The document summarizes the biographies of three Jamaican national heroes - Alexander Bustamante, Norman Manley, and Marcus Garvey. It describes that Bustamante founded the Jamaica Labour Party and served as the first Prime Minister of Jamaica. Manley founded the People's National Party and led Jamaica's movement for self-government. Garvey advocated for black pride and a return to Africa, founding the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the Black Star Line. All three faced opposition but went on to be honored and declared National Heroes of Jamaica.

1. The Right Excellent Sir Alexander Bustamante (1884 - 1977)
Sir Alexander Bustamante was born on February 24, 1884 , the son of Robert Constantine
Clarke, an Irish planter and Mary Clarke (nee Wilson) a Jamaican of mixed blood. He was
named William Alexander Clarke, but later changed his name in 1944 to William Alexander
Bustamante. He was the second of five children of the Clarke family. He had three sisters,
Louise, Iris and Maude and a younger brother, Herbert. He also had two elder sisters, Ida and
Daisy Clarke, by a previous marriage of his father. His grandmother Elsie Clarke-Shearer was
also the grandmother of Bustamante’s contemporary and fellow National Hero, Norman
Washington Manley.
In 1943 he founded the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), with himself as head. The first general
election under Universal Adult Suffrage came in 1944 and the JLP won 22 of the 32 seats.
Two years after taking office as Prime Minister, then 80 years old, became ill. He never returned
to active involvement in the affairs of state. He officially retired in 1967 and died on August 6,
1977 at the age of 93 years.
HONOURS
 He was awarded an honorary degree from the American University, Fairfield, Connecticut (1963)
 In 1966, the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws ‘honoris causa’ of the University of the West
Indies was conferred on him. He was made a member of the Privy Council in 1963
 In 1966 Sir Alexander was awarded the National Order of Knight Grand Cross. He was also
awarded the Distinguished Order of the Brilliant Star with special Grand Cordon by the
Government of the Republic of China.
 In February 1968, the Jamaican House of Representatives and the Senate paid tribute to Sir
Alexander. Later that month, the Bustamante Foundation was launched simultaneously in four
countries, as a permanent and lasting memory of Sir Alexander’s services to Jamaica.
 In 1969, Sir Alexander became a member of the Order of National Hero; a life-size statue of him
was erected at South Parade; his picture appears on the Jamaican one-dollar bill and his birthplace
has been made a National Monument.

2. The Rt. Hon. Norman Washington Manley (1893 - 1969)
Norman Manley was born on July 4, 1893, at Roxborough in Manchester. His father, Thomas
Albert Samuel Manley, was a planter and produce dealer from Porus and his mother Margaret
Ann (nee Shearer), a small pen keeper from Blenheim in Hanover. He was one of four children.
Manley spent his early years on his father’s property at Roxborough. Thomas Manley died while
his son was still a young boy and soon afterwards his widow Margaret Manley and her young
children left Manchester for St. Catherine, where she had a property called Belmont.
In September 1938, Manley founded the People’s National Party (PNP) and was elected its
President annually until his retirement in 1969, 31 years later. The formation of this party was
indeed the beginning of the national movement for self-government.
Mr. Manley had suffered a series of heart attacks dating from 1953, and he was forced into early
retirement in 1969 due to ill health. His last public appearance was made in July 1969 when he
received the Jamaica School of Agriculture Gold Medal for distinguished service to Jamaican
agriculture. He became ill on Monday September 1, 1969, fell into a coma and died the
following afternoon. He was 77 years old.
HONOURS
 In 1932 Norman Manley was made King’s Counsel
 The Howard University conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Law in 1946.
 He was voted a life member of the Congress of International Organisations by the United Transport
Service Employees in Chicago.
 A speech made by Manley at the National Press Club in Washington was published in the
Congressional Record.
 In 1961 he was made an honorary citizen of Kansas City, Missouri.
 The Order of National Hero, the highest Jamaican Honour was conferred on Norman Manley after
his death.
 His birthplace at Roxborough in Manchester is a National Monument
 A memorial has been erected on the site of his grave in the National Shrine, at National Heroes
Park.
 The Norman Manley award of Excellence has been established and is awarded annually to
Jamaicans who have given distinguished service to their country.

3. The National Hero Marcus Garvey (1887 - 1940)
Garvey was a Jamaican-born black nationalist who created a 'Back to Africa' movement in the
United States. He became an inspirational figure for later civil rights activists.
Marcus Garvey was born in St Ann's Bay, Jamaica on 17 August 1887, the youngest of 11
children. He inherited a keen interest in books from his father, a mason and made full use of the
extensive family library. At the age of 14 he left school and became a printer's apprentice where
he led a strike for higher wages. From 1910 to 1912, Garvey travelled in South and Central
America and also visited London.
He returned to Jamaica in 1914 and founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association
(UNIA). In 1916, Garvey moved to Harlem in New York where UNIA thrived. By now a
formidable public speaker, Garvey spoke across America. He urged African-Americans to be
proud of their race and return to Africa, their ancestral homeland and attracted thousands of
supporters.
To facilitate the return to Africa that he advocated, in 1919 Garvey founded the Black Star Line,
to provide transportation to Africa, and the Negro Factories Corporation to encourage black
economic independence. Garvey also unsuccessfully tried to persuade the government of Liberia
in West Africa to grant land on which black people from America could settle.
In 1922, Garvey was arrested for mail fraud in connection with the sale of stock in the Black Star
Line, which had now failed. Although there were irregularities connected to the business, the
prosecution was probably politically motivated, as Garvey's activities had attracted considerable
government attention. Garvey was sent to prison and later deported to Jamaica. In 1935, he
moved permanently to London where he died on 10 June 1940. In 1964, his body was returned to
Jamaica where he was declared the country's first national hero.
The Biography of Alexander Bustamante, Norman Manley and
Marcus Garvey

4. Name: Alyandrea-Ali Annikie
Subject: Social Studies
Grade: 61
Teacher: