Running head: SECURITY MECHANISM 1 SECURITY MECHANISM 2 Security Mechanism Student Name Institution Affiliation Abstract Many organizations and enterprises have adopted the practice of storage of data in the cloud as it is fast, efficient and reliable. It has eliminated the challenge of loss of data and made it easier to retrieve data. Enterprises are therefore able to thrive in the current era where clients require their needs to be met quickly and in their desired timing. However it is faced with the challenge of security, many do not understand their responsibility of making sure that the data is secure. The storage of data in the clouds has decentralized the IT department because in most cases they are not in control of the data due to the ease of access to the various cloud service providers, different departments within an enterprise which have different service providers. The security mechanisms are not comprehensive to cater to all the service providers. Requiring one to use multiple security measures. Hence there exist several loopholes that can be exploited by criminals impairing the steady operations of the victims. Imposing security on the cloud requires that a mechanism is put in place to not only protect but also detect the threats. This will help in planning how to counter react to any possible threat. It does also ensure that there is a study of the trends of such crimes. Chapter 13 Counterterrorism The Options Counterterrorism and the Use of Force · Suppression Campaigns · Military suppression campaigns. · Case: Operation Enduring Freedom. · Case: Operation Peace for Galilee. · Paramilitary suppression campaigns. · Case: Algeria. · Case: Colombia. · Punitive and preemptive strikes. · Coercive Covert Operations · “War in the shadows.” · Case: The Achille Lauro operation. · Case: Assassinations. · Case: Israeli Approach · Case: Armed Drone Aircraft · Special Operations Forces · Elite military and police units specializing in unconventional operations. OOTW: Repressive Options · Nonviolent Covert Operations · Encompasses a number of options. · Inherently secretive. Often creative. · Examples: · Infiltration. · Disinformation. · Cyberwar · Intelligence · SIGINT (Signal Intelligence) · HUMINT (Human Intelligence) · OSINT (Open Source Intelligence) · IMINT (Imagery Intelligence) · MASINT (Measures and Signatures Intelligence) · GEOINT (Geospatial Intelligence) · Enhanced Security · Target hardening. · Case: Morocco’s desert wall. · Case: Israel’s walls on the border. · Economic Sanctions · Directed against governments. · Conditions for success. · Cooperation must remain firm. · Trade leaks must be controlled. · Sanctioned regime must be made to suffer. · Problems. · Sanctioned regimes rarely suffer—their people do. · Coalitions do not always remain firm. · Leaks are difficult to control. · OOTW: Conciliatory Options · Diplomatic Options · Reasoned dialogue. · Peace processes. · Negotiations. · Social Reform · Respo.

1. Running head: SECURITY MECHANISM 1
SECURITY MECHANISM 2
Security Mechanism
Student Name
Institution Affiliation
Abstract
Many organizations and enterprises have adopted the practice of
storage of data in the cloud as it is fast, efficient and reliable. It
has eliminated the challenge of loss of data and made it easier
to retrieve data. Enterprises are therefore able to thrive in the
current era where clients require their needs to be met quickly
and in their desired timing. However it is faced with the
challenge of security, many do not understand their
responsibility of making sure that the data is secure. The
storage of data in the clouds has decentralized the IT
department because in most cases they are not in control of the
data due to the ease of access to the various cloud service
providers, different departments within an enterprise which
have different service providers. The security mechanisms are
not comprehensive to cater to all the service providers.
Requiring one to use multiple security measures. Hence there
exist several loopholes that can be exploited by criminals
impairing the steady operations of the victims. Imposing
security on the cloud requires that a mechanism is put in place
to not only protect but also detect the threats. This will help in
planning how to counter react to any possible threat. It does
also ensure that there is a study of the trends of such crimes.

2. Chapter 13
Counterterrorism
The Options
Counterterrorism and the Use of Force
· Suppression Campaigns
· Military suppression campaigns.
· Case: Operation Enduring Freedom.
· Case: Operation Peace for Galilee.
· Paramilitary suppression campaigns.
· Case: Algeria.
· Case: Colombia.
· Punitive and preemptive strikes.
· Coercive Covert Operations
· “War in the shadows.”
· Case: The Achille Lauro operation.
· Case: Assassinations.
· Case: Israeli Approach
· Case: Armed Drone Aircraft
· Special Operations Forces
· Elite military and police units specializing in unconventional
operations.
OOTW: Repressive Options
· Nonviolent Covert Operations
· Encompasses a number of options.
· Inherently secretive. Often creative.
· Examples:
· Infiltration.
· Disinformation.
· Cyberwar
· Intelligence
· SIGINT (Signal Intelligence)
· HUMINT (Human Intelligence)
· OSINT (Open Source Intelligence)
· IMINT (Imagery Intelligence)
· MASINT (Measures and Signatures Intelligence)

3. · GEOINT (Geospatial Intelligence)
· Enhanced Security
· Target hardening.
· Case: Morocco’s desert wall.
· Case: Israel’s walls on the border.
· Economic Sanctions
· Directed against governments.
· Conditions for success.
· Cooperation must remain firm.
· Trade leaks must be controlled.
· Sanctioned regime must be made to suffer.
· Problems.
· Sanctioned regimes rarely suffer—their people do.
· Coalitions do not always remain firm.
· Leaks are difficult to control.
· OOTW: Conciliatory Options
· Diplomatic Options
· Reasoned dialogue.
· Peace processes.
· Negotiations.
· Social Reform
· Responding to underlying grievances.
· Case: Peru and Shining Path.
· Case: Spain and ETA.
· Concessionary Options
· Giving the terrorists what they want.
· Examples:
· Payment of ransoms.
· Releases of imprisoned comrades.
· Broadcast or publication of extremist propaganda.
· Political amnesty.
Legalistic Options
· Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism
· Responding to terrorist environments.
· Terrorism as inherently criminal behavior under law.
· Taking the lead in investigating terrorist incidents.

4. · Police repression.
· Domestic Laws and Counterterrorism
· Balancing the need for counterterrorist laws and the protection
of constitutional rights.
· Cases:
· Counterterrorist courts in Algeria.
· Amnesty in Italy.
· Capture and arrest of Mir Aimal Kansi
· Outcome of the Achille Lauro incident.
· International Law
· Responses by the world community.
· International conventions on hijacking offenses.
· Protecting diplomats.
· Extradition treaties.
· International courts and tribunals.
Chapter 12
The American Case
Terrorism in the United States
Introduction to the American Case
· American Left
· Labor activist
· People’s Rights
· Single Issue
· Questioning Traditions
· American Right
· Traditional values
· Antigovernment sentiments
Leftist Activism and Ideological Extremism
· Origins of the Modern Civil Rights Movement
· Equality for African Americans in the South.
· Concept: Collective non-violence.
· The Rise of Black Power
· Reaction to violence directed against nonviolent civil rights

5. movement.
· Political independence, economic self-sufficiency, and
cultural reawakening.
· Growth of the New Left
· Arose in mid-1960s.
· Concept: Direct action.
· Military-industrial complex.
· Counterculture.
Left-Wing Terrorism in the United States
· New Left Terrorism
· Generational rebellion.
· Case: Weatherman organization.
· Case: Symbionese Liberation Army.
· Ethnonationalist Terrorism on the Left
· Few violent nationalist movements.
· Case: Black Liberation Army
· Case: Puerto Rican Independencistas and the FALN.
· Leftist Hard Cores
· May19 Communist Organization.
· New African Freedom Fighters.
· United Freedom Front.
· Single-Issue Violence
· Groups who focus on one issue to the exclusion of others.
· Cases: Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front.
Right-Wing Activism and Ideological Extremism
· Religious Politics and the “Christian Right”
· Mostly Protestant fundamentalists.
· Links strict Christian values to political agendas.
· Rise of the Anti-Government Patriots
· Consider themselves to be the true heirs of the ideals of the
framers of the U.S. Constitution.
· Radical distrust of government.
· Many “New World Order” conspiracy theories.
· Racial Supremacy
· Rooted in historical racial policies and culture.
· Organized supremacist groups include the Ku Klux Klan and

6. neo-Nazi movements.
· Racial Mysticism
· Incorporation of mystical quality to racial supremacy.
· Cases:
· The Creativity movement.
· Asatru.
· The Christian Identity Creation Myth
· Americanized strain of 18th-century Anglo-Israelism.
· One-seedline Christian Identity.
· Two-Seedline Christian Identity.
Right-Wing Terrorism in the United States
· The Legacy of the Ku Klux Klan
· Uniquely American racist organization.
· Ritualistic, fraternity-like, and religious symbolism.
· Five eras of the KKK.
· Neo-Nazi Terrorism
· American version of Nazism.
· Mystical beliefs combined with racial supremacy.
· Racial Holy War (RAHOWA).
· Case: The Order
· Patriot Threats
· Concepts: Leaderless resistance and phantom cells.
· Case: The Oklahoma City bombing.
· Moralist Terrorism
· Mostly anti-abortion and anti-gay violence.
· Case: Army of God
· Case: Phineas Priesthood.
International Terrorism in the United States
· The Spillover Effect in the United States
· Operations by international terrorists.
· Cases: Omega 7, IRA, and Jewish Defense League.
The New Terrorism in the United States
· World Trade Center attacks.
· Presence of support organizations for jihadist movements
abroad.
· Case: September 11, 2001

7. · Case: San Bernardino Attack