Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW-POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW-POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 8 Literature Review-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Amber Hope Argosy University Literature Review-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Introduction Using Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory in this situation creates relevance towards approaches employed to manage post-traumatic stress disorder. The theory is a framework and approach that looks into satisfying needs for positive mental and physical development. The steps are met before one move to above steps. The needs include physiological, self-esteem, love & belonging, safety & security, love & belonging, and self-actualization. The above factors are considered critical for the methods employed in dealing with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Brummelte & Galea, 2016). The model is essential in identifying the effects of PTSD on battered women, parenting of youths, the mental status of pregnant mothers, and factors that lead to future criminality among youths. The Jungian theory is also being looked at in dealing with PTSD because of its capacity, just like the Hierarchy of Needs theory, in bridging the relationship between the mind and social developments. The situation discusses PTSD as a problem in limiting positivity in mental and physical health (Brown, 2017). The society may not work without a stable mental status. Therefore, it is essential to study the relationship between PTSD and health. This is with a focus on mood, behavioral traits, health, and another health status. Literature Review of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Baumeister, Vohs, Aaker, & Garbinsky (2013) argue that an organism possesses a positive life depending on its capacity to maintain an internal milieu amidst challenges in its environment. Brummelte & Galea, (2016) supports the above factor by calling it homeostasis. Stress is seen as a factor that changes the homeostasis of organisms negatively. Adamsons & Johnson (2013) presents the various stakeholders who are affected by PTSD. Among them include women, children, and male adults. However, women, children, and youths are the ones that experience the problem the most. Adamsons & Johnson (2013) shows that a stressor derived from the PTSD condition acts as a threat to the life of anyone in the world. PTSD has evolved for many decades depending on the changing nature of society and modern society. Stress response also continues to undergo evolution to acquire its adaptive processes. Dziwota, Stepulak, Włoszczak-Szubzda, & Olajossy (2018) presents data relating to prolonged response towards stress. The situation appears as the one which influences the development of tissue damages and the occurrence of illnesses. The situation is seen to invoke coping mechanisms and responses between human and animals depending on the nature of the threats they perceive to affect their liv.

1. Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW-POST TRAUMATIC
STRESS DISORDER 1
LITERATURE REVIEW-POST TRAUMATIC STRESS
DISORDER 8
Literature Review-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Amber Hope
Argosy University
Literature Review-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Introduction
Using Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory in this
situation creates relevance towards approaches employed to
manage post-traumatic stress disorder. The theory is a
framework and approach that looks into satisfying needs for
positive mental and physical development. The steps are met
before one move to above steps. The needs include
physiological, self-esteem, love & belonging, safety & security,
love & belonging, and self-actualization. The above factors are
considered critical for the methods employed in dealing with
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Brummelte & Galea,
2016). The model is essential in identifying the effects of PTSD
on battered women, parenting of youths, the mental status of
pregnant mothers, and factors that lead to future criminality
among youths.
The Jungian theory is also being looked at in dealing with PTSD
because of its capacity, just like the Hierarchy of Needs theory,
in bridging the relationship between the mind and social
developments. The situation discusses PTSD as a problem in

2. limiting positivity in mental and physical health (Brown, 2017).
The society may not work without a stable mental status.
Therefore, it is essential to study the relationship between
PTSD and health. This is with a focus on mood, behavioral
traits, health, and another health status.
Literature Review of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Baumeister, Vohs, Aaker, & Garbinsky (2013) argue that an
organism possesses a positive life depending on its capacity to
maintain an internal milieu amidst challenges in its
environment. Brummelte & Galea, (2016) supports the above
factor by calling it homeostasis. Stress is seen as a factor that
changes the homeostasis of organisms negatively. Adamsons &
Johnson (2013) presents the various stakeholders who are
affected by PTSD. Among them include women, children, and
male adults. However, women, children, and youths are the ones
that experience the problem the most. Adamsons & Johnson
(2013) shows that a stressor derived from the PTSD condition
acts as a threat to the life of anyone in the world. PTSD has
evolved for many decades depending on the changing nature of
society and modern society. Stress response also continues to
undergo evolution to acquire its adaptive processes.
Dziwota, Stepulak, Włoszczak-Szubzda, & Olajossy (2018)
presents data relating to prolonged response towards stress. The
situation appears as the one which influences the development
of tissue damages and the occurrence of illnesses. The situation
is seen to invoke coping mechanisms and responses between
human and animals depending on the nature of the threats they
perceive to affect their lives. The central nervous system is a
major influencing factor in integrating coping responses in
stressful situations.

3. It does not isolate response towards PTSD but ensures that it
evaluates the situation and creates the best results. Dziwota,
Stepulak, Włoszczak-Szubzda, & Olajossy (2018) continue to
argue that anyone who possesses high hormonal and autonomic
status in the social life may have a high likelihood of either
experiencing fight or flight responses. The experiences
maximize the possibilities of facilitating muscular exertion. The
sympathetic nervous system (SNS) propagate the situation and
leads to an aversive outcome due to the lack of adequate coping
responses.
O'Mahen & Flynn (2008) states that depressive episodes occur
in case an individual experiences adverse events in the
surroundings. Stressful events are significant causal effects on
PTSD. Bargai, Ben-Shakhar, & Shalev (2007) analyzed several
experiments involving battered women. The women had a
diagnosis of depression due to their past experiences. According
to the study, recent episodes of battering increased high levels
of suicides and divorce. The women involved had continuous
battering from their husbands. The situation also increases high
levels of unemployment among individuals (Biaggi, Conroy,
Pawlby, & Pariante, 2016). Most of the victims of PTSD in this
situation include youths who are unsure about their future
(Chassin, 2010). PTSD in them comes from the aspect of them
abusing marijuana and cocaine among other drugs. The above
factor creates a significant problem that affects their mental
status. Many studies also show that schizophrenia is a major
influencing factor of PTSD, though not all the time.
Schizophrenia increases high chances of an individual suffering
from PTSD. Stressful events come after one suffers from
anxiety created by schizophrenia (Dziwota, Stepulak,
Włoszczak-Szubzda, & Olajossy, 2018).
Herring et al., (2008) argue that women also have PTSD.

4. Women who have given birth suffer from the challenges of
being new mothers. Their lives change when they are handling
their newborn babies. They have to readjust their previous lives
and adapt to the changing nature of their environments. The
situation may influence the development of anxiety (O'Mahen &
Flynn, 2008). Anxiety is a factor that occurs during the onset of
depression. Women suffering from anxiety lead to major
depressive episodes after experiencing the problems of bringing
up a new child in their environments (Fusar-Poli et al., 2014).
The estimates of PTSD among women and children is also
increasing due to high standards of living. The current
international community experiences physical violence, deaths
of loved ones, and sexual assaults among other negative factors.
PTSD has a relationship to trauma and disaster (Herring et al.,
2008). PTSD has a primary origin from other factors such as
cognitive impairments, mental disorders, and substance abuse.
Stress consequences that lead to the development of PTSD
include smoking, diet, sleeping problems, and unstable
relationships. People who live in a stressful situation such as
high divorce rates and business challenges tend to acquire high
smoking rates than those who live a secure life (Anderson,
Cesur, & Tekin, 2015). People living with PTSD suffer from
high levels and rates of mortality than those in secure
environments.
Evaluating Findings and Discussions
The above literature analysis through Jungian and Maslow’s
theory has shown that PTSD is a problem that has always
existed, it is a continuous problem, and it will remain unless the
international community comes up with a way to deal with it.
Stress affects people differently but is a problem for women and
children who are considered marginal groups. People should

5. comprehend possible ways through which they manage the
stress that they experience daily. Stress does not choose anyone
since it affects everyone.
It brings instability to pregnant mothers, to women who have
given birth, to children who have schizophrenia, and
unemployed men who have to keep up with the struggles of life.
It creates instability for anyone who lets it in their minds.
People have to concern themselves with their stressful disorders
so as it does not spread to others in their communities (Chassin,
2010). Drugs are seen as a significant factor that touches on the
relationship between individuals and drugs around them.
Individuals who have PTSD end up either committing suicide or
bury themselves in drugs. The situation has seen different
mental experts having a lot of work regarding handling PTSD
patients. Among them include psychiatrists, counselors, and
psychologists who protect society against events that may seem
to be detrimental towards individuals. The government should
look at the adversity created by stressful situations. It is the
role of society to focus on the well-being of individuals in the
international community. PTSD is a major negative factor that
deprives individuals sleep and creates conflicts in society.
Stress serves as a crucial contributing factor to different health
challenges.
PTSD serves as a major influencing factor in the increasing
rates of mortality rates in the international community. Many
scholars have argued that depression is the reason for several
cases of behavioral and mental instability in the health sector. It
affects the thinking process and initiates poor decision making
among people. In other words, PTSD takes the first position
when it comes to killing individuals in most parts of the world.
It leads to the poor development of communities in the
socioeconomic and political sectors. The various stakeholders

6. working with PTSD related patients need to collaborate to
motivate the elimination of PTSD in the community.
The two theories show that information is key to understanding
instability in the mental status of individuals. Abraham Maslow
and Carl Jung argue that individuals have to be careful with
how they take fundamental steps to deal with deficiency needs
in their surroundings. People need each other to support the
need for love, security, esteem, and physical needs. This is also
evident in pregnant mothers and youths who are involved in
substance abuse activities. Such individuals suffer from their
problems because they lack a connection to the community
around them.
Conclusion
In summary, PTSD should be looked into using different
dynamics such as Abraham Maslow’s theory of needs and
Jungian theory. Individuals have to focus on the key issues
surrounding the cause and effects of PTSD. It is the work of
every individual to ensure that they introduce change so that
people have stable mental and physical status.
References
Adamsons, K., & Johnson, S. (2013). An updated and expanded
meta-analysis of nonresident fathering and child well-being.
Journal of Family Psychology, 27(4),, 589.
Anderson, D., Cesur, R., & Tekin, E. (2015). Youth depression
and future criminal behavior. Economic Inquiry, 53(1),, 294-
317.
Bargai, N., Ben-Shakhar, G., & Shalev, A. (2007).
Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battered women:
The mediating role of learned helplessness. Journal of Family

7. Violence, 22, 267-275.
Baumeister, R., Vohs, K., Aaker, J., & Garbinsky, E. (2013).
Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful
life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6),, 505-516.
Biaggi, A., Conroy, S., Pawlby, S., & Pariante, C. (2016).
Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and
depression: a systematic review. Journal of affective disorders,
191, 62-77.
Brown, R. (2017). Bridging worlds: participatory thinking in
Jungian context. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 62(2),, 284-
304.
Brummelte, S., & Galea, L. (2016). Postpartum depression:
etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care.
Hormones and behavior, 77, 153-166.
Chassin, L. (2010). Does adolescent alcohol and marijuana use
predict suppressed growth in psychosocial maturity among male
juvenile offenders? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 24.1 ,
48.
Dziwota, E., Stepulak, M., Włoszczak-Szubzda, A., & Olajossy,
M. (2018). Social functioning and the quality of life of patients
diagnosed with schizophrenia. Annals of Agricultural and
Environmental Medicine, 25(1),, 50-55.
Fusar-Poli, P., Papanastasiou, E., Stahl, D., Rocchetti, M.,
Carpenter, W., Shergill, S., & McGuire, P. (2014). Treatments
of negative symptoms in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of 168
randomized placebo-controlled trials. Schizophrenia bulletin,
41(4), 892-899.
Herring, S., Rich‐Edwards, J., Oken, E., Rifas‐Shiman, S.,

8. Kleinman, K., & Gillman, M. (2008). Association of postpartum
depression with weight retention 1 year after childbirth.
Obesity, 16(6), 1296-1301.
O'Mahen, H., & Flynn, H. (2008). Preferences and perceived
barriers to treatment for depression during the perinatal period.
Journal of women's health, 17(8), 1301-1309.
2
Running head: PTSD
PTSD
9
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Amber Hope
Argosy University
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Articles
Adamsons, K., & Johnson, S. (2013). An updated and expanded
meta-analysis of nonresident fathering and child well-being.
Journal of Family Psychology, 27(4),, 589.
The discussion of the article is conclusive despite its major
focus on the topic. The article talks about the relationship
between fathering and child well-being as a factor associated
with the development of depression. When a child does not have
a strong relationship with the father, it becomes easy for them
to become depressed. However, the article is general and does
not provide specific reasons to the development of depression
on a child. The article lacks significant data regarding
depression. Despite the above factor, it presents adequate data

9. regarding the relationship between a father and a child in the
process of growth and development.
Anderson, D., Cesur, R., & Tekin, E. (2015). Youth depression
and future criminal behavior. Economic Inquiry, 53(1),, 294-
317.
The weakness of the article is that it brings out criminal
behavior as an outcome of youth depression. It is not all the
time that depression may cause criminality among individuals.
Some people who are depressed may visit rehabilitation centers.
The strength of the article is that depression among youths may
motivate them to commit future crimes. This is because they
may find possible ways of eliminating it in their lives.
Criminality may serve as the alternative for rehabilitation for
those youths who do not like to be in places with specific
policies, rules, and standards. Therefore, the article argues that
it is likely that individuals may commit crimes due to
depression.
Bargai, N., Ben-Shakhar, G., & Shalev, A. (2007).
Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battered women:
The mediating role of learned helplessness. Journal of Family
Violence, 22, 267-275.
Depression is a mild form of Posttraumatic stress disorder. It
brings out women as individuals who are affected by depression
the most. However, the strength of the article is that women are
the ones contributing to their personal depression and PTSD
levels. This is because they have all the help they need but may
choose to ignore it. The weakness is that it talks of women as
the main reason but focuses on their self-help. Women are seen
as the ones to tackle their issue. It does not focus on motivation
from other individuals in the society to assist them in handling
their depressive situation.
Baumeister, R., Vohs, K., Aaker, J., & Garbinsky, E. (2013).

10. Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful
life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6),, 505-516.
Depression is the centerpiece of sadness among individuals. The
article strengths focuses on the differences between people who
live happy and meaningful lives. Happiness does not mean
meaningfulness. It brings out clear points relating to depression
as a factor that alienates meaning in life. One may be depressed
despite being happy. Happiness does not mean that someone has
a stable mind. The weakness is that the article only focuses on
life as a general factor of human development. It does not look
into the specific components of human life that influences
meaningfulness. The data presented by the article is limited in
terms of explaining the role of depression in enhancing a
meaningful and a happy life.
Biaggi, A., Conroy, S., Pawlby, S., & Pariante, C. (2016).
Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and
depression: a systematic review. Journal of affective disorders,
191, 62-77.
The weaknesses of the article is that it only focuses on
depression and the risks it has on antenatal anxiety. Antenatal
anxiety exists as a result of different issues such as poor
relationships and poor social status. This means that depression
is always present on a woman, it only depends on how they deal
with it. The strength of the article is that women are able to
acquire treatment so that it protects their pregnancies.
Brown, R. (2017). Bridging worlds: participatory thinking in
Jungian context. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 62(2),, 284-
304.
The theory of Jungian is brought as a mechanism that looks into
the positive development of the human brain. The evidence

11. produced by the theory is significant in introducing change. The
article does not have any weakness because of its conclusive
discussion of depression using the Jungian theory. The theory
focuses on all races and multicultural perspectives conclusively.
Chassin, L. (2010). Does adolescent alcohol and marijuana use
predict suppressed growth in psychosocial maturity among male
juvenile offenders? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 24.1 ,
48.
Psychosocial maturity is seen as a major factor in male juvenile
offenders. The weakness is that the article looks into marijuana
and alcohol as the factors that act as a barriers towards
psychosocial maturity. Psychosocial maturity is a component of
dealing effectively with depression. If the two barriers are
introduced, male juvenile offenders are depressed because of
the effects in their minds and the environment they are found in
lacks stable factors for their growth.
Herring, S., Rich‐Edwards, J., Oken, E., Rifas‐Shiman, S.,
Kleinman, K., & Gillman, M. (2008). Association of postpartum
depression with weight retention 1 year after childbirth.
Obesity, 16(6), 1296-1301.
The strength and weakness of the articles focuses on the group
it focuses on through its discussion. The article only looks at
the pregnant mothers one year after their childbirth. It does not
look at the mothers during their first nine months before child
birth. The data presented is limited to the period. The strength
is that the data on postpartum depression on the group is
conclusive. It explains the causes and the effect of the
depression as factors originating from the process of bringing
up a child.
O'Mahen, H., & Flynn, H. (2008). Preferences and perceived
barriers to treatment for depression during the perinatal period.
Journal of women's health, 17(8), 1301-1309.

12. The article is conclusive because of its data that relates to the
various barriers associated with the treatment of depression
among perinatal period. Perinatal period is seen as one of the
most crucial factors that need sensitive care due to the nature of
the developed fetus. The article lacks weaknesses due to its
diverse focus.
Söderquist, J., Wijma, B., Thorbert, G., & Wijma, K. (2009).
Risk factors in pregnancy for post‐traumatic stress and
depression after childbirth. BJOG: An International Journal of
Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 116(5), 672-680.
Depression is studied focusing on pregnant women and after
they have given birth. It looks into the risk factors that lead into
the problem. The article possesses many strengths in terms of
explaining the major causes of depression and their impacts.
The weaknesses are minimal. It only focuses on the well-being
of the mother and not the unborn/born child.
The Support/Contrast between the Articles and the Evidence
from the Articles
The data presented by the articles is conclusive in terms of
explaining different factors associated with depression.
Depression is seen as a factor that originates from daily
experiences. Social factors are the main factors that influence
the development of depression in our society. Women and
children are seen by the articles as being the most vulnerable
groups when it comes to the onset and effect of depression. The
articles focus on the dangers of depression on individuals and
groups. It is important to look at the depression levels among
individuals as those that need to be dealt with at any given time.
Depression has been associated by loss of a fetus/child when it
comes to a pregnant woman. It has been associated with
underperformance among individuals. Depression is also a

13. major contribution to family conflicts.
Individuals that suffer from depression end up having divorces
and being violent with their spouses. Therefore, the articles
present several ways through which to deal with depression. The
first approach focuses on comprehending the causes and the
main factors associated with the development of depression
among individuals. Secondly, it investigates the role of
counselors and family members in enhancing a stable
environment that is free from depression and its impacts.
Possible Explanation Apart from the Article
Depression has for a long period served as a major problem
when it comes to the development of the society. People have to
comprehend that depression is something that will not stop
despite the society trying as much as possible to create
sustainable and effective counseling approaches. The best way
to deal with depression is to focus on the victims. They are the
reason as to why they experience depression. Therefore, it is
important to look into their personal lives and develop possible
ways to handle their issues personally before they receive
assistance from counselors and mental experts. I believe that
self-help is the best way to deal with the issue of depression.
I have also learned that depression is not a natural occurrence
since it is caused by different social factors such as poor
relationships, poverty, miscommunication, and adverse
development in the society. Medication as a strategy to deal
with depression does not have a major impact compared to
having individuals receiving advice and counseling from
counselors in the society. It is important to focus on creating a
society that focuses on the positive needs of individuals to
influence their positive developments.

14. Depression may be eliminated if the government, the private
sector, and other members of the society come together in
handling it and its effects. Depression is a major factor that
needs to be studied for deeper comprehension. It is a factor that
borrows ideas from the international psychological sector. It is
a major factor that needs collaboration to comprehend.
Individuals have to ensure that they work with community
members, their families, and health agencies to enable them to
acquire the needed health backgrounds.
Refining My Question
What are the best strategies to be used in handling depression?
Who are the individuals that suffer from depression and what
have they done to ensure positivity?
References
Adamsons, K., & Johnson, S. (2013). An updated and expanded
meta-analysis of nonresident fathering and child well-being.
Journal of Family Psychology, 27(4),, 589.
Anderson, D., Cesur, R., & Tekin, E. (2015). Youth depression
and future criminal behavior. Economic Inquiry, 53(1),, 294-
317.
Bargai, N., Ben-Shakhar, G., & Shalev, A. (2007).
Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battered women:
The mediating role of learned helplessness. Journal of Family
Violence, 22, 267-275.
Baumeister, R., Vohs, K., Aaker, J., & Garbinsky, E. (2013).
Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful
life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6),, 505-516.
Biaggi, A., Conroy, S., Pawlby, S., & Pariante, C. (2016).
Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and

15. depression: a systematic review. Journal of affective disorders,
191, 62-77.
Brown, R. (2017). Bridging worlds: participatory thinking in
Jungian context. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 62(2),, 284-
304.
Brummelte, S., & Galea, L. (2016). Postpartum depression:
etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care.
Hormones and behavior, 77, 153-166.
Chassin, L. (2010). Does adolescent alcohol and marijuana use
predict suppressed growth in psychosocial maturity among male
juvenile offenders? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 24.1 ,
48.
Dziwota, E., Stepulak, M., Włoszczak-Szubzda, A., & Olajossy,
M. (2018). Social functioning and the quality of life of patients
diagnosed with schizophrenia. Annals of Agricultural and
Environmental Medicine, 25(1),, 50-55.
Fusar-Poli, P., Papanastasiou, E., Stahl, D., Rocchetti, M.,
Carpenter, W., Shergill, S., & McGuire, P. (2014). Treatments
of negative symptoms in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of 168
randomized placebo-controlled trials. Schizophrenia bulletin,
41(4), 892-899.
Herring, S., Rich‐Edwards, J., Oken, E., Rifas‐Shiman, S.,
Kleinman, K., & Gillman, M. (2008). Association of postpartum
depression with weight retention 1 year after childbirth.
Obesity, 16(6), 1296-1301.
O'Mahen, H., & Flynn, H. (2008). Preferences and perceived
barriers to treatment for depression during the perinatal period.
Journal of women's health, 17(8), 1301-1309.

16. Söderquist, J., Wijma, B., Thorbert, G., & Wijma, K. (2009).
Risk factors in pregnancy for post‐traumatic stress and
depression after childbirth. BJOG: An International Journal of
Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 116(5), 672-680.
Running head: PTSD
2
PTSD
5
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Amber Hope
Argosy University
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Anderson, Cesur, & Tekin (2015)open up the discussion with
focusing on the onset of PTSD among individuals. They present
PTSD as a severe disorder with a focus on the destruction of
thinking, emotions, and actions. Adamsons & Johnson (2013)
argue that PTSD influences an individual to become unstable in
terms of thinking and acting. Most schizophrenic patients end
up either being responsive or withdrawn (Bargai, Ben-Shakhar,
& Shalev, 2007). PTSD is different from multiple personalities
due to the symptoms differences between the two disorders
(Herring et al., 2008). Patients who suffer from the disease
either hear things or see them. They have an altered personality
and always feel angry and irrational (O'Mahen & Flynn, 2008).
Patients show bizarre behavior. They have preoccupation when
it comes to issues focusing on religion (Söderquist, Wijma,
Thorbert, & Wijma, 2009). PTSD patients feel indifferent to

17. essential situations.
Individuals who possess the disorders lack a strong personality
and may not pose a danger to those around them (Baumeister,
Vohs, Aaker, & Garbinsky, 2013). Chassin (2010) states that
there are several causes of PTSD. Brummelte & Galea (2016)
confirm that factors such as poor parenting, childhood
experiences, and low motivation in life are not the causes of
PTSD. (Fusar-Poli, et al., 2014) Presents an argument that the
roots of PTSD are caused by various issues in the human
environment that influence the minds to become unstable.
Individuals may have infections in their brains, a significant
factor that may lead to them having the disorder (Dein, 2017).
PTSD exists in the genetic coding of individuals which
influences individuals to pass it from one generation to another
with much ease (Dziwota, Stepulak, Włoszczak-Szubzda, &
Olajossy, 2018). Despite the disorder lacking a cure, it does not
mean that it is not manageable (Dziwota, Stepulak, Włoszczak-
Szubzda, & Olajossy, 2018). Some combination of prescriptions
and therapeutic techniques are vital in dealing with the disorder.
References
Adamsons, K., & Johnson, S. (2013). An updated and expanded
meta-analysis of nonresident fathering and child well-being.
Journal of Family Psychology, 27(4),, 589.
Anderson, D., Cesur, R., & Tekin, E. (2015). Youth depression
and future criminal behavior. Economic Inquiry, 53(1),, 294-
317.
Bargai, N., Ben-Shakhar, G., & Shalev, A. (2007).
Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battered women:
The mediating role of learned helplessness. Journal of Family

18. Violence, 22, 267-275.
Baumeister, R., Vohs, K., Aaker, J., & Garbinsky, E. (2013).
Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful
life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6),, 505-516.
Biaggi, A., Conroy, S., Pawlby, S., & Pariante, C. (2016).
Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and
depression: a systematic review. Journal of affective disorders,
191, 62-77.
Brown, R. (2017). Bridging worlds: participatory thinking in
Jungian context. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 62(2),, 284-
304.
Brummelte, S., & Galea, L. (2016). Postpartum depression:
etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care.
Hormones and behavior, 77, 153-166.
Chassin, L. (2010). Does adolescent alcohol and marijuana use
predict suppressed growth in psychosocial maturity among male
juvenile offenders? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 24.1 ,
48.
Dziwota, E., Stepulak, M., Włoszczak-Szubzda, A., & Olajossy,
M. (2018). Social functioning and the quality of life of patients
diagnosed with schizophrenia. Annals of Agricultural and
Environmental Medicine, 25(1),, 50-55.
Fusar-Poli, P., Papanastasiou, E., Stahl, D., Rocchetti, M.,
Carpenter, W., Shergill, S., & McGuire, P. (2014). Treatments
of negative symptoms in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of 168
randomized placebo-controlled trials. Schizophrenia bulletin,
41(4), 892-899.
Herring, S., Rich‐Edwards, J., Oken, E., Rifas‐Shiman, S.,

19. Kleinman, K., & Gillman, M. (2008). Association of postpartum
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