This document provides brief biographies of 15 important Muslim saints from the 7th to 14th centuries: Uwais al Qarani, Rabi'a al-Adawiyya, Pir Mangho, Abdullah Shah Ghazi, Ali Hujwiri, Abdul-Qadir Gilani, Moinuddin Chishti, Muhammad Usman Marwandi, Baba Fakhruddin Suharwardy, Baha-ud-din Zakariya, Khawaja Fariduddin Masud, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Shaikh Sharafuddeen Abu Ali Qalandar Panipati, Nizamuddin Auliya, and Jalāl

2. Saints in Islam In World
A Report By
Mr. Allah Dad Khan

3. Uwais al Qarani (594-657 AD)
• Uwais al-Qarani Arabic: ‫انيس‬ ‫بن‬ ‫أويس‬
‫القرني‬ ,was an Arab, Muslim martyr,
he was a Tabi'i from Yemen. He lived
during the lifetime of Muhammad,
but never met Muhammad
personally. As reported by Ibn
Battuta, Uwais was killed in the Battle
of Siffeen as a soldier inImam
Ali's army. Uwais's shrine where he is
buried was in al-Raqqah, Syriabefore
it was destroyed by radical Islamists
in 2013.Another shrine was
constructed in his honor in Baykan, in
the Siirt Province of Turkey
•

4. Hazrat Rabi'a al-Adawiyya al-Qaysiyya (ra) also
known as Rabi'ah al-Basri (713-801 AD)
• was a Sufi saint from Iraq and is
considered to be the first female
Sufi Saint of Islam, the first in a
long line of female Sufi mystics.
She lived during the 8th Century
and was born in Basra, a seaport
in southern Iraq where she spent
the vast majority of her life. Much
of her early life is narrated by
Hazrat Fariduddin Attar (ra), a
later Sufi saint and poet, who
used earlier sources. She did not
leave any written works herself.
•

5. Pir Mangho (720-773 AD)
• Sheikh Hafiz Haji Hasan-al-Maroof Sultan
Manghopir or Pir Mangho (Sindhiand Urdu: ‫خواجہ‬
‫پير‬ ‫منگھو‬ ‫عرف‬ ‫سلطان‬ ‫سخی‬ ‫حسن‬) is the popular name
for Sufi Pir Haji Syed Khawaja Hassan Sakhi Sultan.
Sakhi Sultan Manghopir Rehmatullah Aliah's proper
name is Hasan and according to another version
Kamaluddin. He was titled a pir by Baba Farid,
whose disciple he became.
• Pir Mangho Urs is celebrated in the Islamic
month of Zil Hijjah. The settlement around his
shrine has been named Manghopir and is part
of Gadap Town inKarachi, Sindh Pakistan.
• Originally, he was an Arab and a descendant of Ali
ibn Abi Talib. He is a Hassani (descendants of Hasan
ibn Ali )from the mother's side and Husaini
(descendant of Hussain ibn Ali from father's side.
He came to India from Hijaz in the 13th century AD.
That was the time of the Tartar's invasion of Muslim
lands which created great havoc. He participated in
the jihad against them. Then he performed the Hajj,
and while he was inMedina, he had a vision
of Muhammad who directed him to go to Ajudhan
(present day Pak Patan) and meet Fariduddin
Ganjshakar

6. Abdullah Shah Ghazi (720-773 AD)
• According to historian Suhail
Zaheer Lari, he was the son of
Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya
• was born in Medina in 720
and arrived in Sindh in 760 as
a merchant and brought with
him a large number of horses
purchased from Kufa, I raq. He
died in 773 near the sea while
dressed in war attire. He was
buried atop a hill in Karachi.

7. Ali Hujwiri (990-1077 AD)
• Abul Hassan Ali Ibn Usman al-Jullabi al-
Hajveri al-Ghaznawi( ‫عثمان‬ ‫بن‬ ‫علی‬ ‫ابوالحسن‬
‫الغزنوی‬ ‫الھجويری‬ ‫الجالبی‬) or Abul Hassan Ali
Hajvari (sometimes
spelled Hajvari, Hajweri,Hajveri), also known
asDaata Ganj Bakhsh(Persian/Punjabi: ‫داتا‬
‫بخش‬ ‫گنج‬, which means the master who
bestows treasures) orDaata
Sahib(Persian/Urdu: ‫صاحب‬ ‫داتا‬), was
a Persian Sufi and scholar in the 11th
century. He significantly contributed to the
spreading of Islam inSouth Asia.
• He was born around 990 CE near Ghazni,
present day Afghanistan, during
the Ghaznavid Empire and died in Lahore (in
present-day Punjab, Pakistan) in 1072 CE. His
most famous work is Revelation of the
Veiled (Kashf Al Mahjub) ( ‫المحجوب‬ ُ‫کشف‬),
written in thePersian language. The work,
which is one of the earliest and most
respected treatises of Sufism, debates Sufi
doctrines of the past.
• Ali Hajvari is also famous for
his mausoleum in Lahore

8. Abdul-Qadir Gilani (1077-1166 AD)
• Hazrat Syed Abd al-Qadir al-
Jilani (Arabic: ‫عبدالقادر‬
‫الجيالني‬ ;Persian: ‫عبدالقادر‬
‫گيالنی‬ ,Turkish: Abdülkâdir
Geylânî, Kurdish:Evdilqadirê
Geylanî, SoraniKurdish: ‫بدوالقادری‬‫عه‬‫يالنی‬‫گه‬[)
Al-Sayyid Muhiyudin Abu Muhammad Abdal
Qadir Al-Jilani Al-Hasani Wal-Hussaini (born
29 Shabaan, 470 Hijri, in the town of Na'if),
district ofGilan-e GharbThe capital city
of Gilan-e Gharb County, Kermanshah
Province, Iran.), Persia,oarGilan Al-
Mada'in, Iraq died 11 Rabi Al-Akhar 561 AH
(Monday 14 February 1166 C.E),
in Baghdad,[1077–1166 CE), was a
Persian] urist and Sufi based in Baghdad.
TheQadiriyya are the Sufi order founded by
him, based on his name.
•

9. Moinuddin Chishti (1141 – 1236 AD)
• also known asGharīb
Nawāz(Benefactor of the Poor), was
an imam, Islamic
scholar and philosopher from South
Asia. Chishti introduced and
established the Chishti
Order of Sufism in theIndian
subcontinent. The initial spiritual
chain orsilsila of the Chishti order in
India, comprising Chishti, Qutbuddin
Bakhtiar Kaki, Fariduddin
Ganjshakar andNizamuddin Auliya—
each successive person being the
disciple of the previous—includes the
great Sufi saints of Indian
history. Various Mughal emperors
were followers of Chishti.

10. Muhammad Usman Marwandi (1149–1299 AD),
• also known as Lal
Shahbaz Qalandar(Sindhi: ‫الل‬
‫قلندر‬ ‫شھباز‬ ), was
a Sufi philosopher-poet of
present-
dayAfghanistan and Pakistan.
He belonged to
theSuhrawardi order of Sufis.
• Called Lal (Diamond ) after his
usual red attire,Shahbaz to
denote a noble and divine
spirit. Some other famous
Qalandars include Bu Ali Shah
Qalandar and Shams Ali
Qalandar.

11. Baba Fakhruddin Suharwardy (1169-1295 AD)
• was a Sufi saint who lived in the
12th century.
• Before coming toPenukonda , he
was a king of Sistan and Shahpur
inIran.His disciples knew him as a
true follower of Islam who
renounced the world for the sake
of Allah. His Murshid (spiritual
guide) was Tabr-e-Aalam
Baadshah Nathar Vali, who
himself was a king who also had
renounced the world in a place
calledTiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu).
After serving Hazarath for several
years at his Murshid's command,
Baba Fakruddin left for
Penukonda in order to preach

12. Baha-ud-din Zakariya(1171-1262 AD)
• Baha-ud-din Zakariya(Persian: ‫زکريا‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫بہاؤ‬ )( Friday
June 1171 to Thursday 21 Dec 1262) ), also spelled
as Bahauddin Zakariya, and also known as Baha-ul-
Haq and Hazrat Bahauddin Zakariya Multani
(Rahmatullah Alaih), was
a SufiofSuhrawardiyyaorder (tariqa. His full name
wasAbu Muhammad Bahauddin Zakariya. He was
from the lineage of Hadhrat Asad Ibn Hashim
hence Hashmi.
• Sheikh Baha-ud-Din Zakariya was born at Kot Kehror
(Karor Lal Esan), a town of the Layyah
Districtnear Multan, Punjab,Pakistan, around 1170.
His grandfather Shah Kamaluddin Ali Shah Qureshi
arrived in Multan from Mecca en route
toKhwarezmwhere he stayed for a short while.
• In Tariqat, he was the disciple of renowned Sufi
master Shaikh Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi who
awarded him Khilafatonly after 17 days of stay at
his Khanqah in Baghdad For fifteen years, he
travelled to different cities in order to
preach Islam and finally settled in Multan in 1222.

13. Khawaja Fariduddin Masud ( 1173-1266 AD)
• Khwaja Fariduddin Masud
Ganjshakar(Farīduddīn
Masūd Ganjshakar),
popularly known
as Baba Farid andSheikh Far
id (1173–1266; also
spelled Fareed,Fareeduddin
Masood,Ganj-e-Shakar,
etc.), was a Sufi saint and
a Muslim missionary from
the Chishtiorder, living
in Punjab region of
the Indian subcontinent

14. Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (1173-1235 AD)
• Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki(Urdu ‫خواجہ‬ ‫حضرت‬
‫کاکی‬ ‫بختيار‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫قطب‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫ّد‬‫ي‬‫(س‬ )born 1173-died
1235) was a MuslimSufimystic, saint and
scholar of the Chishti Order from Delhi in
what is now India. He was the disciple and
the spiritual successor of Moinuddin
Chishti as head of the Chishti order, and the
person to whom the Qutb Minar, Delhi is
dedicated. Before him the Chishti order in
India was confined to Ajmer and Nagaur He
played a major role in establishing the order
securely in Delhi.[Hisdargahlocated adjacent
toZafar Mahal in Mehrauli and the oldest
dargah in Delhi, is also the venue of his
annual Urs festivities. The Urs was held in
high regard by many rulers of Delhi
like Qutbuddin Aibak,Iltutmish who built a
nearby step well, Gandhak ki Baoli for
him, Sher Shah Suriwho built a grand
gateway, Bahadur ShaI who built the Moti
Masjid mosque nearby and Farrukhsiyar who
added a marble screen and a mosqu

15. Shaikh Sharafuddeen Abu Ali Qalandar Panipati also called Bu
Ali Qalandar (1209-1324 AD)
• probably born at Panipat, Haryana)
in Indiawas a Sufi saint of the Chishtī
Order who lived and taught in India.
Hisdargah (mausoleum) in the town
of Panipat is a place of pilgrimage.
• His real name was Shaykh Sharfuddin but he
is famous by the title Bu Ali Shah. His father,
Shaykh Fakhar Uddin was a great scholar and
saint of his time. He completed his studies at
an early age and subsequently taught near
the Qutub Minar in Delhi for 20 years. He
published a collection of Persian poetry by
the name of " Diwan Hazrat Sharafuddeen Bu
Ali Qalandar” which was later translated
by Khawaja Shahudin in Punjabi. It's a great
Sufi work in Persian language.Some other
famous Qalandars include Lal Shahbaz
Qalandar andShams Ali Qalandar.

16. Nizamuddin Auliya ( 1238-1325 AD)
• Sultan-ul-Mashaikh, Mehboob-e-Ilahi,
Hazrat Shaikh Khwaja Syed
Muhammad Nizamuddin
Auliya (1238 – 3 April 1325)
(Urdu: ‫نظام‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫ّد‬‫ي‬‫س‬ ‫خواجہ‬ ‫شيخ‬ ‫حضرت‬
‫اولياء‬ ‫ّين‬‫د‬‫ال‬ ), also known as Hazrat
Nizamuddin, was a famous Sufi saint
of theChishti Order in the Indian
Subcontinent, an order that believed
in drawing close to God through
renunciation of the world and service
to humanity. He is one of the great
saints of the Chishti order in India.His
predecessors wereFariduddin
Ganjshakar,Bakhtiyar
Kaki andMoinuddin Chishti. In that
sequence, they constitute the initial
spiritual chain or silsila of the Chisti
order, widely prevalent in the Indian
subcontinent.

17. Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī (1207-1273 AD)
• (Persian ‫رومی‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫الدين‬‫جالل‬ ), also known
as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī ( ‫الدين‬‫جالل‬
‫بلخى‬ ‫محمد‬), Mawlānā/Mevlânâ ( ‫موالنا‬," our
master"), Mevlevî/Mawlawī ( ‫مولوی‬," my
master"), and more popularly simply
as Rumi (1207 – 17 December 1273), was a
13th-century Persian poet, jurist, Islamic
scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic.[Rumi's
influence transcends national borders and
ethnic
divisions: Iranians, Tajiks, Turks, Greeks, Pash
tuns, other Central Asian Muslims, and the
Muslims of South Asia have greatly
appreciated his spiritual legacy for the past
seven centuries His poems have been widely
translated into many of the world's
languages and transposed into various
formats. Rumi has been described as the
"most popular poet" and the "best selling
poet" in the United States.
•

18. Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1251-1335 AD)
• Sheikh Rukn-ud-Din Abul Fateh (Persian:
‫ابوالفتح‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫رکن‬) commonly known by the
title Rukn-e-Alam (pillar of the world)
orShah Rukn-e-Alam (King Rukn-e-Alam)
(1251-1335) was an eminent Sufi saint
from Multan, Pakistan who belonged
to SuhrawardiyyaSufi order (tariqa).
• Shah Rukn-e-Alam was the son of Pir Sadar-
Al-Din Arif. He was born in Multan on Friday,
the 9th ofRamadan649 Hijri(26 November
1251). He was the grandson and successor of
Sheikh Baha-ud-din Zakariya.
• Shah Rukn-e-Alam died on Friday, the 7th
of Jumada al-awwal735 Hijri (3 January
1335). He was buried in the mausoleum of
his grandfather, according to his own will

19. Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrow (1253–1325
AD)
• Hindi अमीर ख़ुसरौ,
(Urdu: ‫خسرو‬ ‫الدين‬‫يمين‬ ‫ابوالحسن‬ ),
better known as Amīr Khusraw
(also Khusrow, Hazrat Khusrow,
Ameer Khusru) Dehlawī(meaning
Amir Khusrau of Delhi) ( ‫خسرو‬ ‫امير‬
‫دہلوی‬) was aSufi musician, poet
and scholar. He was an iconic
figure in the cultural history of
the Indian subcontinent. He was
a mystic and a spiritual disciple
ofNizamuddin Auliya of Delhi. He
wrote poetry primarily in Persian,
but also inHindi. A vocabulary in
verse, the Ḳhāliq Bārī, containing
Arabic, Persian, and Hindi terms
is often attributed to him

20. Hazarat Shah Jalal(1271-1346)
• Shāh Jalāl ad-Dīn al-Mujarrad al
Naqshbandi, popularly known
as Hazrat Shah Jalal (Arabic: ‫جالل‬ ‫شاه‬
‫الدين‬ ,Bengali: শাহ জালাল), (1271
CE - 15 March 1346 CE) is a
celebrated Sufi Muslimfigure
in Bengal. Jalal's name is associated
with the spread of Islam into north-
eastern Bengal (Sylhet)
through Sufism, part of a long history
of travel between the Middle East,
Persia, Central Asia and South Asia.
According to a tablet inscription
found in Amber Khana, he arrived at
Sylhet in 1303.The largest airport in
Bangladesh, Hazrat Shahjalal
International Airport, is named after
him

21. Nasiruddin Mahmud Chirag-e-Delhi(1274-1356
AD)
• as a 14th-century mystic-poet
and aSufisaint of the Chishti
Order. He was
a murid(disciple) of noted Sufi
saint, Hazrat Nizamuddin
Auliya, and later his
successor.He was the last
important Sufi of theChishti
Order from Delhi.
• He was given the title,
"Roshan Chirag-e-Delhi",
which in Urdu, means
"Illuminated Lamp ofDelhi"

22. Hazrat Khwaja Banda Nawaz Gaisu Daraz (1321-1422
AD)
• Syed Muhammad Hussaini,
commonly known
as (Urdu: ‫گیسو‬ ‫نواز‬ ‫بندہ‬ ‫خواجہ‬
‫دراز‬ )(13 July 1321 – 1 November
1422), was a famous Sufi saint
from India of the Chishti Order,
who advocated understanding,
tolerance and harmony among
various religious groups.
• Gaisu Daraz was a murid(disciple)
of the noted Sufi saint of Delhi,
HazratNasiruddin Chiragh
Dehlavi. After the death of
Chiragh Dehlavi, Gaisu Daraz took
on the mantle of the successor
(khalifa). When he moved
toDaulatabad around 1398

23. Makhdoom Ali Mahimi ( 1372 to 1431 A.D )
• was a saint and scholar of international repute. He
lived during the time of the Tuglaq dynasty and that
of Sultan Ahmed Shah of Gujarat, and was married
to Sultan sister. He is widely acknowledged for his
scholarly treatises, liberal views and humanist
ideals. Mahimi was born into a family ofArab
travelers from Iraq who had settled down on the
island of Mahim, one of the seven islands that later
formed the city of Bombay (nowMumbai).
• Mahimi was the first Indian scholar to write an
exegesis on the Qur'an, which gained critical
acclimation from numerous Islamic scholars
including Shah Waliullah Dehlavi. Authoring a total
of nineteen books, he was given the
moniker Qutub-e -Kokan (Kokan's Pole Star). He was
the first commentator of the Holy Quran in India.
His commentary is known throughout the World
and is called "Tafsirur Rahman." It is Unique among
all the commentary of QURAN known to Scholars.
Which is available in Al Azhar University Cairo and
Ummul-Qura University, Makka

24. Hazrat Pir Baba (1431-1502 AD)
• (Pashto:‫بابا‬ ‫پير‬ ), Pir Baba
is/was the great Sufi
spiritual saint real name
"Hazrat Syed Ali
Shah Tirmizi of Silsila Tariqat
(Chain) of Kabravia, Chasti
Nizami. Muqam (Martaba)
Gaus, Shahenshah Khurasan
(Rahmatullahi Allaih)" {
Birth Hijri 908 and Death
Hijri 991 }. He was born in
1431 AD and died in 1502
AD/CE.

25. Syed Muhammad Ibrahim bin Syed Fatehullah
Kirmani (1513–1575 AD )
• more popularly known
as ShaikhDaud Bandagi
Kirmani was a famous
16th-century saint of
theQadiri order.

26. Baba Sain Mir Mohammed Sahib(c. 1550 – 22
August 1635 AD),
• popularly known as Mian
Mir orMiyan Mir, was a
famous SufiMuslim saint who resided
inLahore, specifically in the town
ofDharampura (in present-
dayPakistan). He was a direct
descendant of Caliph Umar ibn al-
Khattab. He belonged to
the Qadiriorder of Sufism. He is
famous for being a spiritual instructor
of Dara Shikoh, the eldest son
of Mughalemperor Shah Jahan] He is
identified as the founder of theMian
Khail branch of the Qadiri order. His
younger sister Bibi Jamal Khatun was
a disciple of his and a notable Sufi
saint in her own right

27. Khwaja Baqi Billah(1563-1603 AD)
• was a Sufisaint from Kabul. Khawaja Baqi
Billah was the originator and pioneer of
the Naqshbandi Order in the sub-continent.
His name was Razi-ud-Din Muhammad
Baqi but he was commonly known as Khwaja
Baqi Billah. His father Qāzī Abd as-Salām
Samarqandī was a famous scholar and saint
of Kabul. Khawaja Baqi Billah was born in
Kabul in 1563 A.D. His lineage reaches
Khawja Ubaid Ullah Ahrar through his
maternal grandfather. He was named by his
parents “Muhammad al-Bāqī” and later
became popular with the name “Bāqī Billāh”.
Histakhallus(pen name) was "Berang" (which
literally means colorless or transparent).[5]
•

28. Dara Shikoh (Hindi दारा शिकोह), (Urdu: ‫كوه‬ِ‫ش‬ ‫دارا‬ ),( Persian: ‫شكوه‬ ‫دارا‬ )M 20
March 1615 – 30 August 1659 Julian/9 September 1659 Gregorian)
• was the eldest son and the heir-
apparent of the fifth Mughal
Emperor Shah Jahan. His name ‫دارا‬
‫شكوه‬inPersian means "as magnificent
as Dara". He was favoured as a
successor by his father shah jahan
and his elder sister Princess Jahanara
Begum Sahib, but was defeated and
later killed by his younger brother
Prince Muhiuddin (later, the
Emperor Aurangzeb) in a bitter
struggle for the imperial throne.
• The course of the history of
the Indian subcontinent, had Dara
Shikoh prevailed over Aurangzeb, has
been a matter of some conjecture
among historians

29. Sultan Bahoo ( 1630-1691 AD)
• Sultan Bahu (also
spelledBahoo; ca 1630–
1691) an Islamic Saint was
also aSufi mystic, poet
and scholar active mostly
in the present-
day Punjabprovince
of Pakistan. He belonged
to the Sufi orderknown
as Qadiri, and the mystic
tradition he started has
been known asSarwari
Qadiri.

30. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai ( 1689-1752 AD)
• Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai(also referred to by
the honorifics: Lakhino Latif,Latif
Ghot, Bhittai, and Bhitt Jo Shah) (1689 –
1752) (Sindhi: ‫ڀٽائي‬ ‫عبداللطيف‬ ‫شاه‬ ,Urdu: ‫شاه‬
‫بھٹائی‬ ‫عبداللطيف‬ )was a
noted SindhiSufi scholar, mystic, saint,
and poet, widely considered to be the
greatest Muslim poet of theSindhi
language. His collected poems were
assembled in the compilation Shah Jo Risalo,
which exists in numerous versions and has
been translated intoEnglish, Urdu, and other
languages. His work has been compared
frequently to that of
the Persian poet Rūmī.Seyyed Hossein Nasr,
Professor of Islamic studies atGeorge
Washington University, described Shah Latif
as a "direct emanation of Rūmī's spirituality
in South Asia

31. Shah Waliulah Dehlawi (Feb 1703-1762 AD)
• Syed Quṭb ad-Dīn Aḥmad
Walī Allāh ibn ‘Abd ar-
Raḥīm al-‘Umarī ad-
Dihlawī (Arabic: ‫الدين‬ ‫قطب‬
‫الرحيم‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫بن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ولي‬ ‫أحمد‬
‫الدهلوي‬ ‫العمري‬ ;1703–
1762), commonly known
as Shah Waliullah
Dehlawi, was an Islamic
scholar, muhaddith andre
former

32. Hazrat Imam Raza Barelvi ( (1856-1921)
• Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (Urdu: ‫احمد‬
‫بريلوی‬ ‫رضاخان‬ ,Hindi: अहमद रजा खान,
14 June 1856 CE or 10Shawwal 1272 AH -
28 October 1921 CE or 25Safar 1340 AH),
also known as Imam Ahmed Raza
Khan, Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri,
orAla'Hazrat, was a Muslimscholar, Sufi,
and reformer in British India.
The Barelvimovement within Sunni
Islam is attributed to him.[3][4][5] Raza Khan
wrote on numerous topics, including law,
religion, philosophy and the sciences. He
was a prolific writer, Mufti (jurist)
producing nearly 1,000 works in his
lifetime.[4]
•

33. Meher Ali Shah (1859-1937 AD)
• Meher Ali Shah (Urdu: ‫على‬ ‫مہر‬ ‫پير‬
‫شاه‬ )( born 1 Ramadan 1275 A.H.,
i.e., 14 April 1859 in Golra
Sharifdied in May 1937[was
a Sufischolar from Pakistan
belonging to the Chishtiorder. He
is known as a Hanafi scholar
upholding the position of Abdul-
Haqq Dehlavi and a leader of
the anti-Ahmadiyya movement.
He wrote several books, most
notably Saif e Chishtiyai ("The
Sword of the Chishti Order"), a
polemical work criticizing
the Ahmadiyya Muslim
movement of Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad.