Urban Systems Symposium
Stanford University, June 2016
San Francisco Planning, in partnership with the Transbay Joint Powers Authority and the Office of Community Investment and Infrastructure
Ethan Heil, Graduate Student in Civil & Environmental Engineering at Stanford University
Sustainable Urban Systems Symposium
Stanford University, June 2016
Rommy Joyce, Graduate Student in Civil & Environmental Engineering at Stanford University
Sustainable Urban Systems Symposium
Stanford University, June 2016
Final Presentation of Sichuan University's Global Urban Development Program class, which conducted a parallel exercise to Stanford University's Sustainable Urban Systems Project class. Presentation was given at Stanford University on May 31, 2016. Slides provided courtesy of Sichuan University.
The Central Coast Sustainability Summit is an annual conference that brings together stakeholders from local governments, non-profits, businesses and more to share best practices around addressing environmental issues in the region. The document provides details on the agenda and speakers for the 2016 summit, including sessions on municipal energy efficiency projects, sustainable transportation, carbon farming, and new financing options for climate initiatives.
Dual energy CT in radiotherapy: Current applications and future outlookWookjin Choi
This document summarizes a review article on the current and future applications of dual energy CT (DECT) in radiation therapy. It describes how DECT can be used to estimate electron density, decompose tissue into effective atomic numbers, and quantify contrast material for improved dose calculations, tissue characterization, and treatment planning. Several clinical applications are discussed, including more accurate dose calculations for brachytherapy and proton therapy, metal artifact reduction, and normal tissue assessment. The document concludes that DECT has the potential to improve accuracy at various stages of the radiotherapy workflow and will likely be used more in the future to provide additional diagnostic information over single energy CT.
The facility is a multi-instrument laboratory costing £4.5 million housing instruments for structure determination, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and calorimetry. It is free for university staff, students, and postdocs to use and aims to provide a centralized location for analytical chemistry run by academic experts. Key instruments include NMR spectrometers, X-ray diffractometers, mass spectrometers, thermal analyzers, and spectroscopy equipment for applications like protein structure analysis, materials characterization, and metabolic profiling. Limited technical support is currently provided for the NMR and mass spec instruments.
Compact Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor for Sterilization Cycle MonitoringClinton Smith
Physical Sciences Inc. developed a compact hydrogen peroxide sensor using photoacoustic spectroscopy to monitor sterilization cycles. Strict limits on residual vapor phase hydrogen peroxide require detection down to 10 parts per billion, challenging with current technology. Through spectroscopic modeling and acoustic resonator optimization, the sensor achieves a detection limit of approximately 32 parts per billion of hydrogen peroxide in 10,000 parts per million of water vapor interference. Experimental results validate the sensor performance compared to an industry standard. The low-cost, field-deployable sensor will aid pharmaceutical manufacturing in ensuring sterile conditions.
This document discusses using smart materials with infrared spectrometry to determine hydrocarbons. It outlines using polymer-coated sensors and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to detect analytes like chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides, and BTEX compounds. Examples are given of using Teflon AF films to simultaneously detect various chlorinated compounds and plasticized PVC films for pesticide analysis. Gas-phase studies using sparging demonstrated multi-component analysis of solvent residues in pharmaceuticals. The potential applications of these materials-based sensors include environmental monitoring, industrial process control, and occupational health screening.
This document discusses a study that fabricated paraffin wax phantoms to measure absorbed radiation doses and compare them to other phantom materials like water, solid water, and PMMA. Two paraffin wax phantoms were made, one with bubbles and one without, and both were scanned using a CT scanner. Absorbed doses were measured in the phantoms using ionization chambers and a linear accelerator. Scaling factors were calculated to determine the absorbed dose in different phantoms relative to a water phantom. The results found paraffin wax phantoms had the lowest deviation from water, around 1%, while PMMA had the highest at over 5%. Paraffin wax phantoms were determined to be a suitable
This document describes using vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy to determine the chiral purity of an investigational drug intermediate (INT1a) that contains three chiral centers but lacks an ultraviolet chromophore. VCD was able to detect low levels of the undesired enantiomer of INT1a down to 0.1% when mixed with the desired enantiomer. A partial least squares model using VCD spectra achieved a cross-validation error of 0.46% for predicting the enantiomeric excess over a range of 97-99.9% purity. The study demonstrates that VCD can quantify chiral purity without the need for chromatographic separation.
This document describes using vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy to determine the chiral purity of an investigational drug intermediate (INT1a) that contains three chiral centers but lacks an ultraviolet chromophore. VCD was able to detect low levels of the undesired enantiomer of INT1a down to 0.1% when mixed with the desired enantiomer. A partial least squares model using VCD spectra achieved a cross-validation error of 0.46% for detecting the enantiomeric purity over a range of 97-99.9% pure desired enantiomer. The document also details developing a calibration model using VCD spectra of a-pinene mixtures to demonstrate the ability of V
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy In Off Line Biomass Monitoring Of Candida Utilis C...bengreenman
The document summarizes a research project using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for offline biomass monitoring of Candida utilis cultures. The objectives were to culture C. utilis and establish correlations between biomass concentration measured by dry cell weight, haemocytometer, and dielectric spectroscopy with NIR spectra. A series of experiments tested different calibration models using NIRS and found air backgrounds generally produced better results than supernatant backgrounds. Calibration models showed potential for monitoring biomass concentration but further refinement is needed to develop successful online monitoring models.
This document discusses laser medicine and medical imaging projects at RLE including:
1) Developing an ultrahigh resolution OCT system using a microstructured fiber for continuum generation, achieving 2.5 μm resolution for in vivo imaging.
2) Demonstrating spectroscopic OCT of water absorption using a 200 nm bandwidth light source centered at 1400 nm.
3) Designing OCT imaging devices like a colposcope that integrates OCT with standard clinical imaging to enable early disease detection.
The document discusses several applications of biosensors and nanomaterials in biosensors. It describes how researchers at the Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology developed a simple method to organize cells and their microenvironments in hydrogel fibers, providing a template for assembling complex tissues. It also discusses how researchers at NYU-Poly used a nano-enhanced biosensor to detect a single cancer marker protein smaller than any known virus or molecule, setting a new limit of detection.
The document is a tentative research proposal for a PhD program studying the use of MARS spectral X-ray scanning to determine human body fat content. The research aims to use MARS scanning, which collects spectral X-ray information, to quantify fat and other tissues in 3D images with improved diagnostic information over traditional X-rays. The goals are to develop methods to capture high-resolution spectral CT images of body parts and validate the accuracy of fat measurement against standard methods. The objectives are to study the image capture process using MARS scanning and analyze the quantitative images generated with software.
Quality Assurance Programme in Computed TomographyRamzee Small
Introduction to Computed Tomography
Basic description of the components of a CT System
Introduction to Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance and Quality Control Tests in Computed Tomography base on frequency
Objective of QA/QC Test
The document describes a simplified "pipette, aggregate and blot" (PAB) method for label-free DNA quantification using magnetic beads. The method involves mixing DNA samples with magnetic beads in a pipette tip, exposing them to a magnetic field to induce bead aggregation, blotting the mixture onto filter paper, and analyzing digital images of the aggregates to quantify DNA concentration. Compared to conventional techniques, the PAB method requires only simple, inexpensive materials and has potential for integration into point-of-care diagnostic devices to quantify DNA samples prior to downstream analysis.
(May 3, 2023) Webinar: Exploring a Novel NIR-2 Photoacoustic Agent to Improve...Scintica Instrumentation
The document introduces a novel biodegradable and biocompatible semiconductor nanocrystal called bornite that could improve photoacoustic imaging contrast for deep tissue applications. Experiments show bornite generates a 5x stronger photoacoustic signal than gold nanorods and indocyanine green. It also allows 2-3x deeper imaging of up to 5cm in tissue phantoms and provides around 2x better contrast in vivo. Bornite could be a safer and more effective photoacoustic contrast agent compared to existing alternatives.
The RA802 Pharmaceutical Analyser combines Renishaw's proprietary LiveTrackTM and StreamLineTM technologies to generate chemical images up to 150 times faster than conventional methods, whilst maintaining focus ? ensuring high quality pharmaceutical tablet imaging.
The students are developing a new PET scanner that fits inside an MRI machine. This new design will decrease scan times and require less radioactive drug by patients. It works by detecting back-to-back gamma rays emitted during positron annihilation using organic plastic scintillators and silicon photomultipliers, which are cheaper and faster than existing technology. The new scanner promises higher resolution images while being more affordable and accessible for combined PET/MRI exams.
1) This project aims to develop photoacoustic imaging to aid in prostate biopsy procedures by generating and detecting a photoacoustic signal from a biopsy needle tip to improve needle visualization and reduce sampling errors.
2) An initial experiment demonstrated the feasibility of generating and detecting a controlled photoacoustic signal from an absorber coupled to an ultrasound transducer using a laser source.
3) Future work will incorporate an optical fiber through a biopsy needle to produce a photoacoustic signal at the needle tip, allowing real-time ultrasound visualization of the needle during a biopsy to improve guidance and reduce errors.
An introduction to the use of ICP-MS in the clinical setting, that goes on to describe some potential new application areas for advanced instrumentation such as HPLC-ICP-MS, laser ablation-ICP-MS and immuno-tagging-ICP-MS for the measurement of biomolecules.
Building a Raspberry Pi Robot with Dot NET 8, Blazor and SignalRPeter Gallagher
In this session delivered at NDC Oslo 2024, I talk about how you can control a 3D printed Robot Arm with a Raspberry Pi, .NET 8, Blazor and SignalR.
I also show how you can use a Unity app on an Meta Quest 3 to control the arm VR too.
You can find the GitHub repo and workshop instructions here;
https://bit.ly/dotnetrobotgithub
1. Inline Analytical System
and Radiographic Method
for Determining the Mass of
Single and Multi-Dose Powders
Kevin Drumm
Sapphire Technologies USA, Inc.
Interphex Powder Inspection Abstract
24. Analysis of Powder Fill
Previously Evaluated over 2-10 mg fill range
Over 20,000 passes for 5 mg Capsule Test
Measurement Standard Deviation of 0.096 mg
27. Analysis of Powder Fill
Net Fill (mg)
DetectorSignal
15 20105
100
80
60
40
R2 = 0.998
RSD = 0.77%
Approx. 0.1 mg
28. Summary
1. Radiographic Mass Analysis of Powders
2. Capsules, Blister Strips and Disks
3. Fill weight ranged from 4-20 mg
4. Typical Standard Deviation of 0.1 mg
5. Continuous, Real-time, Inline Measurement
29. Kevin Drumm
Sapphire Technologies USA, Inc.
1544 Sawdust Rd. #304
The Woodlands, TX 77380
+1 713 955 5995
sales@sapphirexray.com
Sapphire Technologies USA Inc. (#3717)
Cheyney Design & Development Co. Ltd.
Thank You for your Attention!
Interphex Powder Inspection Abstract
Editor's Notes
Slide 1
Sapphire Technologies is a manufacturer of specialized Xray systems. Our team has worked with high resolution systems since the 1980’s. This presentation was first given at Interphex in New York on 27 April 2016. You may view the full Interphex Powder Inspection Abstract by clicking the link on the last slide.
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Slide 2
The Premise of this presentation is to review the radiographic techniques used to verify the mass of a material. We will first offer a little background on the subject matter to be discussed and then provide a few examples of applicable work. This image seen here in the background is quite appropriate to this presentation as it is a 3 dimensional profile plot of the transmitted Xray photons through a powder filled blister.
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Slide 3
The use of continuous inline Xray systems to monitor a material’s physical properties was first described by Sapphire personnel in a patent publication almost 20 years ago. This was a culmination of work performed in the 1990’s which resulted from experience in gauging applications. Radiographic Gauging is used to determine the thickness of a homogeneous object. As the accuracy of the Xray components improved, and we refined our capabilities in signal analysis, the next logical step was to apply the techniques to mass inspection.
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Slide 4
In a review of the science, one will understand that placing a material in the path of a beam of radiation, for example, an X-ray beam, will produce a signal at a sensor representative of the value of the physical property, which is dependent upon the amount of radiation absorbed by the product and, hence, the residual amount of radiation received by the sensor(s). In more simplistic terms, the Xray photons transmitted through a material are a function of the object’s physical properties, namely density (rho) and atomic constituents, where the atomic number of an element is related to (mu) the mass attenuation coefficient.
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Slide 5
Several applications of this technology have been employed in diverse industries over the past 20 years including:
(1) Monitoring of the specific gravity of a meat product slurry or emulsion to determine changes in the proportion of fat within the product.
(2) Weight control of cigarettes has been determined traditionally by monitoring the beta ray absorption of the cigarette at the point where it has been formed into a “rod”.
(3) In the pharmaceutical industry, monitoring techniques are used for the accurate determination of the weight of dispensed powder drugs or tablets in containers.
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Slide 6
One may wonder as to how this works in practice. When a material is placed under an Xray beam, the differential intensity of the incident and transmitted Xray photons is a function of the materials thickness, mass attenuation coefficient, and density.
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Slide 7
Is it that simple? We have just suggested it is theoretically possible.
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Slide 8
In a perfect environment, the relationship between attenuation and mass is straightforward. However, in practice, many issues exist which must be corrected for, including:
1. Acceleration voltage applied to the X-ray beam generator
2. Applied Beam current
3. Temperature changes of the system over time
4. Scan interval
5. Silicon Diode Response, noting that silicon response will decay over time.
6. Apparent Dimensions, as any change in orientation can effect the image and changes in shadowing can introduce a penumbra effect
Variations in these and other operating parameters during the monitoring process can result in inaccurate measurements, which is undesirable if the physical property of the product is to be accurately determined. Generally, it is difficult to stabilize some of these parameters to the degree which is sufficient to provide the required accuracy of physical property monitoring. Thus, a reference standard was envisioned to address the error introduced by these variations.———————————————————————————————————————————
Slide 9
The methods developed use a specialized calibration apparatus for continuous inline monitoring. A secondary reference can also be located in the path of the radiation, which has radiation absorption characteristics corresponding to predetermined low and high radiation absorption characteristics of the material to provide interpolated measurement signals. Utilizing such references will reduce error and improve accuracy by accounting for variation in a the measurement system.———————————————————————————————————————————
Slide 10
In practice, one reference used by Sapphire is a step wedge which is calibrated to the Xray system. Here is an example of the step wedge used in radiographic weighing of products where Xray energy is 30-50 kVp. The actual attenuation of each step is fit using a regression analysis in order to develop correction factors.———————————————————————————————————————————
Slide 11
This setup will work well when inspecting plastic containers of tablets. In this example, we show for a container with around 100 tablets, with a properly calibrated system, the standard deviation of the measurement has been around 0.4 tablets, with a R-square of 0.998.
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Slide 12
The prior example shows that Radiographic Mass Analysis is accurate for large products like a bottle of tablets. Next we will investigate if these principles can be scaled to allow measurement of mass in Pharmaceuticals.
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Slide 13
In review of the prior example, we can evaluate the transmission of X-rays through the material to the detector under ideal conditions. Consider what happens when the height of the organic matter to be analyzed is compared to the kV required for appropriate attenuation. In the prior example, the diameter of the plastic bottle was about 2”. For simplicity of this example we will assume a void fraction of 0.5. As such, we can consider the material attenuation over the 20-50 keV range. By experience, we would normally try to operate this example at 35 kVp while maximizing photon flux.
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Slide 14
The attenuation of organic matter over the energy level employed results in transmission of 10-50% of the Xray photons dependent on photon energy level.
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Slide 15
In order to estimate Xray energy required for use in measurement of capsules, we will overlay the transmission spectrum applied to the bottle of tablets to the capsules, noting the effective thickness of a capsule is approximately 1/10th of the thickness of the bottle of pills.
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Slide 16
Finally, investigating the Xray photon energy required over this transmission spectrum, one finds operating at 15 kVp or lower will be necessary to accurately measure mass of a capsule.
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Slide 17
What this tells us is very low energy is required for accurate radiographic mass analysis of a capsule.
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Slide 18
Now, we will look at what considerations we must make designing such Xray system for analysis of powders.
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Slide 19
Selection of a Xray Generator is typically centered first around the Xray tube. The most important specifications, especially at low energy, include:
Target Material: Tungsten is the most common, but not a universal best choice.
Focal Spot Size: Where the effective focal spot is optimized based on the inspection
Filtering: At low energy analysis of organic compounds, filtering of the X-rays must be minimized.
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Slide 20
Pixel Density relative to analysis required. This can range from very large single pixel detectors to detectors with pixel density of 0ver 1,000,000 pixels per sq. inch. Scintillator material selection. “GadOx” Gd2O2S or Gadolinium oxysulfide, would be a common choice in typical Xray analysis. At very low energies, alternate scintillation options may be investigated.
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Slide 21
Optimal positioning of the product within the inspection field between the Xray generator and detector requires a good understanding of how the product will be characterized. In many cases, the orientation of the product in the package, combined with packaging shape and normal effect of gravity, will dictate system orientation.
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Slide 22
Some of our early work in powder analysis was conducted for checking capsule fill. While capsule weighing systems and fill equipment technology have progressed, limitations still exist. Where a partially filled capsule can slip through and result in a low dose product, in line radiographic systems can be employed as an accurate tool.
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Slide 23
In a series of studies comparing a nominal 5 mg fill weight to a low and high reference, a high level of accuracy and measurement repeatability is seen in the analysis. This test evaluated 2-10 mg fill range. The test involved over 20,000 passes for 5 mg fill. The results were below 2 % relative standard deviation.
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Slide 24
Results for Analysis of Capsule Fill
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Slide 25
3D Greyscale Image of Powdered filled blister.
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Slide 26
Dry Powder Inhalers are being increasingly used as a delivery vehicle for pharmaceuticals. Whether single or multi dose, there is a need to confirm the fill level in the device. Over the past 20 years, our team has been involved in providing solutions to the industry utilizing Xray technology for automated inspection of devices.
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Slide 27
This example on analysis of powder fill shows a data set for a cell in a device over a range of powder fills. The machine measurement accuracy was below 1% for a 8-16 mg fill.
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Slide 28
To summarize, Sapphire has a long history in radiographic analysis of powders. Over the last 20 years, we have developed methods and systems for measurement of mass fill of powders in capsules, blister strips and disks. The methods developed were quite accurate for fills in the 4 mg to 20 mg range, exhibiting a standard deviation of 0.1mg. We have commercial systems which provide continuous, real-time, inline measurement of Powder fill levels. These systems are customized to the device and application.
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Slide 29
Thank you for your interest. For more information on our solutions for inspection of powder fill in devices, or other High resolution, low energy Xray inspection systems, please contact Sapphire Technologies at:
+1 (281) 755-7434
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