The document discusses elastomeric impression materials and impression techniques. It defines elastomeric impression materials as flexible polymers that are chemically or physically cross-linked and can be stretched and recover their original shape. It then covers the history, classification, properties and uses of various elastomeric materials like polysulfides, condensation and addition silicones, and polyethers. It also discusses tissue management techniques like surgical widening and the use of electrosurgery for gingival troughing.
This document discusses elastic hydrocolloid impression materials, specifically agar and alginate. It provides details on their composition, setting reactions, properties and applications. Agar is a reversible hydrocolloid used for secondary impressions that sets physically through a sol-gel transition upon cooling. Alginate is an irreversible hydrocolloid used for primary impressions that sets chemically through a gelation reaction involving calcium ions. Both materials are hydrophilic and require immediate pouring to minimize dimensional changes from imbibition, synersis or dehydration.
Zinc polycarboxylate cement sets through an acid-base reaction between zinc oxide and polyacrylic acid. It exists as a powder containing zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, and polyacrylic acid, and as a liquid containing polyacrylic acid and water. The powder and liquid are mixed together, with the polyacrylic acid chelating with the zinc oxide to form a matrix of zinc polyacrylate salt surrounded by undispersed zinc oxide particles. Zinc polycarboxylate cement has mechanical strength comparable to zinc phosphate cement, adheres chemically to tooth structure and metals, and has a film thickness similar to zinc phosphate cement. It is less irritating to the pulp than zinc phosphate cement due to becoming
The document provides an overview of investment materials used in dental casting. It discusses the history of lost wax casting, defines investments, and outlines the key properties and composition of investments including refractory materials, binders like gypsum and phosphates, and other additives. It then classifies and describes different types of investments including gypsum-bonded, phosphate-bonded, and ethyl silicate-bonded investments.
The document discusses dental casting alloys, including their history, desirable properties, composition, classification into noble metal alloys and base metal alloys. Key points covered include the importance of biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, aesthetics and thermal properties of alloys. Common metals used in alloys such as gold, palladium, silver and nickel are described.
This document provides information on different types of casting investments used in dentistry, including their composition, properties, and applications. It discusses gypsum-bonded, phosphate-bonded, and ethyl silicate-bonded investments. Gypsum-bonded investments are the oldest and used for gold alloys. Phosphate-bonded investments are used for metal-ceramic restorations and base metal alloys due to their higher temperature resistance. Ethyl silicate-bonded investments were rarely used due to time-consuming processing and flammable byproducts. The document outlines the ideal requirements, composition, setting reactions, expansion properties, and limitations of the different investment materials.
Investment materials And its clinical applicationsDr Alok Sasmal
This document provides an overview of dental casting investment materials. It defines key terms and outlines the main requirements and components of investment materials, including refractory materials like silica, binders like gypsum or phosphate, and additives. It describes the three main types of investment materials - gypsum-bonded, phosphate-bonded, and silicate-bonded - and provides details on their composition, properties, and uses for different casting procedures and alloy temperatures. Factors that influence the performance of investments are also discussed.
The document discusses heat cure acrylic denture base resins. It provides background on the development of denture base materials over time. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was introduced in 1937 and remains the material of choice due to its superior esthetics, ease of processing, accurate fit, and use with inexpensive equipment. The document describes the composition, chemical basis of polymerization, manipulation techniques including compression molding and injection molding, and physical properties of heat cure acrylic resins. It also compares heat cure resins to self-cure resins and discusses requirements versus clinical performance as well as recent advances in the material.
The document provides an overview of elastomeric impression materials. It begins with an introduction and definitions of key terms like elastomer and elastomeric impression materials. It then discusses the history and classifications of impression materials. The document outlines the ideal requirements for impression materials and their clinical applications. It describes the properties and composition of various elastomers like polysulfide, condensation silicone, addition silicone, and polyether. It discusses recent advances in impression materials and effects of mishandling impressions. In conclusion, the document provides a comprehensive review of elastomeric impression materials.
This document discusses elastic hydrocolloid impression materials, specifically agar and alginate. It provides details on their composition, setting reactions, properties and applications. Agar is a reversible hydrocolloid used for secondary impressions that sets physically through a sol-gel transition upon cooling. Alginate is an irreversible hydrocolloid used for primary impressions that sets chemically through a gelation reaction involving calcium ions. Both materials are hydrophilic and require immediate pouring to minimize dimensional changes from imbibition, synersis or dehydration.
Zinc polycarboxylate cement sets through an acid-base reaction between zinc oxide and polyacrylic acid. It exists as a powder containing zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, and polyacrylic acid, and as a liquid containing polyacrylic acid and water. The powder and liquid are mixed together, with the polyacrylic acid chelating with the zinc oxide to form a matrix of zinc polyacrylate salt surrounded by undispersed zinc oxide particles. Zinc polycarboxylate cement has mechanical strength comparable to zinc phosphate cement, adheres chemically to tooth structure and metals, and has a film thickness similar to zinc phosphate cement. It is less irritating to the pulp than zinc phosphate cement due to becoming
The document provides an overview of investment materials used in dental casting. It discusses the history of lost wax casting, defines investments, and outlines the key properties and composition of investments including refractory materials, binders like gypsum and phosphates, and other additives. It then classifies and describes different types of investments including gypsum-bonded, phosphate-bonded, and ethyl silicate-bonded investments.
The document discusses dental casting alloys, including their history, desirable properties, composition, classification into noble metal alloys and base metal alloys. Key points covered include the importance of biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, aesthetics and thermal properties of alloys. Common metals used in alloys such as gold, palladium, silver and nickel are described.
This document provides information on different types of casting investments used in dentistry, including their composition, properties, and applications. It discusses gypsum-bonded, phosphate-bonded, and ethyl silicate-bonded investments. Gypsum-bonded investments are the oldest and used for gold alloys. Phosphate-bonded investments are used for metal-ceramic restorations and base metal alloys due to their higher temperature resistance. Ethyl silicate-bonded investments were rarely used due to time-consuming processing and flammable byproducts. The document outlines the ideal requirements, composition, setting reactions, expansion properties, and limitations of the different investment materials.
Investment materials And its clinical applicationsDr Alok Sasmal
This document provides an overview of dental casting investment materials. It defines key terms and outlines the main requirements and components of investment materials, including refractory materials like silica, binders like gypsum or phosphate, and additives. It describes the three main types of investment materials - gypsum-bonded, phosphate-bonded, and silicate-bonded - and provides details on their composition, properties, and uses for different casting procedures and alloy temperatures. Factors that influence the performance of investments are also discussed.
The document discusses heat cure acrylic denture base resins. It provides background on the development of denture base materials over time. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was introduced in 1937 and remains the material of choice due to its superior esthetics, ease of processing, accurate fit, and use with inexpensive equipment. The document describes the composition, chemical basis of polymerization, manipulation techniques including compression molding and injection molding, and physical properties of heat cure acrylic resins. It also compares heat cure resins to self-cure resins and discusses requirements versus clinical performance as well as recent advances in the material.
The document provides an overview of elastomeric impression materials. It begins with an introduction and definitions of key terms like elastomer and elastomeric impression materials. It then discusses the history and classifications of impression materials. The document outlines the ideal requirements for impression materials and their clinical applications. It describes the properties and composition of various elastomers like polysulfide, condensation silicone, addition silicone, and polyether. It discusses recent advances in impression materials and effects of mishandling impressions. In conclusion, the document provides a comprehensive review of elastomeric impression materials.
die and die materials are important in fixed partial dentures, to get the accuracy. this seminar describes die materials, its ideal requirements, and various die systems available.
dentowoman03@gmail.com
visit my youtube channel : dentowoman
The document discusses impression materials used in dentistry. It describes the process of making impressions and casts, as well as ideal requirements for impression materials. It classifies impression materials based on mechanical behavior, setting mechanism, and usage. Rigid impression materials like plaster, impression compound, and zinc oxide pastes are described. The properties, composition, setting reactions and uses of plaster, impression compound and zinc oxide pastes are summarized.
This document discusses tarnish and corrosion of metals used in dentistry. It begins by defining tarnish and corrosion, then discusses the various causes of each in the oral environment. These include the mouth's moisture, temperature fluctuations, acidic foods and liquids. The document classifies corrosion into different types - chemical, electrochemical, galvanic, stress, and crevice corrosion. It also discusses how different metals used in dentistry, like amalgam, stainless steel, titanium and noble metals are affected by corrosion. The document concludes by covering some methods to protect against corrosion, like passivation, electroplating and maintaining oral hygiene.
This document discusses impression materials used in dentistry. It describes the different types of impression materials including alginate, compound, and hydrocolloid. Alginate is the most commonly used irreversible hydrocolloid for preliminary impressions due to its low cost, ease of use, and ability to provide good surface detail. However, alginate impressions are susceptible to dimensional changes from imbibition or syneresis if not properly stored. Compound is a thermoplastic material that is inexpensive but has poor dimensional stability and flow. Proper technique such as cooling the impression is important when using compound to reduce distortion.
Glass ionomer cement was developed in the 1970s as a dental restorative material. It consists of a powder made of glass particles containing fluoride and an acidic liquid such as polyacrylic acid. The powder and liquid react via an acid-base reaction during setting to form the cement. The cement releases fluoride over time and bonds chemically to tooth structure. It has advantages such as fluoride release, adhesion to tooth, and biocompatibility, though it is more brittle than dental composites. Many variations of glass ionomer cement have since been developed.
This document discusses impression materials and techniques. It defines impression materials and lists their key properties, such as accuracy, elasticity, and dimensional stability. Impression materials are classified based on their setting mechanism and elasticity. Rigid materials discussed include impression plaster and zinc oxide eugenol paste. Elastic materials include alginate hydrocolloids and elastomeric polymers. The document also covers manipulation techniques for different impression materials.
This document discusses various types of waxes used in dentistry, their compositions, properties, and applications. It covers natural waxes like beeswax, paraffin wax, and carnauba wax as well as synthetic waxes. Key waxes discussed include inlay pattern wax, casting wax, and baseplate wax. Inlay pattern wax is a blend designed to have good flow properties at mouth temperature as well as dimensional stability when solidified. Casting wax is used to make patterns for crowns and bridges and must vaporize completely during the burnout process. Baseplate wax is pink-colored and formulated to be soft enough to establish jaw relations during initial denture fabrication.
Zinc oxide eugenol impression paste sets via an irreversible chemical reaction between zinc oxide and eugenol to form zinc eugenolate. It has good detail reproduction and dimensional stability but can cause a burning sensation. It is mixed in equal volumes of zinc oxide paste and eugenol paste on a mixing slab until uniformly colored, and has a working time of about 1 minute before initial set. Variations include slower-setting surgical pastes and non-eugenol pastes that avoid the burning sensation.
Elastomeric impression materials include polysulfide, condensation silicone, addition silicone, and polyether rubbers. They set via polymerization reactions, with setting times of 8-12 minutes on average. Polysulfide and condensation silicone set via condensation reactions producing water or alcohol as byproducts, while addition silicone and polyether set via addition reactions without byproducts. Polysulfide has the highest detail reproduction but all materials exhibit some polymerization shrinkage. Materials are available in light, medium, heavy or putty consistencies for use with stock or custom trays. Proper manipulation is required for accurate impressions.
hydrocolloid impression materials, agar and alginate impression materials and properties of the same.
watch more
https://youtu.be/aaJ6gpQohcs
https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE
https://youtu.be/fv3_tWZPJIU
https://youtu.be/GeZIbCwqKYU
if you want me to make any ppt on any more topic do let me know on my youtube channel's comment section
This document provides an overview of different types of dental cements, including their composition, properties, and applications. It discusses zinc phosphate cement, the oldest cement still in use today. It also covers silicate cement, one of the first direct tooth-colored materials; zinc polycarboxylate cement, the first cement with adhesive properties; and zinc oxide eugenol cement, commonly used as a temporary cement. Modified versions of these traditional cements are also presented, along with other contemporary cements like glass ionomer cement and resin cements.
This document provides information about dental waxes. It discusses the history and development of dental waxes, how they are classified, their composition, desirable properties, and types. It describes how dental waxes are used to make patterns for dental restorations and appliances. It covers the thermal properties of dental waxes and how they can distort if not handled properly. The document summarizes different types of dental waxes and their uses in dentistry.
This document discusses different types of impression materials used in dentistry. It begins by defining an impression and cast, and then provides the ideal characteristics of an impression material. It categorizes impression materials based on their setting mechanism, flexibility, amount of pressure on tissues, and type of tray used. Specific materials discussed in detail include impression plaster, impression waxes, impression compound, and zinc oxide eugenol paste. The document outlines the composition, properties, uses, advantages and disadvantages of each.
The document discusses dental casting investments which are materials used to form molds for casting dental alloys. It describes the key properties investments should have including being easily manipulated, having sufficient strength and stability at high temperatures, and allowing for gas escape. It classifies investments based on processing temperature and binder used, and describes the main components - refractory material, binder, and other chemicals. Gypsum-based and phosphate-bonded investments are commonly used for casting gold alloys. The document discusses factors that influence the investments' setting expansion, hygroscopic expansion, and thermal expansion properties.
The document provides an overview of base metal alloys used in dentistry. It discusses the history and classification of dental casting alloys including cobalt-chromium, nickel-chromium, and titanium-based alloys. The ideal requirements, composition, properties, applications and references of various base metal alloys are described in detail over multiple pages.
This document discusses various types of polyether and polysulfide impression materials used in dentistry. It describes the components, properties, advantages, and disadvantages of each material. Polyether materials have high accuracy, flexibility, and elastic recovery. Polysulfide materials provide good dimensional stability but have an unpleasant odor and are difficult to remove from the mouth. Both materials are used to make impressions for procedures like fixed partial dentures and crowns.
The document discusses various die materials and systems used for indirect restorations. It defines a die as a positive reproduction of a prepared tooth used to fabricate restorations outside the mouth. Common die materials include gypsum, resins, metals and polymers, each with advantages and disadvantages. Removable die systems like dowel pins, Di-Lok and Pindex are discussed which allow repositioning of dies in the working cast for wax pattern fabrication. Proper selection of die material and system depends on factors like accuracy, strength and compatibility with impression materials.
This document summarizes three types of dental cements: zinc phosphate cement, zinc polycarboxylate cement, and zinc oxide eugenol cement. It describes the introduction, composition, setting reaction, properties, manipulation and applications of each cement. Zinc phosphate cement is the oldest luting cement and involves a reaction between zinc oxide and phosphoric acid. Zinc polycarboxylate cement bonds to tooth structure through a reaction between polyacrylic acid and calcium ions. Zinc oxide eugenol cement sets through a reaction between zinc oxide, water and eugenol, and has sedative properties making it the least irritating to dental pulps.
This document provides an overview of different elastomeric impression materials used in dentistry, including their composition, setting reactions, properties, advantages, and disadvantages. It discusses polysulfide rubber, condensation silicone, addition silicone, and polyether impression materials. It also covers general properties like working and setting times, dimensional stability, reproduction of details, disinfection, tear strength, biocompatibility, and effects of mishandling. Recently, visible light-cured polyether urethane dimethacryl materials have been introduced as well.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of denture base materials over time, from early materials like wood and bone to modern day PMMA. It discusses the requirements of an ideal denture base material and introduces PMMA, describing the polymerization reaction and different types of denture base resins including heat, chemically and light activated. The document outlines the physical properties of resins and recent advancements, providing details on the polymerization process and factors that influence it.
The document provides information on impression materials, including their history, classification, and properties. It discusses both reversible (agar) and irreversible (alginate) hydrocolloid impression materials. For agar, it describes the composition, mode of supply, uses, advantages, and disadvantages. For alginate, it outlines the composition, setting reaction, classification according to setting time, manipulation, and properties. The document thus summarizes the key types of impression materials and their characteristics.
Impressions in fixed partial dentures/dental crown &bridge course by Indian d...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
die and die materials are important in fixed partial dentures, to get the accuracy. this seminar describes die materials, its ideal requirements, and various die systems available.
dentowoman03@gmail.com
visit my youtube channel : dentowoman
The document discusses impression materials used in dentistry. It describes the process of making impressions and casts, as well as ideal requirements for impression materials. It classifies impression materials based on mechanical behavior, setting mechanism, and usage. Rigid impression materials like plaster, impression compound, and zinc oxide pastes are described. The properties, composition, setting reactions and uses of plaster, impression compound and zinc oxide pastes are summarized.
This document discusses tarnish and corrosion of metals used in dentistry. It begins by defining tarnish and corrosion, then discusses the various causes of each in the oral environment. These include the mouth's moisture, temperature fluctuations, acidic foods and liquids. The document classifies corrosion into different types - chemical, electrochemical, galvanic, stress, and crevice corrosion. It also discusses how different metals used in dentistry, like amalgam, stainless steel, titanium and noble metals are affected by corrosion. The document concludes by covering some methods to protect against corrosion, like passivation, electroplating and maintaining oral hygiene.
This document discusses impression materials used in dentistry. It describes the different types of impression materials including alginate, compound, and hydrocolloid. Alginate is the most commonly used irreversible hydrocolloid for preliminary impressions due to its low cost, ease of use, and ability to provide good surface detail. However, alginate impressions are susceptible to dimensional changes from imbibition or syneresis if not properly stored. Compound is a thermoplastic material that is inexpensive but has poor dimensional stability and flow. Proper technique such as cooling the impression is important when using compound to reduce distortion.
Glass ionomer cement was developed in the 1970s as a dental restorative material. It consists of a powder made of glass particles containing fluoride and an acidic liquid such as polyacrylic acid. The powder and liquid react via an acid-base reaction during setting to form the cement. The cement releases fluoride over time and bonds chemically to tooth structure. It has advantages such as fluoride release, adhesion to tooth, and biocompatibility, though it is more brittle than dental composites. Many variations of glass ionomer cement have since been developed.
This document discusses impression materials and techniques. It defines impression materials and lists their key properties, such as accuracy, elasticity, and dimensional stability. Impression materials are classified based on their setting mechanism and elasticity. Rigid materials discussed include impression plaster and zinc oxide eugenol paste. Elastic materials include alginate hydrocolloids and elastomeric polymers. The document also covers manipulation techniques for different impression materials.
This document discusses various types of waxes used in dentistry, their compositions, properties, and applications. It covers natural waxes like beeswax, paraffin wax, and carnauba wax as well as synthetic waxes. Key waxes discussed include inlay pattern wax, casting wax, and baseplate wax. Inlay pattern wax is a blend designed to have good flow properties at mouth temperature as well as dimensional stability when solidified. Casting wax is used to make patterns for crowns and bridges and must vaporize completely during the burnout process. Baseplate wax is pink-colored and formulated to be soft enough to establish jaw relations during initial denture fabrication.
Zinc oxide eugenol impression paste sets via an irreversible chemical reaction between zinc oxide and eugenol to form zinc eugenolate. It has good detail reproduction and dimensional stability but can cause a burning sensation. It is mixed in equal volumes of zinc oxide paste and eugenol paste on a mixing slab until uniformly colored, and has a working time of about 1 minute before initial set. Variations include slower-setting surgical pastes and non-eugenol pastes that avoid the burning sensation.
Elastomeric impression materials include polysulfide, condensation silicone, addition silicone, and polyether rubbers. They set via polymerization reactions, with setting times of 8-12 minutes on average. Polysulfide and condensation silicone set via condensation reactions producing water or alcohol as byproducts, while addition silicone and polyether set via addition reactions without byproducts. Polysulfide has the highest detail reproduction but all materials exhibit some polymerization shrinkage. Materials are available in light, medium, heavy or putty consistencies for use with stock or custom trays. Proper manipulation is required for accurate impressions.
hydrocolloid impression materials, agar and alginate impression materials and properties of the same.
watch more
https://youtu.be/aaJ6gpQohcs
https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE
https://youtu.be/fv3_tWZPJIU
https://youtu.be/GeZIbCwqKYU
if you want me to make any ppt on any more topic do let me know on my youtube channel's comment section
This document provides an overview of different types of dental cements, including their composition, properties, and applications. It discusses zinc phosphate cement, the oldest cement still in use today. It also covers silicate cement, one of the first direct tooth-colored materials; zinc polycarboxylate cement, the first cement with adhesive properties; and zinc oxide eugenol cement, commonly used as a temporary cement. Modified versions of these traditional cements are also presented, along with other contemporary cements like glass ionomer cement and resin cements.
This document provides information about dental waxes. It discusses the history and development of dental waxes, how they are classified, their composition, desirable properties, and types. It describes how dental waxes are used to make patterns for dental restorations and appliances. It covers the thermal properties of dental waxes and how they can distort if not handled properly. The document summarizes different types of dental waxes and their uses in dentistry.
This document discusses different types of impression materials used in dentistry. It begins by defining an impression and cast, and then provides the ideal characteristics of an impression material. It categorizes impression materials based on their setting mechanism, flexibility, amount of pressure on tissues, and type of tray used. Specific materials discussed in detail include impression plaster, impression waxes, impression compound, and zinc oxide eugenol paste. The document outlines the composition, properties, uses, advantages and disadvantages of each.
The document discusses dental casting investments which are materials used to form molds for casting dental alloys. It describes the key properties investments should have including being easily manipulated, having sufficient strength and stability at high temperatures, and allowing for gas escape. It classifies investments based on processing temperature and binder used, and describes the main components - refractory material, binder, and other chemicals. Gypsum-based and phosphate-bonded investments are commonly used for casting gold alloys. The document discusses factors that influence the investments' setting expansion, hygroscopic expansion, and thermal expansion properties.
The document provides an overview of base metal alloys used in dentistry. It discusses the history and classification of dental casting alloys including cobalt-chromium, nickel-chromium, and titanium-based alloys. The ideal requirements, composition, properties, applications and references of various base metal alloys are described in detail over multiple pages.
This document discusses various types of polyether and polysulfide impression materials used in dentistry. It describes the components, properties, advantages, and disadvantages of each material. Polyether materials have high accuracy, flexibility, and elastic recovery. Polysulfide materials provide good dimensional stability but have an unpleasant odor and are difficult to remove from the mouth. Both materials are used to make impressions for procedures like fixed partial dentures and crowns.
The document discusses various die materials and systems used for indirect restorations. It defines a die as a positive reproduction of a prepared tooth used to fabricate restorations outside the mouth. Common die materials include gypsum, resins, metals and polymers, each with advantages and disadvantages. Removable die systems like dowel pins, Di-Lok and Pindex are discussed which allow repositioning of dies in the working cast for wax pattern fabrication. Proper selection of die material and system depends on factors like accuracy, strength and compatibility with impression materials.
This document summarizes three types of dental cements: zinc phosphate cement, zinc polycarboxylate cement, and zinc oxide eugenol cement. It describes the introduction, composition, setting reaction, properties, manipulation and applications of each cement. Zinc phosphate cement is the oldest luting cement and involves a reaction between zinc oxide and phosphoric acid. Zinc polycarboxylate cement bonds to tooth structure through a reaction between polyacrylic acid and calcium ions. Zinc oxide eugenol cement sets through a reaction between zinc oxide, water and eugenol, and has sedative properties making it the least irritating to dental pulps.
This document provides an overview of different elastomeric impression materials used in dentistry, including their composition, setting reactions, properties, advantages, and disadvantages. It discusses polysulfide rubber, condensation silicone, addition silicone, and polyether impression materials. It also covers general properties like working and setting times, dimensional stability, reproduction of details, disinfection, tear strength, biocompatibility, and effects of mishandling. Recently, visible light-cured polyether urethane dimethacryl materials have been introduced as well.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of denture base materials over time, from early materials like wood and bone to modern day PMMA. It discusses the requirements of an ideal denture base material and introduces PMMA, describing the polymerization reaction and different types of denture base resins including heat, chemically and light activated. The document outlines the physical properties of resins and recent advancements, providing details on the polymerization process and factors that influence it.
The document provides information on impression materials, including their history, classification, and properties. It discusses both reversible (agar) and irreversible (alginate) hydrocolloid impression materials. For agar, it describes the composition, mode of supply, uses, advantages, and disadvantages. For alginate, it outlines the composition, setting reaction, classification according to setting time, manipulation, and properties. The document thus summarizes the key types of impression materials and their characteristics.
Impressions in fixed partial dentures/dental crown &bridge course by Indian d...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document summarizes the key properties and characteristics of different elastomeric impression materials, including polysulfide, condensation silicone, addition silicone, and polyether elastomers. It describes the composition, setting reactions, available consistencies, and mechanical properties of each material. Properties like viscosity, working and setting times, dimensional stability, hardness, tear strength, and detail reproduction are compared between the different elastomers. The document also discusses techniques for mixing and using impression materials, as well as their wettability and hydrophilicity.
Impressions in fixed partial dentures/certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Impression materials and gingival tissue managementNivedha Tina
The document discusses impression materials and gingival tissue management. It provides a history of impression materials from wax and plaster in 1782 to modern elastomers. Common materials like alginate and elastomers are classified and their properties and techniques described. Recent advances in alginates and impression techniques like CAD/CAM are also covered. The document also discusses gingival tissue management techniques like retraction and various retraction methods.
1. Elastomers are polymers that are crosslinked and easily stretched and recover their original shape when stress is released. There are four main types: polysulfides, condensation silicones, polyethers, and addition silicones.
2. Polysulfides impressions involve mixing a base paste with a catalyst paste containing lead dioxide. The lead dioxide reacts with sulfide groups on the polymer chains, lengthening and crosslinking them into a network.
3. Condensation silicones involve crosslinking a polydimethylsiloxane polymer with alkyl silicates using stannous octoate. Ethyl alcohol is a byproduct, causing shrinkage. They require a putty
Elastomeric impression materials are flexible polymers that can be stretched and recover their original shape. Key materials include polysulfides (introduced in 1950s), condensation silicones, addition silicones, and polyethers (introduced later). They are supplied in various consistencies and used for impressions. Addition silicones have high accuracy while polysulfides have longer working time. Proper technique is required to mix, apply, and remove the materials. Advancements include light-cured and hydrophilic materials. Mishandling can cause defects like bubbles, rough surfaces, or lack of adhesion to trays.
1. The document discusses different types of elastic impression materials used in dentistry including their history, properties, and recent advances.
2. The main elastic impression materials discussed are elastomers/rubber base materials like polysulfides, condensation silicones, addition silicones, and polyethers.
3. Recent advances include visible light cured impression materials which offer controlled working times and excellent properties but require special trays and can be difficult to cure in all areas.
This document provides an overview of dental impression materials, including their definition, classification, history, mixing systems, properties, and techniques. It discusses the main types of materials - polysulfide, condensation silicone, addition silicone, and polyether. For each, it outlines their composition, advantages, disadvantages, and properties like tear strength and dimensional stability. The document also reviews factors that affect impressions like temperature, viscosity, and storage conditions. It provides recommendations to control dimensional changes and concludes with a literature review on improving the accuracy of elastomeric impression materials.
Elastomeric impression materials include polysulfides, condensation silicones, addition silicones, and polyethers. They are supplied in various consistencies and set via chemical reactions. Ideal properties include accuracy, strength, and dimensional stability. Techniques include multiple mix, single viscosity, and putty wash. Care must be taken during handling and disinfection to avoid distortion or tearing. Recent advances include visible light cured materials and new hydrophilic vinyl polyether siloxanes.
Polysulphides, condensation silicones, addition silicones, and polyethers were compared. Polysulphides have the best tear resistance but the worst dimensional stability. Condensation silicones have adequate tear resistance and elasticity nearing silicones, but greater dimensional changes than polysulphides. Addition silicones have near ideal elasticity and the best dimensional stability as they produce no byproducts. Polyethers have adequate properties but can absorb water, swelling in high humidity.
This document provides an overview of impression materials. It begins with an introduction and history of impression materials, discussing early materials like wax and plaster. It then classifies materials based on properties and chemistry, covering non-elastic materials like plaster, zinc oxide eugenol, and impression compound, as well as elastic materials like hydrocolloids and synthetics. The document outlines ideal material requirements and discusses the composition, manipulation, and applications of various impression materials.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Impression materials /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Impression materials /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of various dental materials used as liners, bases, cements, and bonding agents. It discusses the functions and applications of calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide eugenol cement, temporary cement, zinc phosphate cement, polycarboxylate cement, glass ionomer cement, cavity varnish, and acid etch and bonding agents. The key information is that different dental materials serve protective, insulating, or sedative functions when used as liners or bases under dental restorations. Cement types like zinc oxide eugenol and zinc phosphate are used both temporarily and permanently. Glass ionomer cement is versatile and adhesive. Cavity varnish, acid etch, and bonding agents enhance bonding of
The document discusses dental impression materials. It defines a dental impression as a negative record of the tissues in the mouth. Impressions are used to reproduce the teeth and surrounding areas to create positive models or casts. There are two main types of impression materials - rigid materials that cannot engage undercuts, and elastic materials that can engage undercuts. Common elastic materials discussed include alginate, polysulfide rubber, silicone, and polyether. The document outlines the characteristics and properties required of good impression materials.
Isolation is very important aspect in clinical dentistry. Rubber dam plays very important role in isolation in pediatric dentistry. In day to day clinical dentistry rubber dam becames choice of isloation among dentists. This presentation covered everything about rubber dam and recent advances of it. Parts of clamps, forceps, types of sheets and technique of usng rubber dam.
Topical fluoride is very important to decrease or arrest dental caries. Fluroides are topical and systemic. Fluorides prevents caries in children. There are various forms fluorides available in market . Fluridated toothpastes, mouthrinses, tablets.
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Antibiotics and analgesics in pediatric dentistry
almost cover all basic pharmacology and recent drugs which are used in pediatric dentistry. although it contains some not used cephalosporins but we should have some knowledge about that.
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1. Dr. Neha Verma
2nd year PG
Department of Conservative Dentistry and
Endodontics
ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS
AND
IMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Definition
History
Classification
Elastomers
General properties
Tissue management
Manipulation
Impression making
Disinfection
Common failures with elastomers
Summary
3. An impression is an imprint or negative likeness.
It is made by placing some soft, semi-fluid material in the mouth and
allowing the material to set.
Depending on the material used, the set impression will be either hard or
elastic.
The impression materials most frequently used for cast restorations are
elastic when removed from the mouth.
From this negative form of the teeth and surrounding structures, a positive
reproduction, or cast, is made.
INTRODUCTION
Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics Shillinburg 4th ed
4. IMPRESSION MATERIAL : Any substance or combination of substances
used for making an impression or negative reproduction.
ELASTOMER : A polymer that has a glass transition temperature that is
below its service temperature (usually room temperature); these materials
are characterized by low stiffness and extremely large elastic strains.
ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIAL: A group of flexible
chemical polymers that are either chemically or physically cross-linked;
generally, they can be easily stretched and rapidly recover their original
dimensions when applied stresses are released.
DEFINITION
- GPT -9
5. 1950 : A group of synthetic rubbery materials called elastomers ( Polysulphides
and Condensation Silicones), which are capable of making impressions
of both soft and hard tissues are developed.
1960s : Polyether impression material developed in Germany
1970s : Addition silicone was introduced as a dental impression material
1988 : Latest addition and light cure elastomers
1990-2000 : New auto devices and delivery systems
HISTORY
Philips science of dental materials 12th ed
6. An impression for a cast restoration should meet the following requirements:
It should be an exact duplication of the prepared tooth, including all of the
preparation and enough uncut tooth surface beyond the preparation to allow
the dentist and technician to be certain of the location and configuration of the
finish line.
Other teeth and tissue adjacent to the prepared tooth must be accurately
reproduced to permit proper articulation of the cast and contouring of the
restoration.
It must be free of bubbles, especially in the area of the finish line and occlusal
surfaces of the other teeth in the arch.
Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics Shillinburg 4th ed
8. Soft and rubber-like & known as elastomers or synthetic rubbers
As per ADA Sp. No.19- non-aqueous elastomeric dental impression
materials
Liquid polymers when mixed with a suitable catalyst are converted into solid
rubber at room temperature.
I. According to chemistry
Polysulphides
Condensation polymerizing silicone
Addition polymerizing silicone
Polyether
ELASTOMERS
Philips science of dental materials 12th ed
Materials used in dentistry. Mahalaxmi- 1st ed
9. II ADA Classification
Based on selected elastic properties & dimensional changes(sp no.19) :
III. According to Viscosity (ISO 4823)
1) Light body or syringe consistency
2) Medium or regular body
3) Heavy body or tray consistency
4) Very heavy body or putty consistency
Type Max permanent
deformation
Max flow in
compression
Max dimensional
change in 24 hrs
I 2.5 0.5 -0.5
II 2.5 0.5 -1
III 5.5 2 -0.5
Materials used in dentistry. Mahalaxmi- 1st ed
10. Excellent reproduction of details
Generally hydrophobic
Good elastic properties
Excellent tear strength
High coefficient of thermal expansion
Electroplatable : silver or copper plated
Extended shelf-life : 2 years
Generally higher cost
Requires tray adhesive and mechanical interlocking.
GENERAL PROPERTIES
Philips science of dental materials 12th ed
11. SUPPLIED AS
All elastomers –two paste systems (base and catalyst)
Putty consistency – supplied in jars
USES
Impression material for all applications including
Fixed partial dentures
Dentulous and edentulous impressions
Border moulding of special trays(polyether)
Bite registration
As duplicating material for refractory casts
12. working & setting time
Curing of polyether is less sensitive to temperature
modification of base/accelarator paste
thinner - WT, slight ST
temperature -
Viscosity
Humidity
Philips science of dental materials 12th ed
14. Ideally-should flow freely and wet the tissue as it is being injected to achieve
adaptation - then resist flow away from the intended surface areas.
This will facilitate spreading of heavy-body material on the impression tray and
retain it in the tray. This phenomenon is called shear thinning
Polyether – rigid – problem preparation on periodontally weak tooth - # of dies &
tearing of impression material at the sulcus
RHEOLOGICALPROPERTIES
Polymerization shrinkage
Loss of byproduct
Thermal contraction from oral temperature to room temperature
Imbibitions
Incomplete recovery of deformation(visco elastic nature)
Pour within 30 mins – polysulfide & condensation silicon
DIMENSIONALSTABILITY
15. The amount of force needed to tear a specified test specimen divided by the
thickness of the specimen is called the tear strength.
The ranking of tear strength from the lowest to highest of the impression materials
is as follows
silicones polyether polysulfide
TEAR STRENGTH
16. Probability of allergic reactions is low
Polysulfide has the lowestcell death count
Polyether has the highest cell death count ,toxicity and contact dermatitisamong the
class.
Themostlikely problem is lodgment of impression material in gingival sulcus
resulting in severe inflammation,
BIOCOMPATIBILITY
17. polysulfide 2 yrs
Condensation silicon stannous octoate oxidizes
Orthoethyl silicate is not stable in
presence of tin ester
Addition silicon 1-2 yrs
Poly ether > 2yrs
Cool, dry environment Tubes
always tightly sealed
Container closed
SHELF LIFE
STORAGE
18. First synthetic elastomeric impression material
Also known as MERCAPTAN or THIOKOL
Mode of supply
- Collapsible tubes
- One labeled Base paste and
- Other labeled Accelerator paste
Consistencies
- Light body(syringe or wash)
- Medium body (regular)
- Heavy body
POLYSULFIDE
Philips science of dental materials 12th ed
19. Composition Function
Base paste •Polysulphide prepolymer
with terminal and pendanthiol
(-SH groups)-80-85%
•Plasticizer – di-n-butyl
phthalate
•Inert filler- possible chalk or
titanium dioxide- 16-18%
Polymerized and cross
linked to form rubber
Tocontrol viscosity
Togive ‘body’ control
viscosity and modify
physical properties
Catalyst paste •PbO2 / other alternative
oxidizing agent-60-68%
•Sulphur-0.5%
•Inert oil- paraffin type/
di-n-butyl phthalate
Toreact with thiol
groups- setting
Setting reaction
Toform a paste with
PbO2 andsulphur
COMPOSITION
21. Working time – 4-7 mins
Setting time – 7-10 mins
Lowest viscosity
excellent reproduction of details
Dimensional stability -
Percent contraction (at 24hrs) – 0.40%-0.45%
Shrinkage is due to loss of polymerization byproduct such as water
Deformation on removal
caused by rocking the impression while removal; it should be removed with a single
swift pull
High tear strength – 2500-7000 gm/cm2
Biocompatibility – lowest cell death count
Moderately hydrophilic
Unpleasant odor and taste
Can be electroplated with copper sulphate
PROPERTIES
22. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- High tear strength
- Long working time
- Established precision
- Economic
- Extensive shelf life
- Less hydrophobic
- Dimensionally unstable-Unacceptable odor
- Untidy and stains clothing
- Long setting time
- Least elastic recovery
- Subsequent pours are less accurate.
23. First type of silicone impression material
Also known as conventional silicone’
The setting occurs in room temperature so called as RTV silicones (room
temperature vulcanization)
Mode of supply
Collapsible tubes
Base paste
Accelerator paste / liquid
Putty is supplied in jars
Consistencies
Low, medium, high, and very high (putty) consistencies
CONDENSATION SILICONES
Philips science of dental materials 12th ed
26. PROPERTIES
Working time- 2.5 – 4 mins
Setting time – 6-8 mins
Tear strength – 2300-2600 N/m
% contraction at 24 hrs- 0.38-0.60%
Hydrophobic
Can be electroplated with silver and copper
Stiffer and harder than polysulfide
The ethyl alcohol formed evaporates gradually leading to shrinkage &
instability. So a condensation silicone should be poured as soon as
possible after removal from the mouth.
27. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
-
Clean and pleasant
Good working time
Easily seen margins
High polymerization shrinkage
Volatile alcohol byproduct
Low tear strength
Hydrophobic
Pour immediately
28. Also knownaspolyvinyl siloxane orvinyl polysiloxane
Mode of supply
Collapsible tubes
Base paste and
Accelerator paste
Putty is supplied in jars
Consistencies
Light body (syringe or wash)
Medium body (regular)
Heavy body
Putty
ADDITION SILICONES
Philips science of dental materials 12th ed
31. PROPERTIES
Working time – 2-4 mins
Setting time – 4-6.5 mins
Tear strength – 1500-4300 N/m
Percent contraction- 0.14-0.17%
Pseudo plastic
Exhibits lowest permanent distortion
32. Contact of polyvinyl siloxanes with latex gloves should be avoided
Especially true when handling and placing gingival cords
Mechanism
- Migration of particulate sulfur and sulphur chloride compounds to the
surface and are transferred to prepared teeth and adjacent soft tissues
- When mixing by hand, mechanism of inhibition is thought to be
contamination of chlorplatinic acid catalyst with free sulfur left in glove
- Residues from acrylics,methacrylates and petroleum jelly lubricants may
interfere with setting reaction of material
COMPLICATION WITH LATEX GLOVES
33. PREVENTION
- Use vinyl or nitrile gloves to eliminate the problem
-Preparations should be cleaned after temporary prosthesis before
making final impression
- Avoid handling retraction cords with latex gloves
• Contact of internal surface of impression with gloved hands :-
- Failure of the material adjacent to the tray to polymerize
- Separation of the tray from the impression material
34. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Highly accurate
High dimensional stability
Pleasant to use
Short setting time
Auto mix available
Hydrophobic
Expensive
Hydrogen gas evaluation in some
materials
Sulfur contamination by latex glove
35. First elastomer to be developed primarily to function as
an impression material
Mode of supply
Collapsible tubes
Base paste
Accelerator paste
Third tube containing thinner may be supplied
Consistencies
Light bodied(syringe or wash)
Medium bodied (regular)
Heavy bodied
POLYETHER
Philips science of dental materials 12th ed
36. COMPOSITION
Composition Function
Base paste
(large tube
•Imine-terminated
prepolymer
•Inert filler- silica
•Plasticizer-
phthalate
Cross linked to
form rubber
Togive body’
control viscosity
and physical
properties
Toaid mixing
Catalyst paste
(small tube)
•Ester derivative
of aromatic
sulphonic acid
•Inert filler – silica
•Plasticizer-
phthalate
Initiate cross
linking
Toform paste
38. PROPERTIES
Working time – 3 mins
Setting time – 6 mins
Tear strength – 1800- 4800 N/m
Percent contraction – 0.19 – 0.24%
Least amount of distortion
Pseudo plastic
Biocompatibility – contact dermatitis
39. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Dimensional stability
Accuracy
Shorter setting time
Automix available
Set material very stiff
Imbibition
Short working time.
Allergic hypersensitivity in some
cases.
40. EXA'lence™ VPES Impression Material
(GC America )
• EXA'lence is the new generation of Vinyl Polyether Silicone (VPES) Impression
Material.
• Intrinsically hydrophilic with optimal flow and high tear strength,
41. • For the elastomeric impression materials, the crevice needs to be opened to
0.2-0.3 mm to allow accurate detailed reproduction.
• This can be achieved by surgical widening or mechanical displacement with or
without chemical adjuncts.
1) Surgical
2) Mechanical displacement
3) Chemo- mechanical
SURGICALWIDENING
• Electro surgery unit
• Rotary instrument
• Laser
Tissue managementTISSUE MANAGEMENT
42. Ectrosurgical tip for
gingival troughing.
Specific probe
Frequency : 3-4MHz
Short metal projection: design helps to prevent
contact with the adjacent teeth as a result of the
insulation, and the short tip limits the depth of its
use in the crevice
The heat generation helps to cauterize the cut
tissue and reduces bleeding
Care must be taken to keep the tip moving whilst
activated (0.7 m/sec ) in order to prevent an
excessive temperature rise at least 5 sec should be
allowed before working in the same area again.
ELECTRO SURGERY UNIT
Stewardson DA. Trends in indirect dentistry: 5. Impression materials and techniques. Dental update. 2005 Sep
2;32(7):374-93.
43. ROTARY GINGIVAL CURETTAGE
( GINGITAGE OR GENGITAGE)
• Removal of the crevicular lining with a high-speed diamond
(tapered fissure) bur directed around the tooth within the
gingival crevice, at the same time as the preparation margin is
prepared.
• Least cost
• In interproximal areas: there is a high probability of
contacting the adjacent tooth surfaces and permanently
marking them. encourage caries, and cause sensitivity.
SOFT LASERS : can vaporize superficial tissues and widen the gingival crevice surgically
for impression taking. Overheating of the tissues with electrosurgery or laser can cause pulp
death and alveolar bone necrosis.
These methods should be avoided :
Gingivae are thin and friable, as significant recession may then be likely.
Tabassum S, Adnan S, Khan FR. Gingival retraction methods: a systematic review. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2017
Dec;26(8):637-43.
44. Cords are
• Twisted
• Knitted or braided.
• Twisted cords have a tendency to unravel so the latter two types of cord are
preferable. Ultrapak, a braided cord, is available in a range of sizes :
(smallest to largest diameter: 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3).
45. CORD PACKING INSTRUMENT
The instrument can also be dual-ended, with working edges at different orientations to facilitate the
insertion of the cord encircling the tooth, without having to change hand positions or instruments. This
design also prevents hindrance in the field of vision.
Working end should be thin enough to pack the cord into the sulcus
efficiently, but not sharp enough to initiate bleeding from the sulcus
wall or cause any perforation
The smooth roundended instrument is mostly used for packing twisted cord
The serrated type is used for the braided variety, prevents the slippage of the cord
during placement,
Disadvantage : fraying of the cord if not used cautiously
Tabassum S, Adnan S, Khan FR. Gingival retraction methods: a systematic review. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2017
Dec;26(8):637-43.
46. CORD PACKING TECHNIQUE
It is recommended that the packing of the retraction cord be initiated from
the inter-proximal area.
This can be done with the help of a periodontal probe and gentle pressure as the inter-
proximal gingival is thin and delicate, with minimal depth of gingival sulcus.
There are two broadly used techniques for packing retraction cord in the gingival sulcus
depending on the :
- Clinical situation
- Health of the gingival tissues
- Depth of the gingival sulcus
- Pacement of the margin of the preparation on the tooth structure
A survey by Sorensen et al has shown that 98% of prosthodontists use cords
out of which 48% use a dual cord technique and 44% use a single cord technique.
Tabassum S, Adnan S, Khan FR. Gingival retraction methods: a systematic review. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2017
Dec;26(8):637-43.
47. Used when there is little or no haemorrhage from the gingival sulcus, and the preparation
margins on the tooth are either gingival or slightly subgingival.
SINGLE CORD TECHNIQUE
DOUBLE CORD TECHNIQUE
Smaller diameter cord soaked with haemostatic agent : some lateral
tissue displacement but primarily controlling haemorrhage.
The second larger diameter cord is then packed into the sulcus,
causing lateral tissue displacement
The first deeper placed cord stays in place when the impression is
made, after removal of the top, larger diameter cord.
Care must be taken not to cause drying of the retraction cords, as
they would then adhere to the gingival tissue and cause haemorrhage
when removed
Tabassum S, Adnan S, Khan FR. Gingival retraction methods: a systematic review. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2017
Dec;26(8):637-43.
48. Phatale et al - epithelial attachment sustains injuries at a force of 1 N/mm2, while it
ruptures at 2.5 N/mm2, which is almost the same force required to place the
retraction cord.
CORD POSITIONING FORCE
CORD RETRACTION TIME
• The recommended time according to several studies ranges from 1–30 min
• If the cord is placed for 2 min , the sulcus width is reduced to 0.1 mm within 20 sec of
cord removal.
• On the other hand, if the retraction cord is placed for a longer time, this could result
in damage to the gingival tissue and recession.
• Gingival retraction cords are placed under the margin around the tooth for at least 5
min before making impressions.
49. • The single cord technique, the retraction cord is left in place for at least 4 minutes as, 4 minutes is
needed to adequately open the gingival sulcus and that longer times are not significantly better.10
• The single cord technique may be used when there is excellent gingival health (3mm pocket or
less).
• The largest diameter cord that can be inserted gently into the sulcus should be used.
• Excessive forces could cause trauma leading to gingival recession. In a deep sulcus, the tissue can
collapse over the single cord thus preventing proper tissue reflection.
• If there is gingival inflammation, removal of the single cord can elicit gingival hemorrhage.
• In the double-cord technique, After a minimum of 4 minutes, it is removed while the first small
diameter cord is left in place during the impression to prevent sulcular seepage and hemorrhage,
and for continued gingival displacement during the impression procedure.
https://iits.dentistry.utoronto.ca/impression-technique-for-indirect-
restorations Laura tam
50. Dislodging of placed cord with
simple vertical packing technique
Rotating the packing instrument ,helps the
previously placed cord be in place
Using two instruments walk around the tooth, to hold seated cord in place
Stewardson DA. Trends in indirect dentistry: 5. Impression materials and techniques. Dental update. 2005 Sep
2;32(7):374-93.
51. Disadvantages of use of retraction cord:
Time consuming
Traumatic
Gingival recession after healing
Bleeding after removal
As an alternative to the retraction cords, different cordless systems are
developed.
They usually contain pastes and gels in a form suitable for injection in the sulcus.
They are considered to be less traumatic and with less histological damage than
cord systems
52. 1) VASOCONSTRICTORS
a) Epinephrine
b) Nor–epinephrine
2) BIOLOGIC FLUID COAGULANTS
a) 15.5–20% Ferric sulfate
b) 100% Alum
c) 15−25% AlCl3
d) 10% Aluminium potassium sulfate
e) 15−25% Tannic acid
3) SURFACE LAYER TISSUE COAGULANTS
a) 8% ZnCl2
b) Silver nitrate
CHEMICALADJUNCTS
Tabassum S, Adnan S, Khan FR. Gingival retraction methods: a systematic review. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2017
Dec;26(8):637-43.
53. Shaykhah Othman AlOthman, et al. “A Review on Hemostatic Gingival Retraction Agents and their Effect on
Prosthodontic Treatment Procedures”. EC Dental Science 18.7 (2019): 1484-1490.
54. Shaykhah Othman AlOthman, et al. “A Review on Hemostatic Gingival Retraction Agents and their Effect on
Prosthodontic Treatment Procedures”. EC Dental Science 18.7 (2019): 1484-1490.
Epinephrine syndrome” (tachycardia, rapid respiration, elevated blood pressure,
anxiety, and postoperative depression)
55. Hand mixing
Static mixing
Dynamic mechanical mixing
MANIPULATION
Philips science of dental materials 12th ed
57. STATIC MIXING
When the trigger is pulled, the plunger is driven forward so
that the base and catalyst pastes are forced from the
cartridge into the mixing tip .
The pastes pass through the bore and exit the nozzle as a
uniform mixed paste. Four different sizes of mixing tips are
shown; the more viscous the material, the larger is the
mixing tip that should be used. Syringe tips can be fit to the
nozzle to deliver the mixed paste directly to the prepared
teeth
The base and catalyst are first injected into the respective barrel.
A plunger then forces the material through a smaller static
mixing tip. It can deliver the light body material directly onto
the abutment
58. The motor-driving mechanism forces the material into the mixing tip and makes the impeller (insert)
inside the tip rotate. The function of the impeller is only to mix the material.
Both polyether and addition silicone impression materials of various viscosities are available with
this dispensing system.
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL MIXING
Philips science of dental materials 12th ed
59. Impression Techniques
There are various techniques for making fixed partial denture (FPD)
impressions, those are:
I. Putty-wash impression
II. Dual-phase impression
III. Mono-phase impression
IV. Hydrocolloid laminate technique
V. Copper-band impression technique
VI. Impression using vacuum-adapted splints
VII. Impression using preformed crown shells
VIII. Dual-arch impression technique
IX. Functional check bite impression
X. Matrix impression system
XI. Cast impression coping technique
XII. Digital impressions
60. IMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
MULTIPLE- MIX TECHNIQUE
PUTTY WASH TECHNIQUE
MONOPHASE TECHNIQUE
TRIPLE TRAY TECHNIQUE
According to the tray used According to mixing technique
CUSTOM TRAY
IMPRESSIONS
STOCK TRAY
IMPRESSIONS
Stewardson DA. Trends in indirect dentistry: 5. Impression materials and techniques. Dental update. 2005 Sep
2;32(7):374-93.
61. Impression trays classified as :
A) Stock trays.
B) Custom trays
Stock trays : used to take primary impressions and come in a range of sizes
and shapes, and can be plastic or metal
Available in various forms :
Perforated
nonperforated
The flexibility of the stock tray may result in distortion impression.
It also tends to result in pulling away of the impression material from the tray
during removal.
According to the TRAY used
62. CUSTOM TRAYS
Customized trays made of acrylic, specifically conforming to the arch form of individual
patients.
Dimensional changes that occur during polymerization of the elastomers are directly
proportional to the thickness of the material. Custom made trays provide uniform and
minimal thickness of the material. Stock trays result in uneven distribution and thickness
of the material resulting in more dimensional changes.
The rigidity of the custom tray and uniform thickness of the material allow very minimal
distortion of the impression during removal.
Uniform thickness of the impression material helps in conserving the volume of the
material required and thus reducing the cost of the impression.
Much less discomfort to the patient as compared to the bulky stock tray with more
material.
64. Reduce the quantity of material required to make impressions
Dimensional changes attributed to the materials are minimized.
Allows a uniform distribution of impression material between the tray and the object,
which also improves accuracy.
Especially true for polysulfide impression material.
The use of custom trays for polyether and addition silicone impressions is not critical,
since these materials are stiffer and have less polymerization shrinkage than the
polysulfide material.
Note :
Less material in a custom tray reduces the compressibility of the impression, which can
make removal of the impression tray more difficult.
When severe undercuts are present, the use of a custom tray should be avoided.
65. Replicating Materials—Impression and Casting. (2012). Craig’s Restorative Dental Materials, 277–325.
The double-impression technique is suitable for use with a stock impression
tray, because the preliminary impression serves as a custom tray.
With the monophase and simultaneous dual-viscosity technique, a slight
improvement in accuracy results when a custom-made tray is used because it
provides a uniform thickness of impression material.
66. Multiple mix technique
A syringe material (light body) and a tray material (heavy body) are used in
this technique.
Usually, the two groups of materials are mixed simultaneously, each by a
different person.
Low-consistency material is injected with a syringe into critical areas & the
high-consistency material is mixed & placed in an impression tray.
After injecting the low viscosity material, the tray containing the higher
viscosity material is placed in the mouth.
Since both the materials are mixed together, they join, bond & set together.
After the materials have set, the tray & the impression are removed.
SIMULTANEOUS DUAL VISCOSITY TECHNIQUE
Replicating Materials—Impression and Casting. (2012). Craig’s Restorative Dental Materials, 277–325.
67.
68. ADVANTAGES
• Over comes the polymerization shrinkage of the lightbody material
• Margins duplicated in light body
• Safest method is to make a new impression when bubbles or similar defects
are detected in critical areas.
DISADVANTAGES
• Use of custom tray
• An assistant required for mixing the material - tray/syringe simultaneously
• Margins duplicated in heavy body in case of excess pressure
69. SINGLE MIX OR SINGLE VISCOSITY OR
MONOPHASE TECHNIQUE
Impressions often made with a medium viscosity impression material.
Addition silicone & polyether are well suited for this technique because both have a
capacity for shear thinning.
When the medium viscosity material is forced through an impression syringe, viscosity is
reduced, whereas the viscosity of the same material residing in the tray is unaffected. The
success of this technique depends on the pseudoplastic (shear thinning) properties of the
materials
Philips science of dental materials 12th ed
70. ADVANTAGES
• Reduced wastage of the material
• Less time consumption
• Increased flow compared to heavy tray material.
DISADVANTAGES
• Relatively high viscosity and reduced flow of the monophase materials into
intracoronal features
Philips science of dental materials 12th ed
71. PUTTY WASH TECHNIQUE
SINGLE STAGE PUTTY WASH
TECHNIQUE
TWO - STAGE PUTTY WASH
TECHNIQUE
72. Two steps impression procedure whereby a preliminary impression is taken in high or
putty consistency material before the tooth preparation is made.
Space is provided for a low consistency material by a variety of techniques, & after
tooth preparation, a low consistency material is syringed in to the area & the
preliminary impression reinserted.
The low & high consistency materials bond, & after the low consistency material sets,
the impression is removed. This procedure is sometimes called a WASH TECHNIQUE
as very thin layer of low viscosity impression material which is used to record fine
details.
The Putty consistency materials & this technique were developed for condensation
silicones to minimize the effects of dimensional change during polymerization. This
technique was extended to addition silicones after their introduction even though their
polymerization shrinkage is significantly lower.
73. SINGLE STAGE PUTTY WASH TECHNIQUE
Twin phase or twin mix or single stage
First the putty and over that the light body, is syringed onto prepared tooth surface and
the tray is seated in the mouth.
Both materials sets at the same time inside the mouth (single stage).
Ricketts, D. (2011). Impression materials and techniqueas. Advanced Operative Dentistry, 163–176.
Putty in stock tray being seated over wash
before it starts to set.
Light bodied wash being syringed around
upper anterior tooth preparations
74. ADVANTAGES
• Reduced chair side time
DISADVANTAGES
• Putty displaces the light body due to its high viscosity resulting in failure to
record accurate details of the prepared teeth.
• Possibility of margins duplicated in putty medium
• Tendency of bubbles to be formed and occluded in the set impression
75. TWO - STAGE PUTTY WASH TECHNIQUE
Double impression technique
Condensation silicones and addition silicones are used
A preliminary impression of the arch is made with stock tray
using heavy body/putty.
This is allowed to set before the light body impression.
The light body material is syringed into the primary impression tray and also
onto the prepared tooth surfaces and again seated in the same position to make
the final impression.
Stewardson DA. Trends in indirect dentistry: 5. Impression materials and techniques. Dental update. 2005 Sep
2;32(7):374-93.
77. When the impression is removed the putty recoils and the distorted
impression will result in a smaller die of a full coverage crown preparation
78. Stewardson DA. Trends in indirect dentistry: 5. Impression materials and techniques. Dental update. 2005 Sep
2;32(7):374-93.
Pre-operative putty impression is made intra
orally
In the area where the tooth is to be prepared,
impression material is removed or channels
prepared using putty cutter instrument for
reseating
Putty should be generously cut back in the depths of sulci ( palate upper arch)
and buccal and lingual sulci to provide escape channels for the wash
The impression is then relined with lowviscosity material
79. Space for the light body can be provided by removing some of
the putty from the preliminary impression or by keeping a thin
polythene sheet as a spacer in between the putty and the
prepared teeth while making preliminary impression
Stewardson DA. Trends in indirect dentistry: 5. Impression materials and techniques. Dental update. 2005 Sep
2;32(7):374-93.
80. ADVANTAGES
Impression can be captured with the wash materials
Superior margins and avoid drag formation
Wash stage carried out after the putty has set and contracted
Controlled wash bulk compensates for this contraction with minimal
dimensional change
DISADVANTAGES
Extra chair side time
Extra material
Stewardson DA. Trends in indirect dentistry: 5. Impression materials and techniques. Dental update. 2005 Sep
2;32(7):374-93.
81. TRIPLE TRAY TECHNIQUE
Dual-arch impression or Closed bite (Wilson & Werrin 1983)
Novel technique, where a single impression records the maxillary, mandibular, and
intercuspal positions.
uses higher viscosity elastomeric impression material with low viscosity wash
material.
INDICATIONS -
One or two units bounded by intact and opposed teeth
Stable, reproducible and obvious intercuspal position
Co-operative patient able to close directly into intercuspal position on request
Tray does not contact axial tooth surfaces, or the adjacent tissues on closure
Stewardson DA. Trends in indirect dentistry: 5. Impression materials and techniques. Dental update. 2005 Sep
2;32(7):374-93.
83. ADVANTAGES
• Saves clinical time and material.
• Quicker because both arches are recorded at the same time,
• Laboratory investigations show that dies have comparable accuracy compared to those
obtained from full-arch impressions
• Less impression material is required as only one part of the arch is recorded.
DISADVANTAGES
• Special trays are used
• Tray distortion may occur if touches palate of patients
• Impressions are shallow, and makes them difficult to pour, and mounting can be
problematic without specific cast relators.
84. When multiple post and core restorations are planned in the same arch, the laboratory-fabricated
custom-cast post may be the most time- and cost-efficient method.
The teeth are prepared for the posts, and the final crown preparations are completed so that all
crown margins are on tooth structure.
It is important that the crown preparation be completed before the impression for the post and core
is made so that the axial contours of the core can be fabricated correctly.
An impression is made with an elastomeric impression material used with an injection technique,
which allows the impression material to flow into the total length of the prepared canal space.
A 25-gauge needle is placed into the canal before the impression is made. The syringe material is
then injected into the canal until it begins to flow out the top of the orifice.
While the syringe material is being injected, the needle is slowly removed from the canal.
The needle serves as an escape channel for the trapped air and allows the elastomeric impression
material to reproduce the entire length of the canal space.
Alternatively, the syringe material may be placed directly into the canal with a needle tube, which
is attached to the syringe.
85. The tip of the needle tube must be long enough to extend to the entire length of the prepared
canal space. The elastomeric material is injected as the needle tube is slowly removed from
the canal.
A final technique that can be used to ensure that impression material flows into the entire
length of the prepared canal is the use of a lentulo spiral The syringe impression material is
initially injected into the canal until it flows out of the orifice.
The lentulo spiral is then introduced into the canal and rotated at low rpm to force the
impression material apically.
The lentulo spiral should be slowly and gently advanced until the apical aspect of the
prepared canal is felt and then slowly removed while it continues to rotate.
No reinforcement of the impression material in the canal space is required with the newer
impression materials.
The impression is poured, and the custom posts are fabricated in the laboratory. At subsequent
appointment, the posts are cemented and the final impression for the restorations is made
without further tooth preparation.
86. (a) Use of 25-gauge needles to allow air to escape from canals during the
impression making to ensure a complete impression of the canal spaces.
(b) Final impression of canal spaces for laboratory fabrication of custom-cast
posts.
87. Matrix Impression System
The matrix impression system uses three impression materials:
1. A suitable elastomeric semi-rigid material required to form the matrix
2. A high viscosity elastomeric impression material, which will preferably bond to
matrix-forming material, and
3. A stock tray with a medium viscosity elastomeric impression material to pickup the
matrix impression and the remaining arch not covered by the matrix
88. Polysulfide
and
silicone
Immersion Glutaraldehydes,
chlorine compounds,
iodophors, phenolics
Disinfectants
requiring
more than 30-
min exposure
times are not
recommended
.
Polyether Immerse with
caution
Use disinfectant
only for a short
exposure time (<10
min)
Chlorine
compounds or
iodophors
ADA recommends
any of the
disinfectant
classes; however,
short-term
exposures are
essential to avoid
distortion.
Materials Method Recommended Comments
disinfectant
DISINFECTION
Philips science of dental materials 12th ed
89. Rough or chalky stone cast
Bubbles
Irregularly shaped voids
Distortion
Rough or uneven impression surface
Common failures with elastomers
91. Elastomers since their introduction have revolutionised the art of impression
making hence allowing the operator to provide acuurate fitting restorations
Addition silicones and polyethers account for major portion of the current
practice.
Condensation silicones, Polysulfides – more sensitive with respect to
handling considerations , mix-and-pour techniques, which may affect
accuracy.
SUMMARY