Chapter 3BeginningsThe Causes of TerrorismPolitical Violen.docx
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Chapter 3 Beginnings The Causes of Terrorism Political Violence as Strategic Choice · Making Revolution: Acts of Political Will · A rational strategic choice to force change. · Terrorism as a tool to achieve a desired goal. · Case: Mao Zedong and “people’s war.” Perception and Cultural Disconnect: Adversaries in the War on Terrorism · Perceptions. · Western: A war against Western-style civilization. · Non-Western: An imbalance in policies toward Muslim countries vis-à-vis Israel. · Concept: The behavior of the West is the cause of angry sentiment in the Muslim world. · Case: CIA’s 2007 National Intelligence Estimate warning Iraq is a new training ground for terrorists. Political Violence as the Fruit of Injustice · Sociological Explanations of Terrorism · Intergroup conflict that leads to collective violence. · Structural theory: Social conditions (‘structures”) that affect group access to societal benefits. · Deprivation theory: Relative deprivation and absolute deprivation. · Cases: Basque Nationalism in Spain, Irish catholic Nationalism, Palestinian Nationalism, and French Canadian Nationalism · Criminological Explanations of Terrorism: The Path to Political Criminality · Differential Association Theory. · Anomie and Strain Theories · Routine Activity Theory. · Radical Criminology. · Psychological Explanations of Terrorism: Rationality and Terrorist Violence · Individual-level explanations. · Group-level explanations. · Generalized psychological explanations. · Case: The Stockholm syndrome. The Morality of Political Violence · Moral Convictions of Terrorists · Terrorists have an unambiguous certainty in the righteousness of a cause. · Concepts: · A group concludes it has been morally wronged by an immoral, evil enemy. · A group concludes it possesses an inherent moral superiority to an enemy. · Simplified Definitions of Good and Evil · A clear line is drawn between good and evil. · Violent methods are justified by the ennobled goals of the cause. · Seeking Utopia: Moral Ends Through Violent Means · The promised good outweighs present actions. · “The end justifies the means.” · Moral Purity: Codes of Self-Sacrifice · Superior codes of living that “cleanse” those who follow the code. · Case: Germany’s Waffen SS. · Case: Japan’s code of Bushido. · The Morality of Political Violence (continued) · Understanding Codes of Self-Sacrifice · Codes of self-sacrifice are an important explanatory cause for terrorist behavior. · Belief systems “cleanse” participants. Chapter 2 The Nature of the Beast Defining Terrorism Understanding Extremism Defining Extremism · Intolerance in what someone believes. · Intolerance in how someone expresses their beliefs. · Violent expression is not a universal characteristic. · Understanding Extremism (continued) Common Characteristics of Violent Extremists · Intolerance. · Moral absolutes. · Broad conclusions. · New language and conspiratorial beliefs. · The World of the Extremist · Different, often fantastic, wor ...
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Overview of preventing and countering violent extremism
This slide gives an overview of preventing and countering violent extremism (PCVE) for a Nigerian audience of senior government officals. A historical background is given as well as an exploration of state response and other factors that gave rise to PCVE as a specialism and a practice.
Chapter 9Emerging Terrorist EnvironmentsGender-Selective Polit.docx
Chapter 9
Emerging Terrorist Environments
Gender-Selective Political Violence and Criminal Dissident Terrorism
Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence
· Gender-selective political violence is the discriminate use of force purposely directed against males or females of a particular group.
· It is the product of communal discord.
· The degree of violence varies.
Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence
· Gender-Selective Terrorism Against Men
· During conflict and unrest.
· Elimination of potential fighters.
· Cases:
· Armenian genocide.
· German war against the Soviets.
· Anfal campaign.
· Rwandan genocide.
· ISIS offensive.
· Bosnia-Herzegovina
· Cultural Repression and Violence
· Women as second-class citizens.
· Case: Status of women in Saudi Arabia
· Case: Repression under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
· Violent cultural repression of women.
· Case: Honor killings.
· Case: Female infanticide.
· Case: Female genital mutilation (FGM).
· Case: “Cleansing” sexual relations.
· Terrorism Against Women
· State terrorism against women.
· Campaigns of conquest during wartime.
· Perceived threat from an indigenous ethnic group.
· Case: Rape of Nanking and “comfort women.”
· Case: The Bangladesh Liberation War
· Dissident terrorism against women.
· By insurgents or paramilitaries.
· Case: Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
· Case: Sierra Leone during the 1990s.
· Case: The Janjaweed in Sudan
· Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence
(continued)
· Responding to Gender-Selective Terrorism
· No collective response until late 20th century.
· 1998 decision by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
· 2001 “Foca” decision by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
Criminal Dissident Terrorism
· The Criminal and Political Terrorism Nexus
· Transnational organized crime and criminal cartels.
· Common characteristics:
· Secretive.
· Antisocial.
· Underground.
· Smuggling and “special-order” goods.
· Selling to the highest bidder.
· Threat scenario: Weapons of mass destruction.
· Traditional Criminal Enterprises
· Motivated by sheer profit.
· Politically passive when left alone.
· Politically violent when challenged by governments.
· Cases:
· Chinese Triads.
· Japanese Yakuza.
· American La Cosa Nostra.
· Columbian and Mexican drug cartels.
· Russian Mafia.
· Italian Mafia.
· Southeast Asian drug lords.
· The Logic of Narco-Terrorism
· “The use of drug trafficking to advance the objectives of certain governments and terrorist organizations.”
· Drug-related violence.
· Latin American narcotrafficantes.
Regional Cases of Criminal Terrorism
· Latin America
· Arrellano-Felix Group
· Los Zetas
· Columbia, FARC, and AUC
· Peru’s Shining Path
· Regional Cases of Criminal Terrorism
· Asia
· Golden Crescent
· Golden Triangle
Cases:
· Afghanistan
· ISIS
· Tamil Tigers
· The Phillipines
· Europe
· Italian and Russian organized crime.
· The “Balkan Route.”
Chapter 8
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The document provides an overview of terrorism, including:
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2) Terrorism is challenging to define and there are different types including state, dissident, religious, and criminal terrorism.
3) Ideologies like anarchism, Marxism, and fascism can motivate terrorist groups, and extremism is characterized by intolerance of opposing views.
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This document discusses trends and future forms of terrorism. It covers:
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Chapter 15What NextThe Future of TerrorismIntroduction .docx
Chapter 15
What Next?
The Future of Terrorism
Introduction
· Projections involve theoretical constructs of trends based on available data.
· Predictions are practical applications of data (that is, intelligence) to anticipate specific behaviors by extremists.
An Overview of Near-Term Projections
· The Theory of Terrorist “Waves”
· Anarchist: 1880s to the end of World War I.
· Anti-colonial: End of World War I until the late 1960s.
· New Left wave: 1960s to the near present.
· Religious: About 1980 to the present.
· Fourth Generation War
· First Generation: Tactics of line and column.
· Second Generation: Tactics of fire and movement.
· Third Generation: Nonlinear tactics.
· Fourth Generation: Widely dispersed and undefined distinctions.
· Whiter the “Old Terrorism”
· Commonalities
· Leftist ethnonationalist motives
· Leftist ideological motives
· Surgical and symbolic selection of targets
· Deliberate media manipulation and publicized incidents
· Relatively low casualty rates
· Identifiable organizational profile
· Hierarchical organizational profile
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· Terrorist Typologies in the New Era
· State-sponsored terrorism.
· Dissident terrorism.
· Religious terrorism.
· Ideological terrorism.
· Criminal dissident terrorism.
· Persisting Sources of Terrorism
· The Middle east.
· Palestine and Israel.
· Latin America.
· Europe.
· Africa.
· Asia.
· Case: The Western Alliance
The Future of Terrorism: New Threats
· High-Tech Terrorism
· Information technologies and Cyberterrorism.
· Weapons of mass destruction.
· Exotic technologies.
· Soft Targets and Terrorist Symbolism
· Soft targets include civilians and passive military
Controlling Terrorism: Ending Terrorist Campaigns and New Challenges
· A Theoretical Model for Ending Terrorist Campaigns
· Patterns
· Decapitation
· Negotiations
· Success
· Failure
· Repression
· Reorientation
· Responding to Terrorism: Conventional Adaptations
· Government responses
· Societal responses
· Countering extremism
· Combatting Terrorism in the New Era
· Covert shadow wars.
· Domestic “Homeland” security measures.
· Counterterrorist financial operations.
· Global surveillance of communications technologies.
· Identifying and disrupting transnational terrorist cells and support networks.
· Continued Utility of Force
· Elimination of terrorist threats.
· General deterrence.
· Specific deterrence.
· Demonstrations of national will.
· Countering Terrorist Financial Operations
· Finding hidden fortunes.
· The Case for International Cooperation
· Intelligence and law enforcement.
· Objectives:
· Destabilization of terrorist networks
· Disruption of terrorist conspiracies
· Collection of intelligence from captured terrorist operatives
· Incapacitation of imprisoned operatives
Prospects for Terrorism in the United States
· The Future of International Terrorism
· The Future of the Violent Left
· The Future of the Violent Right
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Emerging Terrorist Environments
Gender-Selective Political Violence and Criminal Dissident Terrorism
Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence
· Gender-selective political violence is the discriminate use of force purposely directed against males or females of a particular group.
· It is the product of communal discord.
· The degree of violence varies.
Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence
· Gender-Selective Terrorism Against Men
· During conflict and unrest.
· Elimination of potential fighters.
· Cases:
· Armenian genocide.
· German war against the Soviets.
· Anfal campaign.
· Rwandan genocide.
· ISIS offensive.
· Bosnia-Herzegovina
· Cultural Repression and Violence
· Women as second-class citizens.
· Case: Status of women in Saudi Arabia
· Case: Repression under the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
· Violent cultural repression of women.
· Case: Honor killings.
· Case: Female infanticide.
· Case: Female genital mutilation (FGM).
· Case: “Cleansing” sexual relations.
· Terrorism Against Women
· State terrorism against women.
· Campaigns of conquest during wartime.
· Perceived threat from an indigenous ethnic group.
· Case: Rape of Nanking and “comfort women.”
· Case: The Bangladesh Liberation War
· Dissident terrorism against women.
· By insurgents or paramilitaries.
· Case: Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
· Case: Sierra Leone during the 1990s.
· Case: The Janjaweed in Sudan
· Gender-Selective Victims of Terrorist Violence
(continued)
· Responding to Gender-Selective Terrorism
· No collective response until late 20th century.
· 1998 decision by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
· 2001 “Foca” decision by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
Criminal Dissident Terrorism
· The Criminal and Political Terrorism Nexus
· Transnational organized crime and criminal cartels.
· Common characteristics:
· Secretive.
· Antisocial.
· Underground.
· Smuggling and “special-order” goods.
· Selling to the highest bidder.
· Threat scenario: Weapons of mass destruction.
· Traditional Criminal Enterprises
· Motivated by sheer profit.
· Politically passive when left alone.
· Politically violent when challenged by governments.
· Cases:
· Chinese Triads.
· Japanese Yakuza.
· American La Cosa Nostra.
· Columbian and Mexican drug cartels.
· Russian Mafia.
· Italian Mafia.
· Southeast Asian drug lords.
· The Logic of Narco-Terrorism
· “The use of drug trafficking to advance the objectives of certain governments and terrorist organizations.”
· Drug-related violence.
· Latin American narcotrafficantes.
Regional Cases of Criminal Terrorism
· Latin America
· Arrellano-Felix Group
· Los Zetas
· Columbia, FARC, and AUC
· Peru’s Shining Path
· Regional Cases of Criminal Terrorism
· Asia
· Golden Crescent
· Golden Triangle
Cases:
· Afghanistan
· ISIS
· Tamil Tigers
· The Phillipines
· Europe
· Italian and Russian organized crime.
· The “Balkan Route.”
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Terrorist Spillovers ...
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The document provides an overview of terrorism, including:
1) Definitions of terrorism from different official sources emphasize premeditated politically motivated violence against civilians to create fear and influence audiences.
2) Terrorism is challenging to define and there are different types including state, dissident, religious, and criminal terrorism.
3) Ideologies like anarchism, Marxism, and fascism can motivate terrorist groups, and extremism is characterized by intolerance of opposing views.
Lecture 9 counter terrorism
This document discusses trends and future forms of terrorism. It covers:
1) Religious terrorism being the fourth wave of terrorism evolution. Religiously motivated groups growing six-fold from 1980-1992. Religious terrorists view violence as morally justified or necessary for their cause.
2) The Islamic State and Boko Haram representing a potential "fifth wave" of cult-like, millenarian terrorism resistant to rational explanations. Their pursuit of a new society leads to genocidal violence.
3) Future terrorism becoming more sophisticated through use of remote-controlled weapons and disruption of infrastructure. Biological weapons pose a growing threat if designed for mass destruction rather than small-scale attacks. Containing nonconventional
Lecture 9 counter terrorism
The document discusses trends and future forms of terrorism. It analyzes religiously motivated terrorism as the 4th wave of terrorism and describes characteristics of 5th wave cult-like terrorist groups like ISIS and Boko Haram. It also examines the impact of ISIS mentoring jihadist groups in North Africa and discusses challenges of countering terrorism in democracies without compromising civil liberties or using torture.
Changes on the terrorism scenario;old and new actors of terrorism
The document discusses changes in the terrorism scenario and different actors of terrorism. It defines terrorism and notes the ambiguity around defining it. It distinguishes between old and new terrorism, with old terrorism referring to more secular groups before 1990 that had limited, specific goals, while new terrorism has ambiguous or unrealistic goals and is often religiously motivated. Possible factors for terrorism in the new scenario include lack of democracy, weak states, rapid modernization, extremist ideologies, issues of social justice, and illegitimate governments. The conclusion notes that further research is still needed to better understand terrorism.
Addressing extremism
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Chapter 15What NextThe Future of TerrorismIntroduction .docx
Chapter 15
What Next?
The Future of Terrorism
Introduction
· Projections involve theoretical constructs of trends based on available data.
· Predictions are practical applications of data (that is, intelligence) to anticipate specific behaviors by extremists.
An Overview of Near-Term Projections
· The Theory of Terrorist “Waves”
· Anarchist: 1880s to the end of World War I.
· Anti-colonial: End of World War I until the late 1960s.
· New Left wave: 1960s to the near present.
· Religious: About 1980 to the present.
· Fourth Generation War
· First Generation: Tactics of line and column.
· Second Generation: Tactics of fire and movement.
· Third Generation: Nonlinear tactics.
· Fourth Generation: Widely dispersed and undefined distinctions.
· Whiter the “Old Terrorism”
· Commonalities
· Leftist ethnonationalist motives
· Leftist ideological motives
· Surgical and symbolic selection of targets
· Deliberate media manipulation and publicized incidents
· Relatively low casualty rates
· Identifiable organizational profile
· Hierarchical organizational profile
The Future of Terrorism: Terrorist Environments in the 21st Century
· Terrorist Typologies in the New Era
· State-sponsored terrorism.
· Dissident terrorism.
· Religious terrorism.
· Ideological terrorism.
· Criminal dissident terrorism.
· Persisting Sources of Terrorism
· The Middle east.
· Palestine and Israel.
· Latin America.
· Europe.
· Africa.
· Asia.
· Case: The Western Alliance
The Future of Terrorism: New Threats
· High-Tech Terrorism
· Information technologies and Cyberterrorism.
· Weapons of mass destruction.
· Exotic technologies.
· Soft Targets and Terrorist Symbolism
· Soft targets include civilians and passive military
Controlling Terrorism: Ending Terrorist Campaigns and New Challenges
· A Theoretical Model for Ending Terrorist Campaigns
· Patterns
· Decapitation
· Negotiations
· Success
· Failure
· Repression
· Reorientation
· Responding to Terrorism: Conventional Adaptations
· Government responses
· Societal responses
· Countering extremism
· Combatting Terrorism in the New Era
· Covert shadow wars.
· Domestic “Homeland” security measures.
· Counterterrorist financial operations.
· Global surveillance of communications technologies.
· Identifying and disrupting transnational terrorist cells and support networks.
· Continued Utility of Force
· Elimination of terrorist threats.
· General deterrence.
· Specific deterrence.
· Demonstrations of national will.
· Countering Terrorist Financial Operations
· Finding hidden fortunes.
· The Case for International Cooperation
· Intelligence and law enforcement.
· Objectives:
· Destabilization of terrorist networks
· Disruption of terrorist conspiracies
· Collection of intelligence from captured terrorist operatives
· Incapacitation of imprisoned operatives
Prospects for Terrorism in the United States
· The Future of International Terrorism
· The Future of the Violent Left
· The Future of the Violent Right
Chapter 14
A New Era
.
Essentials of Terrorism Concepts and ControversiesDefining Terr.docx
Essentials of Terrorism: Concepts and Controversies
Defining Terrorism
Understanding Political Extremism
· Defining Extremism
· A radical expression of political values
· A precursor to terrorism
· The primary catalyst and motivation for terrorist behavior
· The World of the Extremist
· They set themselves apart as protectors of a truth/true heirs of a legacy
· They have a clear sense of mission, purpose, and righteousness
· They create a worldview that sets them apart from society
Formal and Informal Definitions
· A Sampling of Formal Definitions
· The effort to formally define terrorism is critical
· There is a range of definitions that vary amongs governments
· Defining Terrorism in the United States
· The U.S. has not adopted a single definition
· Reliance is based on the definitions that were developed by various agencies
· The common elements of varying definitions can be used to construct a definitional model
Objective and Goals of Terrorism
· Typical Objectives
· Changing the existing order
· Psychological disruption
· Social disruption
· Crating a revolutionary environment
· Playing to the Audience: Objectives, Victims, and Constituencies
· Terrorists adapt methods and targets to the characteristics of their championed group and their environment
· Examples of audiences:
· Politically apathetic people
· Government and their allies
· Potential supporters
· Confirmed supporters
Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?
· Perspective 1: Four Quotations
· “One person’s terrorist is another person’s freedom fighter”
· “One man willing to throw away his life is enough to terrorize a thousand”
· “Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice”
· “It became necessary to destroy the town to save it”
· Perspective 2: Participants in a Terrorist Environment
· The terrorist
· The supporter
· The victim
· The target
· The onlooker
· The analyst
· Perspective 3: Terrorism or Freedom Fighting?
· In some perspectives, extremist beliefs and terrorist methods are logical and necessary, as well as rational and justifiable
The Political Violence Matrix
· Combatants, Noncombatants, and the Use of Force
· Definitional and ethical issues are not always clear when using the terms above
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International relations involves the study of relationships between countries, including states, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and multinational corporations. It examines political, economic, and social/cultural interactions between these actors. Traditional issues included war, diplomacy, and alliances between states, while newer issues involve non-state actors and topics like terrorism, trade, migration, and human rights. Main theories explored in the document include realism, liberalism, Marxism, and feminist international relations theory.
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This document discusses the complexities in defining terrorism. It notes that terrorism is a social construct that changes based on political and historical contexts. Different groups, such as the FBI and Organization of Islamic Conferences, have defined terrorism and related groups differently. The document also examines how the definition of terrorism has changed over time and been used to both condemn opponents but also legitimize certain actions. Overall, it argues that due to these complex social and political factors, reaching a universal definition of terrorism that is not controversial has proved extremely difficult.
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This document provides an overview of international terrorism as a world political issue. It begins with an introduction describing terrorism as a significant problem, then defines terrorism and identifies its objectives as inducing fear and enacting political change. The document discusses the characteristics of terrorism, common causes, and types. It examines the effectiveness of certain forms of terrorism and their impact on international politics. Examples of terrorist incidents are provided. The document concludes with a call to build new strategies to combat terrorism without political bias.
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Chapter 7Violent IdeologiesTerrorism from the Left and Right.docx
Chapter 7
Violent Ideologies
Terrorism from the Left and Right
The Classical Ideological Continuum
· From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe
· Fringe-left: Extreme, often violent, interpretation of Marxist or other leftist ideologies.
· Far-left: Radical and extreme interpretations of Marxist or other leftist ideologies that are usually non-violent.
· Liberalism: Policy agenda promoting people’s rights. Expectation of positive government role.
· Moderate center: Usually largest segment in democracies.
· Conservatism: Traditional distrust of change or government intervention.
· Far-right: Strong and extreme adherence to social order and tradition.
· Fringe-right: Uncompromising, often violent, belief in ethnonationalist or religious superiority.
· Ideologies and Ideals
· Ideologies: Systems of belief.
· Anarchism: Minimal central governmental control.
· Propaganda by the deed.
· Marxism: Class warfare leading to a communist dictatorship of the proletariat.
· Fascism: Strong antidemocratic, anti-communist belief in law and order.
· Often ethnocentric and militaristic.
Left-Wing Ideologies and Activism
· Class Struggle
· Orthodox Marxism.
· Relationship to the “means of production.”
· Goal: Dictatorship of the proletariat.
· Leftist Nationalism
· Selective application of Marxist theory.
· Rooted in Cold War rivalries.
· Wars of national liberation.
· Special-Interest Extremism
· Single-issue terrorism.
· Cases: Environmentalism and peace movements.
· Problems on the Radical Left
· Marxist revolutions occurred in the developing world.
· Infighting about the revolutionary party.
· Soviet versus developing world Communism.
· Working classes in the West never acquired a revolutionary consciousness.
The Terrorist Left
· Case: Latin America
· Colombia
· FARC
· National Liberation Army
· Peru
· Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)
· Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)
· Argentina
· Montoneros
· Case: Europe
· Italy
· The Red Brigade
· Years of Lead
· Germany
· Red Army Faction
· June 2nd Movement
· Northern Ireland
· Provisional Irish Republican Army
· Irish National Liberation Army
Right-Wing Activism and Extremism
· Political Parties and Dissident Movements
· Reflect the distinctive features of national environments.
· Neofascist political parties in Europe and Latin America.
· Unorganized or partly organized dissident movements.
· Tradition and Order
· Defenders of a supreme principle such as a “new order.”
· Scapegoating enemy groups.
· Right-Wing Nationalism
· Notion of a superior national group or race.
· Loyalty to the superior group.
· Subordination of inferior groups.
· Religion and Mysticism
· Not universal traits on the reactionary right.
· Common in America.
· Less common in Europe or Latin America.
·
The Terrorist Right
· Case: Europe
· Germany
· Usually street-level confrontations.
· Italy
· Random attacks by small fascist-leaning groups.
· Turkey
· Grey Wolves.
· Northern Ireland
· Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)
Violent Ideologies ...
The Importance of Student Counselling to Prevent Terrorism
The Importance of Student Counselling to Prevent Terrorism....
my facebook link : https://www.facebook.com/md.sajib.1612147
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Terrorism has become a global phenomenon with a 61% increase in the number of people killed in terrorist attacks over the last year. The 2014 Global Terrorism Index provides a fact-based understanding of terrorism and its impact.
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The document summarizes research on how Americans reason about issues related to nuclear disarmament, terrorism, and national security. Key findings include that linking terrorism and nuclear weapons increases mortality salience and support for preemptive war, and that people view deterrence as possible with countries like North Korea but not Iran due to perceptions of their leaders. Recommendations include not linking terrorism and nuclear weapons when discussing disarmament issues.
Revolutions and Contention
This document outlines the syllabus for a POL 302 course on political violence. It introduces various topics that will be covered over the semester, including types of political violence (e.g. revolutions, terrorism), causes of violence (e.g. institutions, ideas, individuals), and strategies used by violent actors (e.g. coercion, provocation). Students will analyze concepts like civil society, contentious politics, revolutions (social, political, anti-colonial), terrorism and its goals/targets. Frameworks for understanding political violence will also be examined, such as relative deprivation theory and resource mobilization perspectives.
White7e ppt ch02
This document discusses two frameworks for understanding terrorism - the meaning framework and the structural framework. The meaning framework examines how people interpret and assign meaning to events as motivating their actions, while the structural framework looks at how terrorist groups are structured and how that structure causes them to act. It then examines several specific perspectives on how meaning and structure contribute to terrorism and reviews approaches that view terrorism through religious, criminal, and clash of civilizations lenses. It also discusses how terrorist groups provide reinforcement and justification for violent actions.
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More Related Content
Similar to Chapter 3BeginningsThe Causes of TerrorismPolitical Violen.docx
Essentials of Terrorism Concepts and ControversiesDefining Terr.docx
Essentials of Terrorism: Concepts and Controversies
Defining Terrorism
Understanding Political Extremism
· Defining Extremism
· A radical expression of political values
· A precursor to terrorism
· The primary catalyst and motivation for terrorist behavior
· The World of the Extremist
· They set themselves apart as protectors of a truth/true heirs of a legacy
· They have a clear sense of mission, purpose, and righteousness
· They create a worldview that sets them apart from society
Formal and Informal Definitions
· A Sampling of Formal Definitions
· The effort to formally define terrorism is critical
· There is a range of definitions that vary amongs governments
· Defining Terrorism in the United States
· The U.S. has not adopted a single definition
· Reliance is based on the definitions that were developed by various agencies
· The common elements of varying definitions can be used to construct a definitional model
Objective and Goals of Terrorism
· Typical Objectives
· Changing the existing order
· Psychological disruption
· Social disruption
· Crating a revolutionary environment
· Playing to the Audience: Objectives, Victims, and Constituencies
· Terrorists adapt methods and targets to the characteristics of their championed group and their environment
· Examples of audiences:
· Politically apathetic people
· Government and their allies
· Potential supporters
· Confirmed supporters
Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?
· Perspective 1: Four Quotations
· “One person’s terrorist is another person’s freedom fighter”
· “One man willing to throw away his life is enough to terrorize a thousand”
· “Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice”
· “It became necessary to destroy the town to save it”
· Perspective 2: Participants in a Terrorist Environment
· The terrorist
· The supporter
· The victim
· The target
· The onlooker
· The analyst
· Perspective 3: Terrorism or Freedom Fighting?
· In some perspectives, extremist beliefs and terrorist methods are logical and necessary, as well as rational and justifiable
The Political Violence Matrix
· Combatants, Noncombatants, and the Use of Force
· Definitional and ethical issues are not always clear when using the terms above
...
Lecture-1.pdf
International relations involves the study of relationships between countries, including states, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and multinational corporations. It examines political, economic, and social/cultural interactions between these actors. Traditional issues included war, diplomacy, and alliances between states, while newer issues involve non-state actors and topics like terrorism, trade, migration, and human rights. Main theories explored in the document include realism, liberalism, Marxism, and feminist international relations theory.
Philosophy of Terrorism
The document discusses various perspectives on the philosophy of terrorism. It first examines different definitions of terrorism that have been proposed by international organizations and scholars. It then outlines the "sectoral approach" used by the international community to address specific terrorist activities and offenses. The document also provides statistical data and discusses justifications that have been proposed both for and against terrorist actions, citing arguments around targeting innocent people, political effectiveness, and alternative approaches. It concludes by noting terrorism is a complex problem with diverse causes that requires understanding motivations and developing tailored strategies.
White7e ppt ch01
This document discusses the complexities in defining terrorism. It notes that terrorism is a social construct that changes based on political and historical contexts. Different groups, such as the FBI and Organization of Islamic Conferences, have defined terrorism and related groups differently. The document also examines how the definition of terrorism has changed over time and been used to both condemn opponents but also legitimize certain actions. Overall, it argues that due to these complex social and political factors, reaching a universal definition of terrorism that is not controversial has proved extremely difficult.
Psychology_of_Terrorism
The document summarizes a research paper on the causes and motivations of terrorism. It begins by defining terrorism and outlining its historical uses as a tactic by states and religious groups to consolidate power and enforce social control. It then examines legal definitions of terrorism in international law, US law, and laws of war. Finally, it explores possible political, social, and psychological motivations for terrorism, suggesting it can be used as a tactic to escalate conflict, disrupt societies, and demoralize populations.
International Terrorism As a World Political Issue
This document provides an overview of international terrorism as a world political issue. It begins with an introduction describing terrorism as a significant problem, then defines terrorism and identifies its objectives as inducing fear and enacting political change. The document discusses the characteristics of terrorism, common causes, and types. It examines the effectiveness of certain forms of terrorism and their impact on international politics. Examples of terrorist incidents are provided. The document concludes with a call to build new strategies to combat terrorism without political bias.
International relations(Introduction and its Theories)
This document provides an overview of key theories in international relations, including realism, liberalism, Marxism, and constructivism. It discusses the main assumptions and policy prescriptions of each theory. Realism focuses on state power and security, seeing states as rational actors. Liberalism emphasizes international cooperation and institutions. Marxism views the international system as perpetuating capitalist exploitation. Constructivism examines how state identities and non-state actors shape international politics. The document aims to describe, explain, and predict international relations from the perspectives of different theoretical approaches.
Persuasion of Hate
This document discusses hate groups and hate crimes. It begins by outlining objectives of showing how dehumanization can take effect and what happens when individuals are set up to fail. It then provides definitions of hate crimes and hate groups under Canadian law. Several examples of hate groups are described on both the left and right sides of the political spectrum. Common rhetoric and propaganda methods used by these groups are examined, including dehumanization, authoritarian leadership, and the promotion of destructive ideologies. Statistics on hate crimes in Canada and locally in Toronto are also presented.
Lecture 1 introduction to terrorism
This document provides an overview of the introductory class on terrorism. It includes the course title, instructor information, required reading materials, and an outline of course requirements. The class will cover topics such as defining terrorism, understanding the terrorist mindset, theories on the etiology of deviant behavior, and key figures involved in terrorist organizations. Students will complete quizzes, assignments, and presentations on designated terrorist groups and ideologies. The document establishes guidelines that the class will involve discussion of current events and that no political correctness or cell phone use will be tolerated.
Chapter 7Violent IdeologiesTerrorism from the Left and Right.docx
Chapter 7
Violent Ideologies
Terrorism from the Left and Right
The Classical Ideological Continuum
· From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe
· Fringe-left: Extreme, often violent, interpretation of Marxist or other leftist ideologies.
· Far-left: Radical and extreme interpretations of Marxist or other leftist ideologies that are usually non-violent.
· Liberalism: Policy agenda promoting people’s rights. Expectation of positive government role.
· Moderate center: Usually largest segment in democracies.
· Conservatism: Traditional distrust of change or government intervention.
· Far-right: Strong and extreme adherence to social order and tradition.
· Fringe-right: Uncompromising, often violent, belief in ethnonationalist or religious superiority.
· Ideologies and Ideals
· Ideologies: Systems of belief.
· Anarchism: Minimal central governmental control.
· Propaganda by the deed.
· Marxism: Class warfare leading to a communist dictatorship of the proletariat.
· Fascism: Strong antidemocratic, anti-communist belief in law and order.
· Often ethnocentric and militaristic.
Left-Wing Ideologies and Activism
· Class Struggle
· Orthodox Marxism.
· Relationship to the “means of production.”
· Goal: Dictatorship of the proletariat.
· Leftist Nationalism
· Selective application of Marxist theory.
· Rooted in Cold War rivalries.
· Wars of national liberation.
· Special-Interest Extremism
· Single-issue terrorism.
· Cases: Environmentalism and peace movements.
· Problems on the Radical Left
· Marxist revolutions occurred in the developing world.
· Infighting about the revolutionary party.
· Soviet versus developing world Communism.
· Working classes in the West never acquired a revolutionary consciousness.
The Terrorist Left
· Case: Latin America
· Colombia
· FARC
· National Liberation Army
· Peru
· Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)
· Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)
· Argentina
· Montoneros
· Case: Europe
· Italy
· The Red Brigade
· Years of Lead
· Germany
· Red Army Faction
· June 2nd Movement
· Northern Ireland
· Provisional Irish Republican Army
· Irish National Liberation Army
Right-Wing Activism and Extremism
· Political Parties and Dissident Movements
· Reflect the distinctive features of national environments.
· Neofascist political parties in Europe and Latin America.
· Unorganized or partly organized dissident movements.
· Tradition and Order
· Defenders of a supreme principle such as a “new order.”
· Scapegoating enemy groups.
· Right-Wing Nationalism
· Notion of a superior national group or race.
· Loyalty to the superior group.
· Subordination of inferior groups.
· Religion and Mysticism
· Not universal traits on the reactionary right.
· Common in America.
· Less common in Europe or Latin America.
·
The Terrorist Right
· Case: Europe
· Germany
· Usually street-level confrontations.
· Italy
· Random attacks by small fascist-leaning groups.
· Turkey
· Grey Wolves.
· Northern Ireland
· Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)
Violent Ideologies ...
The Importance of Student Counselling to Prevent Terrorism
The Importance of Student Counselling to Prevent Terrorism....
my facebook link : https://www.facebook.com/md.sajib.1612147
Terrorism investigation
Terrorism is defined as scourage that takes innocent lives, threatens values of humanity, human rights and freedoms and impedes development and the world progress
Terrorism
This document discusses definitions of terrorism from various government and international organizations. It notes that there is no universally agreed upon definition. The US Department of Defense, FBI, and Department of State each have their own definitions that focus on unlawful violence or threats of violence intended to create fear and coerce for political, religious or ideological goals. The UN and British government also have their own definitions. The document examines key elements of terrorism, such as it being a tactic to influence audiences beyond the immediate victims, and how terrorists seek publicity through violence. Experts note challenges in defining terrorism given its politically charged nature.
Terrorism in modern world and its influence on politics
Terrorism, What is terrorism, History of terrorism, Reasons of terrorism, International terrorism, Terrorism in Russia, Antiterrorist program
Terrorism
Terrorism has become a global phenomenon with a 61% increase in the number of people killed in terrorist attacks over the last year. The 2014 Global Terrorism Index provides a fact-based understanding of terrorism and its impact.
There is an urgent need for world community to fight terrorism together. There can not be good terrorist and bad terrorist A terrorist is a terrorist
1. terrorism basic facts
The document provides an introduction and overview of terrorism. It defines terrorism and outlines its main goals as getting public attention, intimidating political and social groups, causing losses to opponents, and punishing representatives. It then discusses key features of terrorism such as its intentional and rational use of violence for political goals by causing fear. The document also categorizes terrorism based on motivation, function, and ideology.
Muslim World in encountering terrorism(journal paper)
The document discusses global extremism and terrorism from the perspective of the Muslim world. It provides definitions of extremism and terrorism, examines their root causes such as misinterpretation of religious texts and oppression. It analyzes the portrayal of terrorism in Western media and the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. The document argues that extremism cannot be eliminated through force alone and that the underlying social and political factors fueling extremism must be addressed.
Nuclear Weapons & Public Fears
The document summarizes research on how Americans reason about issues related to nuclear disarmament, terrorism, and national security. Key findings include that linking terrorism and nuclear weapons increases mortality salience and support for preemptive war, and that people view deterrence as possible with countries like North Korea but not Iran due to perceptions of their leaders. Recommendations include not linking terrorism and nuclear weapons when discussing disarmament issues.
Revolutions and Contention
This document outlines the syllabus for a POL 302 course on political violence. It introduces various topics that will be covered over the semester, including types of political violence (e.g. revolutions, terrorism), causes of violence (e.g. institutions, ideas, individuals), and strategies used by violent actors (e.g. coercion, provocation). Students will analyze concepts like civil society, contentious politics, revolutions (social, political, anti-colonial), terrorism and its goals/targets. Frameworks for understanding political violence will also be examined, such as relative deprivation theory and resource mobilization perspectives.
White7e ppt ch02
This document discusses two frameworks for understanding terrorism - the meaning framework and the structural framework. The meaning framework examines how people interpret and assign meaning to events as motivating their actions, while the structural framework looks at how terrorist groups are structured and how that structure causes them to act. It then examines several specific perspectives on how meaning and structure contribute to terrorism and reviews approaches that view terrorism through religious, criminal, and clash of civilizations lenses. It also discusses how terrorist groups provide reinforcement and justification for violent actions.
Similar to Chapter 3BeginningsThe Causes of TerrorismPolitical Violen.docx (20)
Essentials of Terrorism Concepts and ControversiesDefining Terr.docx
Essentials of Terrorism Concepts and ControversiesDefining Terr.docx
International Terrorism As a World Political Issue
International Terrorism As a World Political Issue
International relations(Introduction and its Theories)
International relations(Introduction and its Theories)
Chapter 7Violent IdeologiesTerrorism from the Left and Right.docx
Chapter 7Violent IdeologiesTerrorism from the Left and Right.docx
The Importance of Student Counselling to Prevent Terrorism
The Importance of Student Counselling to Prevent Terrorism
Terrorism in modern world and its influence on politics
Terrorism in modern world and its influence on politics
Muslim World in encountering terrorism(journal paper)
Muslim World in encountering terrorism(journal paper)
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1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of evolutionary computing techniques for feature creation and selection
1. to develop a massively parallel approach to the use of evolutionary computing techniques for data modelling
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1. to develop an appropriate super-computing infra-structure to support the use of such advanced machine learning techniques with large datasets.
Research Needs:
Problem definition – In the first phase problem definition is listed i.e. business aims and objectives are determined taking into consideration certain factors like the current background and future prospective.
Data exploration – Required data is collected and explored using various statistical methods along with identification of underlying problems.
Data preparation – The data is prepared for modeling by cleansing and formatting the raw data in the desired way. The meaning of data is not changed while preparing.
Modeling – In this phase the data model is created by applying certain mathematical functions and modeling techniques. After the model is created it goes through validation and verification.
Evaluation – After the model is created, it is evaluated by a team of experts to check whether it satisfies business objectives or not.
Deployment – After evaluation, the model is deployed and further plans are made for its maintenance. A properly organized report is prepared with the summary of the work done.
Research paper Policy
· APA format
. https://apastyle.apa.org/
. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
· Min number of pages are 15 pages
· Must have
. Contents with page numbers
. Abstract
. Introduction
. The problem
4. Are there any sub-problems?
4. Is there any issue need to be present concerning the problem?
. The solutions
5. Steps of the solutions
. Compare the solution to other solution
. Any suggestion to improve the solution
. Conclusion
. References
· Missing one of the above will result -5/30 of the research paper
· Paper does not stick to the APA will result in 0 in the research paper
· Submission
. you have multiple submission to check you safe assignments
. The percentage accepted is 1%.
1. Research and then describe about The Coca-Cola Company primary bu.docx
1. Research and then describe about The Coca-Cola Company primary business activities. Include: Minimum 7 Pages. Excluding reference page
2.
A. A brief historical summary,
B. A list of competitors,
C. The company's position within the industry,
D. Recent developments within the company/industry,
E. Future direction, and
F. Other items of significance to your corporation.
3. Include information from a variety of resources. For example:
A. Consult the Form 10-K filed with the SEC.
B. Review the Annual Report and especially the Letter to Shareholders
C. Explore the corporate website.
D. Select at least two significant news items from recent business periodicals
The report should be well written with cover page, introduction, the body of the paper (with appropriate subheadings), conclusion, and reference page.
.
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1. Prepare a risk management plan for the project of finding a job after graduation.
and
2. Develop a reward system for motivating IPT members to do their jobs more conscientiously and to take on more responsibility.
[The assignment should be at least 400 words minimum and in APA format (including Times New Roman with font size 12 and double spaced), and attached as a WORD file.]
Plagiarism free
.
1. Please define the term social class. How is it usually measured .docx
1. Please define the term social class. How is it usually measured? What are some ways that social class is affecting health outcomes for people who become ill with COVID-19?
2. What is the CARES Act? Has it been enough? What has happened to people's ability to pay their bills since it expired?
3. As things stand now, data is showing higher COVID-19 related mortality rates for African Americans. Given what you know from the textbook and from the attached articles, what are some explanations for the disparity?
4. What is environmental racism (injustice)? How does environmental racism put some populations at higher risk for severe medical complications than others? (Vice article)
https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/600-week-buys-freedom-fear/613972/
https://www.vox.com/2020/4/10/21207520/coronavirus-deaths-economy-layoffs-inequality-covid-pandemic
https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/pke94n/cancer-alley-has-some-of-the-highest-coronavirus-death-rates-in-the-country
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/12/coronavirus-us-deep-south-poverty-race-perfect-storm
.
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