The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between 1950 and 1980. In the United States, discriminatory laws and racial violence against African Americans and other minority groups increased in the late 19th century. By the 1960s, the emergence of the Black Power movement began to eclipse the original goals of integration espoused by Martin Luther King Jr. and advocated for black self-determination instead. Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her bus seat to a white passenger in 1955 sparked the Montgomery bus boycott and helped launch the modern civil rights movement.