RUNNINGHEADER:PROJECTANALYSIS 1 Corruption 2 “Project Analysis on Corruption”BADM440-1404A-01 Quesadra Dynell Goodrum Individual Project Phase 4 Colorado Technical University Instructor: Jose Perez 11/03/20014 Table of Contents Sample Population 3 Questionnaires 4 Oral Interviews 4 Observation 4 Data Analysis and Measurement Strategy 4 This ethical consideration will be built on the following basic principles of ethical practice 5 a) Informed Consent 6 b) Beneficence 6 c) Justice 7 References 8 Sample Population The success of this research depends on the sample population that I choose to work with. I intend to obtain information about a population and have settled for only selected members of the population to be questioned. Contacting, questioning, and obtaining information from a large population, such as all of the households residing in Colorado, is extremely expensive, difficult, and time consuming. A properly designed probability sample, however, provides a reliable means of inferring information about a population without examining every member or element. When properly conducted, a probability sample of provides very reliable information with very small margin of error for the whole population in Colorado. Working with a sample size of 300 respondents, the smaller sampling operation lends itself to the application of more rigorous controls, thus ensuring better accuracy. This calls for rigorous controls to reduce noncomplying errors such as interviewer bias and mistakes, nonresponse problems, questionnaire design flaws, and data processing and analysis errors. The sampling methodology used for this research is the nonprobability sampling. In this case, when discussing the results of a nonprobability sample, I will limit myself to findings of the persons sampled. The advantage of nonprobability sampling is the ease in which it can be administered. They tend to be less complicated and less time consuming. Judgmental sampling is the type of nonprobability sampling employed for this study. In judgmental or purposive sampling, I would employ my own "expert” judgment about who to include in the sample frame. Prior knowledge and research skill I possess would be instrumental are in selecting the respondents or elements to be sampled. Data Analysis The data collection procedures included the following:Questionnaires This involved the administering of organization questionnaires to staff members working in the organizations within the study area. Oral Interviews This method involved collection of data through face to face interaction with organizations managers and employees. This was to gain insight in the effect of corruption on organizations. Observation Observation is basic to collecting data on the current state of the study area. It was also used in verifying information collected using the questionnaires proceeds observations as a method of data collection also serves to increase the range of relevance and rel.

1. RUNNINGHEADER:PROJECTANALYSIS 1
Corruption 2
“Project Analysis on Corruption”BADM440-1404A-01
Quesadra Dynell Goodrum
Individual Project Phase 4
Colorado Technical University
Instructor: Jose Perez
11/03/20014
Table of Contents
Sample Population 3
Questionnaires 4
Oral Interviews 4
Observation 4
Data Analysis and Measurement Strategy 4
This ethical consideration will be built on the following basic
principles of ethical practice 5
a) Informed Consent 6
b) Beneficence 6
c) Justice 7
References 8
Sample Population
The success of this research depends on the sample population
that I choose to work with. I intend to obtain information about
a population and have settled for only selected members of the
population to be questioned. Contacting, questioning, and
obtaining information from a large population, such as all of the
households residing in Colorado, is extremely expensive,
difficult, and time consuming. A properly designed probability
sample, however, provides a reliable means of inferring
information about a population without examining every
member or element. When properly conducted, a probability

2. sample of provides very reliable information with very small
margin of error for the whole population in Colorado.
Working with a sample size of 300 respondents, the smaller
sampling operation lends itself to the application of more
rigorous controls, thus ensuring better accuracy. This calls for
rigorous controls to reduce noncomplying errors such as
interviewer bias and mistakes, nonresponse problems,
questionnaire design flaws, and data processing and analysis
errors.
The sampling methodology used for this research is the
nonprobability sampling. In this case, when discussing the
results of a nonprobability sample, I will limit myself to
findings of the persons sampled. The advantage of
nonprobability sampling is the ease in which it can be
administered. They tend to be less complicated and less time
consuming.
Judgmental sampling is the type of nonprobability sampling
employed for this study. In judgmental or purposive sampling, I
would employ my own "expert” judgment about who to include
in the sample frame. Prior knowledge and research skill I
possess would be instrumental are in selecting the respondents
or elements to be sampled.
Data Analysis
The data collection procedures included the
following:Questionnaires
This involved the administering of organization questionnaires
to staff members working in the organizations within the study
area. Oral Interviews
This method involved collection of data through face to face
interaction with organizations managers and employees. This
was to gain insight in the effect of corruption on organizations.
Observation
Observation is basic to collecting data on the current state of
the study area. It was also used in verifying information
collected using the questionnaires proceeds observations as a
method of data collection also serves to increase the range of

3. relevance and reliability of data and the various issues,
resources and activities in. Data Analysis and Measurement
Strategy
Data was coded (for the case of open-ended questions) and
entered into the SPSS program after which it was cleaned to
remove cases of non-response or wrong entries. The data was
analyzed using SPSS software; descriptive statistics was
analyzed using frequencies and percentages. The data was then
summarized into tables and graphs. Data was presented using
tables, pie-charts and graphs.
Ethical Consideration
The research on ‘Effect of Corruption on Organizations’ would
involve human participants to be a success hence as required it
needs to go through a formal process of research ethics review.
According to Blaxter et al. (2001) the common cause of ethical
challenge is conflicts of interest between the researcher and the
researched. The researcher may be excited about his or her
research idea, and be keen to collect in-depth high quality data
from those most closely affected by whatever they are
researching. However, there is a risk that the researcher may be
tempted to consider unethical research practice in order to try to
obtain and/or retain some of the data.
This leads me to narrow my ethical consideration to a review of
risks and responsibilities. This would touch on the potential risk
that I may be introducing and responsibilities on my part to help
address these potential risks. As a researcher, I will be
responsible for satisfying myself that:
· The level of risk is justified by the importance and relevance
of the research study;
· The risk is unavoidable within the study’s objectives;
· In absolute terms, the level of risk is minimized;
· Participants are fully aware of the level and nature of the risk
before they agree, freely, to take part in the study;
· Precautions are in place to deal adequately with the effect of
participation.

4. This ethical consideration will be built on the following basic
principles of ethical practice:a) Informed Consent
In this case the participants should know exactly what their role
will be in making the research a success. This would be
achieved through the preparation of an information sheet that
would be given to the participants and would be made of the
following information:
· Details who I am, where I am from, and what I am doing
· Explain why they are selected to be invited to take part
· Inform participants that, even if they agree to take part, they
can change their mind at any time, without giving an
explanation
· Elaborate on what participants would be asked to do if they
agreed to take part
· Assure participants on the level of anonymity and
confidentiality I can guarantee
· Say what the information will be used for, how it will be
stored, and how long it will be keptb) Beneficence
Refers to the obligation on the part of the investigator to
maximize benefits for the individual participant and society,
while minimizing risk of harm to the individual. Maximizing
potential benefits is predicated on sound experimental design,
thus research proposals must undergo rigorous scientific review
before proceeding to implementation stage.c) Justice
This demands equitable selection of participants, i.e., avoiding
participant populations that may be unfairly coerced into
participating, such as prisoners and institutionalized children.
The principle of justice requires that those who undertake the
burdens of research must be likely to benefit from the research.
References

5. Ernesto Dal Bo’, Martin A. Rossi Journal of Public Economics:
June 2007, vol.9 Issue 5-6, pages 939-962.
Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology: methods and
techniques (2nd ed.). New Delhi: New Age International.
http://stanford.io/IqMTpaD
Research Proposal: Social Inequality in Our Society Today 1
Research Proposal
Social Inequality in Our Society Today
Daniel L. Gray # 224648
Columbia Southern University

6. Research Proposal: Social Inequality in Our Society Today
2
My rationale for this topic is that resources in our society are
unevenly distributed,
basically through allocation norm, which is leading to
endangering the specific and socially
defined outlines of people. Research on this subject may
possibly outline a solution towards
social inequality within our society. The context surrounding
this research on social injustice is
hinged on providing solid evidence concerning the uneven
distribution of educational
opportunities, such as the availability of scholarships, or
institutions of higher learning intended
only for the entitled and wealthy. The end result is to identify
how educational outcomes and
family background are related to social inequality.
Social inequality in education differs from one country to
another. Social inequality, as it
pertains to education also differs from time to time. Inequality
in education is generally
conceptualized as a relationship between the highest attainted

7. level of education of a person and
that of their parents. The process of inter-generational education
mobility conducted in twenty
industrialized countries through log multiplicative and log
linear methods have shown that the
educational mobility degree has been stable for the past half of
the 20th century in almost all
nations. Nevertheless, there is quite a difference in all nations
concerning the level of education
of parents in comparison to that of their children (Slattery,
2003).
According to research, there is an association between
education inequality and the
structure of institutions in the educational system nationwide
(Abel, 2008). The higher education
of a student is dictated by the income of the parents. To many
times it has proven evident that a
student strives to succeed, applies themselves heart and soul,
and once the time comes to seek
out higher learning they are shunned or turned away because the
monetary contribution of their
family was inadequate, or even worse, the family lives in
poverty and has no income. The

8. Research Proposal: Social Inequality in Our Society Today
3
exception to that rule is that where the student has proven
himself or herself to be of exceptional
intelligence. Not all families can generate the income necessary
to place their child into a private
institution of higher learning where the educational standards
are the highest. These institutions
are reserved for the entitled, privileged, and wealthy, and
occasionally the exceptional. It is also
evident that systems which contain dead ends have been put in
place and seem to be the
hindering factor of education opportunity equalizations,
especially when the categorization of the
student takes place right at the beginning of their educational
path as outlined previously.
The analysis on social inequality, especially applicable to
educational poverty is that it is
a powerful force that shapes the educational success of children
and the goal of attaining the
“American Dream”. Nevertheless, inequality is not predictable,
neither is it a destiny (Wates,
2006). It is therefore also important to understand the role

9. poverty and inequality plays so as to
shape opportunities for schools, families, and even society as a
whole towards expanding on the
opportunities presently provided. The people within our society
should devise the means to
ensure that all children are afforded an equal opportunity to
excel in their education and realize
the same productive and fulfilling lives as the upper classes of
society enjoy. Social inequality is
a problem that can be solved with governmental support, social
realignment, and uniform
educational strategies. The implementation of such strategies
will help eradicate social
inequality, especially educational inequality within our society.
Research Proposal: Social Inequality in Our Society Today
4
References
Slattery, M. (2003). Key Ideas in Sociology. Cheltenham:
Nelson Thornes, Ltd

10. Abel, T. (2008). Cultural capital and social inequality in health.
Journal of Epidemiology and
Waters, M. (2006). The Reshaping and Dissolution of Social
Class in Advanced Society. Theory
and SocietyCommunity Health
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Epidemiology_and_Co
mmunity_Health
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Epidemiology_and_Co
mmunity_Health
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_and_Society
&action=edit&redlink=1
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_and_Society
&action=edit&redlink=1
Running head: TITLE OF PAPER 1
Title of the Paper
Student’s Name
University

11. TITLE OF PAPER 2
Title of the Paper
Armstrong, C. (1996). Deborah Tannen comes to class:
Implications of gender and conversation
in the classroom. English Journal, 85(2), 15.
In a conversation with a male student, Armstrong thought she
was being “helpful”
and “supportive” when she “nodded vigorously” and punctuated
his words with “yes.”
The male thought she was “rude” and “intrusive.” Concerned at
the failure of the
conversation, Armstrong read Deborah Tanner’s You Just Don’t
Understand, which
helped Armstrong understand the ways men and women
interrupt each other. Men see
interruptions as “conversational bullying.” Women see them as
“cooperative
overlapping.” What Armstrong thought was support and
involvement the male student

12. saw as manipulation.
Gergen, M. (2001, June 6). Book review: Talking difference: On
gender and language [by M.
Crawford]. Archives of Sexual Behavior 30(3), 338. Retrieved
from InfoTrac database.
In her review of Crawford’s book, Gergen suggests that the
“differences between
the ways men and women talk suggest that we might as well
have come from different
planets.” Today, some view it as necessary to take a quick
course in conversational
translations. Gergen says Crawford made in-depth inquiries into
issues of how
conversation affects relations, power, and discrimination.
Unit III Annotated Bibliography
Follow the directions below for the completion of the Annotated
Bibliography assignment for Week III.
The purpose of the Annotated Bibliography is to summarize the
sources that you have gathered to
support your Research Proposal project. These summaries help
you to think about the complex
arguments presented in your sources and the massive

13. information therein in terms of short, digestible
articulations. In addition, these summaries will likely form the
basis for Draft 1 of your Research
Paper (the review of literature) that you will complete in Week
IV, which is largely comprised of
summaries that are transitioned together and that form a
conversation about the issue.
Description:
In this assignment, you will create an Annotated Bibliography
consisting of five sources.
precedes a 100-150 word summary of the
source.
h of the five entries is less than the word count, it is
likely you have not fully developed your
summary, and this lack of development can severely impact
your grade for this assignment.
Your Annotated Bibliography will include the elements listed
below.
Elements:
Your Annotated Bibliography must contain specific elements.
Your grade is largely based on your
inclusion of these elements, as well as your ability to
summarize your sources. For assistance, you
may want to refer to the example in Chapter 20, Section 20f, of
Strategies for Writing Successful
Research Papers (pp. 436-438) (Attached). The elements include

14. the following.
1. Cover page and APA formatting:
You will include an APA-style cover page for your Annotated
Bibliography Your cover page should
include the following: the title, your name, and the name of
your university. Your title will appear
in the running head which should include up to 50 characters
from the title of the paper, along with
a sequential page number in the upper right-hand corner.
The following conventions should be followed as well. See the
Annotated Bibliography example
(attached) for guidance:
to the first substantive word in the
reference list citation.
-spaced,
with no additional spaces between
entries.
Bibliography, as the entries themselves
will contain the reference list citation information.

15. left with the left-hand margin (no
indentation), and the second and proceeding lines should be
indented ½” from the left-hand
margin (hanging indent of one-half inch).
of the reference. It lines up with the
indented portion of the reference, with the exception that the
first line is indented an additional
one-half inch. (Look at the example to see how this formats.)
2. Entries (5):
Each of the five entries should begin with a reference list
citation in APA format and be followed
by a 100-150 word summary of the source’s information. An
Annotated Bibliography summary
should include the most important information from the text.
Sometimes, this means that you will
broadly summarize larger portions of text (as in main ideas of a
whole essay); other times, this
means that you will focus on summarizing one paragraph out of
an entire source. W henever you
quote information, use APA in-text citations.
Annotated Bibliography Example:

16. The purpose of the Annotated Bibliography example is to help
you with the formatting of the Annotated
Bibliography, which can be confusing. Use the attached
document formatting as a guide. See attached
Annotated Bibliography example.