Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican political leader who advocated for black nationalism and Pan-Africanism. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League. Garvey was born in Jamaica and attended Methodist school. Unable to further his political goals in Jamaica, he moved to the United States in 1916 and gave speeches promoting black empowerment. However, he faced opposition from W.E.B. Du Bois and others. In 1919, J. Edgar Hoover charged Garvey with mail fraud, leading to his imprisonment. Garvey later returned to Jamaica and was declared the country's first national hero after his death in 1940.