“With its twin Baroque towers soaring over the Praza do Obradoiro, this monument to St James is a majestic sight, as befits one of the great shrines of Christendom. The core of the present building dates from the 11-13C and stands on the site of the 9C basilica built by Alfonso II, Behind the Baroque façade and through the original Portico da Gloria is the same interior that met pilgrims in medieval times.” Eyewitness”
“The grand heart of Santiago, the cathedral soars above the city in a splendid jumble of spires and sculpture. Built piecemeal over several centuries, its beauty is a mix of the original Romanesque structure (constructed between 1075 and 1211) and later Gothic and baroque flourishes. The tomb of Santiago beneath the main altar is a magnet for all who come here. The cathedral's artistic high point is the Pórtico de la Gloria inside the west entrance, featuring 200 masterly Romanesque sculptures.” Lonely Planet
TEMA 6: EL ARTE ROMÁNICO.
CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES. ARQUITECTURA EN EL CAMINO DE SANTIAGO (San Martín de Frómista y Santiago de Compostela). ESCULTURA MONUMENTAL: PORTADAS Y CLAUSTROS (San Isidoro de León. El Pórtico de la Gloria. Santo Domingo de Silos). PINTURA MURAL (Tahüll. Panteón Real de San Isidoro de León. Santa Cruz de Maderuelo).
St Denis, Paris - The Beginning of the Gothic Architecture.Jerry Daperro
The basilica stands on the site of a Gallo-Roman cemetery with the tomb of St Denis, Paris France, thought to have been the first Bishop of Paris, who was martyred c 250 AD. This place of pilgrimage was built in the 5C. Dagobert was a benefactor to it the 7C, and Pepin the Short was crowned king here in 754. It became one of the most powerful Benedictine abbeys in the Middle Ages. Most of the kings and queens of France were buried here from the 6C onwards. The abbey church of St. Denis therefore played a complex and important role for the French monarchy.
The Cathedral of Saint Denis is the birthplace of Gothic architecture. In 1122 Louis VI made this the official burial place for French monarchs, at the request of Abbe Suger. St Louis reserved it for monarchs alone, a rule which was broken several times, and had the remains of his predecessors, transferred to tombs in the crossing of the transept. Suger decided to improve St Denis and rebuilt the basilica. ~The western façade was dedicated in 1140and the chevet in 1144, but the building remained incomplete after the abbe’s death in 1151. Suger’s church represents a landmark to the development of Gothic architecture. Intersecting ribs were used here on a large scale for the first time. In this way, the architect could do without walls between the pillars Vaulting could be extended throughout the ambulatories and the radiating chapels and huge windows could be incorporated in the chevet. This is how ~Suger realized his concept – for him light had a thoroughly metaphysical significance. Another innovative feathure is the rose window on the west façade.
TEMA 6: EL ARTE ROMÁNICO.
CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES. ARQUITECTURA EN EL CAMINO DE SANTIAGO (San Martín de Frómista y Santiago de Compostela). ESCULTURA MONUMENTAL: PORTADAS Y CLAUSTROS (San Isidoro de León. El Pórtico de la Gloria. Santo Domingo de Silos). PINTURA MURAL (Tahüll. Panteón Real de San Isidoro de León. Santa Cruz de Maderuelo).
St Denis, Paris - The Beginning of the Gothic Architecture.Jerry Daperro
The basilica stands on the site of a Gallo-Roman cemetery with the tomb of St Denis, Paris France, thought to have been the first Bishop of Paris, who was martyred c 250 AD. This place of pilgrimage was built in the 5C. Dagobert was a benefactor to it the 7C, and Pepin the Short was crowned king here in 754. It became one of the most powerful Benedictine abbeys in the Middle Ages. Most of the kings and queens of France were buried here from the 6C onwards. The abbey church of St. Denis therefore played a complex and important role for the French monarchy.
The Cathedral of Saint Denis is the birthplace of Gothic architecture. In 1122 Louis VI made this the official burial place for French monarchs, at the request of Abbe Suger. St Louis reserved it for monarchs alone, a rule which was broken several times, and had the remains of his predecessors, transferred to tombs in the crossing of the transept. Suger decided to improve St Denis and rebuilt the basilica. ~The western façade was dedicated in 1140and the chevet in 1144, but the building remained incomplete after the abbe’s death in 1151. Suger’s church represents a landmark to the development of Gothic architecture. Intersecting ribs were used here on a large scale for the first time. In this way, the architect could do without walls between the pillars Vaulting could be extended throughout the ambulatories and the radiating chapels and huge windows could be incorporated in the chevet. This is how ~Suger realized his concept – for him light had a thoroughly metaphysical significance. Another innovative feathure is the rose window on the west façade.
St Denis Cathedral, Paris is one of the most important building in the history of architecture. It was here that the Gothic style of architecture was first invented. Historically, it is also the historic burial place of the French monarchy.
Claude Monet (1840-1926) was the leading member of the Impressionist group and the one who longest practised the principles of absolute fidelity to the visual sensation and painting directly from the object, in necessary out of door. Cezanne is said to have described him as ’only one eye, but my God what an eye!’. Monet is also the one who took impressionism into new contradictory way to become, in the 1940s, a major influence on Abstract Expressionism.
Galicia is a green rain-swept region remarkable for its coastal cliffs and bays (rias). Traditionally, it was seen as a poor agricultural region whose economy did not lend itself to modernization. It was never conquered by the Moors. Bordering Portugal to the south and enclosed by the waters of the Atlantic, Galicia could offer its inhabitants little on the way of new land for cultivation. Overpopulation and unemployment forced many to emigrate. Galicia has always maintained strong links with the sea, with A Coruna, a port for commerce and industry. However fishing is vital to the economy and Galician seafood is the best in Spain.
Clara Peeters (1594-c1659) was active between 1607 and 1621. Unlike many of the women painters of her time, she specialized on Still-life. She was a pioneer female painter. Early female painters were mostly portrait painters. There is not much known about her life as well. Her paintings of tables of food and other objects ware early manifestations of naturalism. As far as we know, her paintings of fish are the first that were dedicated to this subject.
Lavinia Fontana (1552-1614) lived in Bologna, Italy. She was a contemporary of Sofonisba Anguissola, who was internationally known. Her father was a distinguished printed of the School of Bologna. Her earliest work was printed in 1575, ‘The Child of the Monkey’, At 23. She specialised in painted portraits and mainly on women of nobleman and of high society. She was particularly skilled in painting dresses. Her relationships with female clients were often warm and some became godparents of her children.
Fontana married artist Gian Zappi in 1577. She gave birth to 11 children. After the marriage Fontana continued to paint to support her family. Zappi cared for the household and served as assistant agent in selling his wife’s painting. He also depicted small elements of her pictures such as draperies and another details.
Lavinia was elected an honorary member of the University of Bologna and was honoured as a doctorate in 1580.
In 1603, she and her family moved Rome on the invitation of Pope Clement VIII and appointed as a portraitist in the Vatican. Her career flourished in Rome. She was elected to the San Luca Academy in Rome. She died in 1614 and left behind over 100 of her work.
Anguissola was the first Western female painter that had gained an international fame. At an young age, she was introduced to Michelangelo, who immediately recognized her talent. In the late 1550s, she established herself, as a professional painter, in her native Italy. She was recruited to the Spanish court about 27 year ago. Her marriage was arranged by the Spanish King Philip II, to a Sicilian nobleman. Two years later her husband died and she remarried again to a sea captain Orazio Lomellino. In later year, she became quite famous and many young artists came to visit her and to discuss the arts with her. Amongst them was the young Anthony van Dyck, who painted one of Anguissola last portrait. More importantly she was a pioneer who had shown other women to pursue serious careers as professional painters.
The world’s oceans and seas cover 71% of the surface of the Earth. It makes the Earth unique within the Solar System. It is also where life first began. Today the ocean is regarded as the last major frontier on Earth for exploration and development of resources to sustain mankind in the future. The sea also has an irresistible attraction on us, drawing us nearer to the shores. The sound of the waves lashing on the sandy beaches, the gentle breeze of a hot summer evening, the shimmers of silver lights, the fisherman coming home with their catch, the long voyages of container carriers that link the world economy are all part of our acquaintance with the sea. In its fury, it can unleash power that can destroy cities, sending ships and army to the bottom of the sea. No wonder, apart from our scientists, the seas is often a favourite subject for artists, poets and musicians. The song La Mer was an example, composed and sang by Charles Trenet’s in 1946 offers us a romantics version of our encounter with the sea.
“Caravaggio (1571-1610) is one of the most revolutionary figures in art. His intense naturalism almost brutal realism and dramatic lighting had a wide impact on European artists, including Orazio Gentileschi, Valentin de Boulogne and Gerrit van Honthorst. Each absorbed something different from Caravaggio, propagating his style across Europe. But by the mid-17C, Caravaggism was at odds with a prevailing preference for classicism and the reputation of these artists waned, not be revived until the mid-20C.” Beyond Caravaggio Introduction.
The British Isles are situated at the edge of the European continent. Historically the Roman invaded Britain in 43 AD and ruled for 350 years. This was followed by successive settlements by northern European. The last successful invasion was by the Norman from France in 1066. Today Britain is administratively divided into four main regions – Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales and England. Culturally, British influence has been very important in the world. Many former colonies have inherited the political culture and the social practices from Britain, in particularly the English speaking countries of the world. Economically, Britain was the first country to begin the process of Industrial Revolution. Britain is rich in energy resource but poor in material resources. As an island country, maritime trading has been and important development in its economy. Geological its landscape is varied with many types of habitats.
In 1794. during the French Revolution, the commissioners appointed in our country seized art works of every kind from churches, monasteries, abbeys guildhalls and the houses of so-called emigres, i.e. the French bourgeois residing in Belgium. Whilst many of these conquetes artistiques were taken away to the Louvre in Paris and in Versailles, some 1500 items, mainly paintings, considered to be less valuable, were left in Brussel. Even if there were no masterpieces among them, they were to form the basis of what is now the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium.
Van Dyck was among the greatest and the most successful portraitists who has ever lived. He dazzled 17C contemporaries not only in his native Netherlands but also in Italy and above all in England. His influence on subsequent portrait painting in Britain proved so great that it lasted to the beginning of 20C.
P Bruegel’s greatness is so widely acknowledged today that it is hard to imagine that in his life his supremacy was not recognised. He was immensely popular, but many contemporaries regarded his work as old-fasioned.
The greatest Flemish artist of 16th century. This realistic and landscape painter, gives us a gleam of life in the Low Country 400 years ago. His paintings are full of details & messages and so interesting to look at. Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c1525/30-69), nicknamed ‘Peasant Bruegel’, was the most important satirist in the Netherlands after Bosch and one of the greatest landscape painters. After he became Master in the Antwerp Guild in 1551, he went to France and Italy, travelling as far south as Sicily. He was impressed by the landscape of Italy but not so on the Italian paintings. From his painting, he gave us insights to the peasant life and their relationship with nature of 16C in the Low Countries. He was an educated man, well able to associate with his distinguished clients and sophisticated enough disguised his political opinions as a biblical story.
The greatest Flemish artist of 16th century. This realistic and landscape painter, gives us a gleam of life in the Low Country 400 years ago. His paintings are full of details & messages and so interesting to look at. Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c1525/30-69), nicknamed ‘Peasant Bruegel’, was the most important satirist in the Netherlands after Bosch and one of the greatest landscape painters. After he became Master in the Antwerp Guild in 1551, he went to France and Italy, travelling as far south as Sicily. He was impressed by the landscape of Italy but not so on the Italian paintings. From his painting, he gave us insights to the peasant life and their relationship with nature of 16C in the Low Countries. He was an educated man, well able to associate with his distinguished clients and sophisticated enough disguised his political opinions as a biblical story.
British Museum has a “permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. The British Museum was the first public national museum in the world.
The Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the Anglo-Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. It first opened to the public in 1759, in Montagu House, on the site of the current building. The museum's expansion over the following 250 years was largely a result of British colonisation” Wikipedia.
London is one of the financial centre of the world. It is also an important centre for performance, arts, museums, theatres and fashion. What is particularly noticeable is that London is made up of two city centres. The City of London for finance, the West End for entertainment and the political entre of Westminster.
Yellowstone is US first National Park. It is also the world’s oldest. The park was created in 1872. Today National Parks are established for purpose of conservation. These are designated areas of natural beauty, an island in a developing world.
Today, Yellowstone National Park is probably the best known in the world and easily accessible. Wildlife abounds from the smallest to the largest mammals found in North America. The wolf, here, is a recovery story that is a major restoration of the balance of nature. There large herd of bison roaming in park, following their migration routes. Black and brown bears are frequently seen here. The park lies in the heart of the the Rocky Mountain Range. Here, powerful volcanic forces erupted 2 million, 1.3 million and as recently as 640,000 years ago, to create three of the world’s largest volcanic depressions, or calderas.
Native Americans have lived in the region for at least 11,000 years. Today with large number of visitors, the management and control of the park is vital to ensure its long term future.
The Rijksmuseum is a major European treasury of art. It houses the world’s greatest collection of Dutch paintings of 17C, the Golden Age. It is also a museum for Dutch history, art objects, drawings, sculptures and furniture. The building was opened in 1885. Its building was one of the first to be constructed specially as a museum. In 2004 the museum largely closed for 10 years to undertake a major renovation. The major features of the renovation were the of construction two large atriums covered by glass roofs to provide more amenity spaces for the visitors. The garden was also modified, statues were added, for the visitors to relax and enjoy the summer sun.
Human civilization has existed for a very short time on Earth. If we take the existence of Earth as equivalent to one year in time. Then human civilisation only appears on the last second of the last hour of the last day in the Earth’s year. Human has been fighting each other since the beginning of history. In the last century, we had two World Wars, when millions were killed. But I am the luck generation that miraculously never experienced wars, although the drums of wars are never too far away. We have arsenals of weapons that could destroy the world many times over. In my life time, I have also seen many of our children, marrying people of different races too. Our greatest enemy is ourselves. If we can survive this, there is the whole universe to explore. Finally, just remind ourselves that the longest Ice Age on Earth lasted for well over 1 billion years long and our civilisation is only 10,000 years old. 16 Jan 2022.
Paolo Veronese (c1528-88) was born in Verona and trained under several minor artists. The Chief influence on him was Titian. He worked in Venice probably from 1553, when he began his ceiling for the Doge’s Palace, with daring Sotto in Su (from below to above) perspective and Mannerist nudes in complicated poses filling up the picture space. He went to Rome for the first time in 1560, probably after he painted the frescoes in Villa Maser. He specialised mainly in huge pictures of Biblical, allegorical or historical subjects. With vast crowd and of accessory figures. Golden hair women, children, horses, dogs, apes, courtiers, musicians and soldier in armours.
For Sweden 13th December is an important day. It is the beginning of Christmas. It is the festival of Santa Lucia or the Festival of Light. On that day the eldest daughter of the family traditionally dresses in a white robe and wears a crown of candles, bringing lights to the dark winter. It is also a festive reason with specially dishes, foods and drinks for the occasion. Santa Lucia Festival is celebrated in Italy, Norway and Swedish Finland.
It is very scenic and the chosen location for The Roman Holiday, La Dolce Vita and There coins in the Fountain. It has many famous sites, rich in architecture and paintings – Pantheon, RoRome is known as the Eternal City because of its long history. man Forum, Colosseum, castel sant’ Angelo, Vatican, Basilica of St Peter, Trevi Fountain, If Gensu, the Spanish steps, Piazza Navona. Rome is shaped by two important artists Michelangelo and Bernini. This slideshow sketch the development of architecture from the Ancient, to the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque to the modern age.
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The Legacy of Breton In A New Age by Master Terrance LindallBBaez1
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Kurgan is a russian expatriate that is secretly in love with Sonia Contado. Henry is a british soldier that took refuge in Merindol Colony in 2137ad. He is the lover of Sonia Contado.
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2. St James the Apostle
Right : A statue of St
James on the top of
the main Obradoiro
facade.
Legend has it that the remains of St James was
bought to Iberia in 44 AD from the Holy Land. In the
9C came the news of the discovery of St James’
remains in a mausoleum near the site of the
Santiago Cathedral today.
Left : A 12C portrait
of St James in the
archive of the
cathedral.
3. St James the Knight
According to the legend St James miraculously appeared to fight for the Christian army in the legendary battle of
Clavijo, in 843. It was fought between Christians led by Ramiro I of Asturias and the Muslims, led by the Emir of
Cordoba. There is no such battle recorded in history. St James is the patron saint of Spain.
4. In the beginning of the 9C, came the
news of the discovery of St James burial
near the present day church.
The Apostolic Crypt
Today the relics of James the Apostle
and his disciples is stored below the high
altar, in a silver urn.
Right : The altar of the Apostolic
Crypt below the high altar.
5. Medieval Cathedral
In 1075, preparatory work began to build a Romanesque style cathedral on the present site. In 1105 the chapels
of the apse were consecrated where building work started off. The church included several square towers. In 12C,
it was one of the largest cathedral in Medieval Europe.
In this diagram, the façade of today’s cathedral; is on the right of the picture.
6. Christian pilgrimage to the
Holy Land was recognised as
an expression of Christian piety
was recognised in the 4C.
In the Middle Ages people were
encouraged to make
pilgrimages to special holy
places. It was believed that
your sins might be forgiven and
have a better chance of going
to heaven if you prayed in one
of these holy places. Other
went to these places in the
hope of to be cured from an
illness.
Medieval Pilgrimage
7. Santiago Cathedral is one of these holy place. Other examples were Canterbury Cathedral, Notre Dame of Paris,
Chartres Cathedral etc.
Pilgrimage Churches
Santiago de Compostela Chartres
Canterbury
Notre Dame, Paris
8. Pilgrim’s Route
Routes were devised which allowed pilgrims from different parts of Europe to visit Santiago de Compostela. Along
the route, religious services were organised for the pilgrims to take part in worships, guest houses for shelters,
hospitals, to provide care for the sick and to assist pilgrim travellers.
As these routes became established, traders and craftsmen settled along the route for businesses. They in turn
form networks of economic and cultural exchange.
9. Pilgrims arriving in the square
These modern day pilgrims celebrated their arrival in the Santiago de Compostela by singing and playing medieval music.
One of them pinned a shell onto his hat to signify that he was an a pilgrimage.
10. The Order of St James
Diego Velazquez, the painter,
wearing the Cross of St
James.
The Cross of
St James.
The Order of St James is often called the Order of
Santiago. It was founded in the 12C to protect
pilgrims on the pilgrim routes, from the Muslim
Moors. Later the order contributed substantially to
the Reconquesta of Spain.
11. The Platerias Portal, South side
The Platerias Façade and entrance, with the Clock Tower on the right, South side.
12. The Platerias Entrance
The Platerias Entrance was built in the 12C , as part of the original Romanesque cathedral. It is the only façade of
the medieval origin still in place. It was built between 1103 and 1117 on the south side of the cathedral.
13. The Platerias Entrance
At the end of the 11C large scale sculptural reliefs began to be introduced over doorways of Romanesque churches.
They are known as tympanum. It is unusual to have double panels of these carvings. The reliefs were dated to 1101.
14. The Platerias Entrance
This is the more well-known of the two reliefs (on the right doorway), showing The Flagellation of Christ. What
stands out of the reliefs on Santiago de Compostela is the profusion of figures on these reliefs.
15. The Fountain of the Horses
The Fountain of the Horses in the Platerias Square, on the south side
16. Clock Towers & the Holy
Door
The Clock Towers (left) and the Holy
Door (main entrance) of the east
side.
The Clock Town was built in the 17C
(1676-1680) when neighbouring
districts began to develop, providing
an entrance from the south.
The Holy Door only open on the 25
July (Feast of St James), when it falls
on a Sunday.
17. Clock Towers
The upper part of the Clock Tower built to house a bell, a gift from the French King Louis XI.
21. Medieval Cathedral – Glory Portico
The three arch ways of the 12C Glory Portico marked a high point of medieval art. It depicts the triumph of Christ. As
the majority of the population in the medieval times were illiterate. It is an effective way of telling the story of
Christ, to welcome arriving pilgrims, with such iconographic scenes of Nativity and the Apocalypse. It was the work
of Master Mateo.
22. Glory Portico – Central Arch
Christ on the central arch welcomes the pilgrims with open hands.
23. Glory Portico
Many of the sculpture still have colours on them. Originally the entire portico all the figures were painted (colours
strengthened).
24. Glory Portico – Mullion
A sculpture of James the Apostle on the mullion, beneath the Christ on
the central arch.
26. Obradoiro Façade
In order to protect the Glory Portico, it was decided to build a new façade for the Cathedral. Fernando de Casas
Novoa, was chosen for the work. This distinctive facade has given the cathedral a new face with two impressive high
towers.
28. The design of the Obradoiro Façade
Unlike many cathedrals, it replaces the rose
window with a series of windows.
The interior of the cathedral is quite narrow. The
two tower broaden the façade and elongated its
heights. It also includes balconies.
Lavish and detail decorations breaks up the
geometrical shapes and created a rich and lace-
like design.
The façade appears more like the design of a high
altar than more austere and solemn façade of
many other cathedrals
The use of figure sculptures, dotted all over the
facade, as decorations rather than in traditional
line or rows of lines.
The Baroque façade is impressive and
extraordinary, giving the cathedral an distinctive
appearance.
32. Bell Towers
In the second half of 17C, the
Medieval bell towers were
redesigned with balustrade and
a section, to house the bells.
Then in 18C the whole of the
western façade was redesigned
and redecorated, adding
pinnacles and Baroque
decorations to form the
Obradoiro Façade.
The twin Bell Towers
viewed from the roof
35. The Aisle
The arches in the aisle.
Like most Romanesque
churches the interiors are
dark because of the thick
wall. However, the
Medieval cathedral was
better lit with large
windows. However due
the construction of
adjacent buildings added
since, many of the
windows were block off.
36. The Organ
There are two 18C organs installed on the opposite side of the cathedral.
41. The Botafumeiro
The Botabumeiro swinging in the air. It is used to purify the
atmosphere during the Eucharist rite.
The Botafumeiro is one of the most popular
symbols of the cathedral. The current one was
made in 1851, with silver-plated brass hanging
from the cupola. It is as tall as a man and
hanged 21.5m below its pivot.
42. The High Altar
The High Altar with its golden colour dominates the interior.
43. The High Altar
The High Altar is more like a structure than a façade. It has two tiers of spectacular ornamental displays.
44. The High Altar
At the spiritual centre of the Baroque high altar is St James with his pilgrim’s staff, in a shrine.
45. The High Altar
One of the several giant angels supporting the roof of the giant high altar.
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Available free for non-commercial and personal use.
The
End
Music – Ang The Glory of the Lord. Handel
“With its twin Baroque towers soaring over the Praza do Obradoiro, this monument to St James is a majestic sight, as befits one of the great shrines of Christendom. The core of the present building dates from the 11-13C and stands on the site of the 9C basilica built by Alfonso II, Behind the Baroque façade and through the original Portico da Gloria is the same interior that met pilgrims in medieval times.” Eyewitness”
“The grand heart of Santiago, the cathedral soars above the city in a splendid jumble of spires and sculpture. Built piecemeal over several centuries, its beauty is a mix of the original Romanesque structure (constructed between 1075 and 1211) and later Gothic and baroque flourishes. The tomb of Santiago beneath the main altar is a magnet for all who come here. The cathedral's artistic high point is the Pórtico de la Gloria inside the west entrance, featuring 200 masterly Romanesque sculptures.” Lonely Planet
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