This document discusses key concepts in research methodology. It defines a focus group discussion as a method to collect primary data from a representative group with a moderator. An ideal focus group has 8-12 members who are strangers from similar backgrounds. It also outlines the steps to test a hypothesis, including specifying the null and alternative hypotheses, setting the significance level, calculating test statistics and p-values, and drawing a conclusion. Exploratory research designs explored include secondary resource analysis, case studies, expert opinion surveys, and focus group discussions. Guidelines for effective report writing and types of comparative and non-comparative scales are also discussed.