Running head: ENVIRONMENT COMMUNICATION TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE 1
ENVIRONMENT COMMUNICATION TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE 6
Environment Communication to Address Climate Change
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
My Energy use for the entire day
When I wake up in the morning, the following are ways through which I use energy until such a time when I retire to bed:
· Lighting the room that consumes about 8% of the energy.
· Cooking using an electric oven that consumes 14% of the energy and other time use gas cookers.
· The refrigerator that remains on throughout consumes about 18% of the energy.
· Cooling and heating of the water using dispensers and also microwave that consumes about 10% of the energy.
· Dishwashing that uses about 6% of the energy.
· Washing and drying of the clothes that uses 18% of energy.
· Fueling of the car using petrol to go out for the shopping and other activities of interest to me that uses 20% of energy.
· Use of the laptop to do research and other assignments that uses 2% of energy.
· TV and DVDs use 4% of the energy.
Considering different ways that I do use energy, some of them pose a potential adverse effect on the climate change such as carbon emission from petrol fuels. Additionally, sources of the energy that is used are not renewable and considering some of the machines that I use such as washers and dryers, refrigerators and electric cookers, it means that I am one of the people that contribute climate change and therefore, there is need to innovatively consider strategies that I need to in place to reduce energy consumption which would go along way in minimizing negative that I cause to the environment. To deeply address concerns of the climate change in the wider context, I will thoroughly reflect on the week 2, 3, 6, 9, 10 and 11 which address various issues that relate to environmental communication.
Reflection on Energy on use and its integration to climate change and also environmental communication.
In the earlier section, I have identified various through which is use energy when I wake up unto when I retire to sleep. It is equivocal that some of the ways through which I used energy have been introduced after the industrial revolution and even more machines are being introduced which uses fossils fuels which are continually causing climate changes. For example, washing machines and dry cleaners and vehicles are some of the machines which contribute emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that have an adverse effect on the environment. From my personal experiences and upon reflection of the material that I have covered for the past weeks, there are 8 core concepts and ideas that require attention in the resolve to address climate change and revamp environmental communication. These ideas and concepts are as discussed below:
a) Risk factors of climate change
It is important to become aware of the risk factors of climate change. I cannot wait to be a victim of the .
Presentation of Dr. Helen Mendoza, Philippine Network for Climaet Change, on "Advocacy" during the UP Manila Conference on Global Climate Change, October 22-23, 2009, Pearl Garden Hotel, Manila.
Running head Environmental Experience 1Experience 1.docxtodd271
Running head: Environmental Experience
1
Experience 12
Environmental Experience
Author Note:
This paper is being submitted on November 9, 2018, for Human Uses of the Environment course.
Environmental Experience
Growing up, I can say my childhood was awesome. I had a wonderful family and great friends. My grandparents owned a farm, so there were always fun things to do, we also had plenty of free time to play. About a mile from my family’s farm was woods that resemble a forest, it was large and had tall trees. The woods, however, had clear paths, so people went there for jogging and relaxation. For my siblings, friends and myself, this was where we often went to ride our bicycles and raced each other. This was a place that I formed a good memory with nature because of its beauty. Apart from the trees, there were other living creatures like birds, squirrels and butterflies and this often made the place a sanctuary for our games due to the different sounds the birds made.
As I grew up, the area where I once lived and loved became populated and were bought by land developers eventually, all the trees were cut down. Where there used to be a place where my imagination could run wild and so filled with life now seems so rocky, congested and full of garbage and damp sites. At first, we did not notice a major difference, but all this changed when the rainy season came. Floods became uncontrollable; the wind blew without anything to block it and therefore destroyed a lot of things. The weather patterns have also been affected making the amount of rain decrease, and also the garbage and smoke have affected people’s health. This had me thinking about the environment we live in.
In conclusion, through the educational system, I was able to learn about the different ways in which the environment is often tarnished. Among them is deforestation, water pollution in rivers and the ocean. Lastly, air pollution thought our carbon emissions. There are also many preventive measures that can be taken to make sure that extreme pollution does not occur (Khopkar, 2014). Among the basic measures is educating people about pollution and creating laws and regulations that will help with combating those that contribute to environmental destruction. This can assist in preventing extreme weather conditions like flooding and acidic rain which is caused by air pollution and deforestation. For me, I arrived at my ecological identity through formal education and experience.
Food
Author Note:
This paper is being submitted on November 16, 2018, for Human Uses of the Environment course.
Do you feel that GMOs are safe?
It is our nature to be resistant to change. There have been a lot of resistant to GMOs. I support GMOs as I believe they are safe for human consumption. GMOs are safe. There is always a presence of uncertainty among human beings regarding safety; however, there is a lack of evidence concerning their harm. GMOs do not have adverse envi.
Running head Rough Draft 1Draft 9Rough Draft.docxtodd521
Running head: Rough Draft
1
Draft 9
Rough Draft
Author Note:
This paper is being submitted on December 9, 2018, Human Uses of the Environment course.
Rough Draft
Growing up, I can say my childhood was awesome. I had a wonderful family and great friends. My grandparents owned a farm, so there were always fun things to do, we also had plenty of free time to play. About a mile from my family’s farm was woods that resemble a forest, it was large and had tall trees. The woods, however, had clear paths, so people went there for jogging and relaxation. For my siblings, friends and myself, this was where we often went to ride our bicycles and raced each other. This was a place that I formed a good memory with nature because of its beauty. Apart from the trees, there were other living creatures like birds, squirrels and butterflies and this often made the place a sanctuary for our games due to the different sounds the birds made.
As I grew up, the area where I once lived and loved became populated and were bought by land developers eventually, all the trees were cut down. Where there used to be a place where my imagination could run wild and so filled with life now seems so rocky, congested and full of garbage and damp sites. At first, we did not notice a major difference, but all this changed when the rainy season came. Floods became uncontrollable; the wind blew without anything to block it and therefore destroyed a lot of things. The weather patterns have also been affected making the amount of rain decrease, and also the garbage and smoke have affected people’s health. This had me thinking about the environment we live in.
In conclusion, through the educational system, I was able to learn about the different ways in which the environment is often tarnished. Among them is deforestation, water pollution in rivers and the ocean. Lastly, air pollution thought our carbon emissions. There are also many preventive measures that can be taken to make sure that extreme pollution does not occur laws and regulations that will help with combating those that contribute to environmental destruction. This can assist in preventing extreme weather conditions like flooding and acidic rain which is caused by air pollution and deforestation. For me, I arrived at my ecological identity through has risen six-tenth of a degree within the last 20 years and the population has increased by 1.7 people (Associate Press, 2014). With ga
It is our nature to be resistant to change. There have been a lot of resistant to GMOs. I support GMOs as I believe they are safe for human consumption. GMOs are safe. There is always a presence of uncertainty among human beings regarding safety; however, there is a lack of evidence concerning their harm. GMOs do not have adverse environmental effects as well as they possess little chemicals as they utilize low amounts of pesticides (National Academies of Sciences and Medicine (U.S.), 2016). There could be a presence of vario.
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environmentFERMA
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environment.
The recently published Global Risks 2014 report of the World Economic Forum identifies environmental risks as highest in terms of impact and likelihood. Those risks include both natural disasters, such as earthquakes and geomagnetic storms, and man-made risks such as
collapsing ecosystems, freshwater shortages, nuclear accidents and failure to mitigate or adapt to climate change. Failure of climate change mitigation and
adaptation is the fifth top risk concern according to
multi-stakeholders communities (see figure beside).
Climate change is evidence proven and this paper doesn’t intend to explore the causes. However, one can state that climate change is a systemic problem – it is one that touches all the others. As such by its systemic nature, it can cause breakdowns of entire systems and not only a component part. (
Presentation of Dr. Helen Mendoza, Philippine Network for Climaet Change, on "Advocacy" during the UP Manila Conference on Global Climate Change, October 22-23, 2009, Pearl Garden Hotel, Manila.
Running head Environmental Experience 1Experience 1.docxtodd271
Running head: Environmental Experience
1
Experience 12
Environmental Experience
Author Note:
This paper is being submitted on November 9, 2018, for Human Uses of the Environment course.
Environmental Experience
Growing up, I can say my childhood was awesome. I had a wonderful family and great friends. My grandparents owned a farm, so there were always fun things to do, we also had plenty of free time to play. About a mile from my family’s farm was woods that resemble a forest, it was large and had tall trees. The woods, however, had clear paths, so people went there for jogging and relaxation. For my siblings, friends and myself, this was where we often went to ride our bicycles and raced each other. This was a place that I formed a good memory with nature because of its beauty. Apart from the trees, there were other living creatures like birds, squirrels and butterflies and this often made the place a sanctuary for our games due to the different sounds the birds made.
As I grew up, the area where I once lived and loved became populated and were bought by land developers eventually, all the trees were cut down. Where there used to be a place where my imagination could run wild and so filled with life now seems so rocky, congested and full of garbage and damp sites. At first, we did not notice a major difference, but all this changed when the rainy season came. Floods became uncontrollable; the wind blew without anything to block it and therefore destroyed a lot of things. The weather patterns have also been affected making the amount of rain decrease, and also the garbage and smoke have affected people’s health. This had me thinking about the environment we live in.
In conclusion, through the educational system, I was able to learn about the different ways in which the environment is often tarnished. Among them is deforestation, water pollution in rivers and the ocean. Lastly, air pollution thought our carbon emissions. There are also many preventive measures that can be taken to make sure that extreme pollution does not occur (Khopkar, 2014). Among the basic measures is educating people about pollution and creating laws and regulations that will help with combating those that contribute to environmental destruction. This can assist in preventing extreme weather conditions like flooding and acidic rain which is caused by air pollution and deforestation. For me, I arrived at my ecological identity through formal education and experience.
Food
Author Note:
This paper is being submitted on November 16, 2018, for Human Uses of the Environment course.
Do you feel that GMOs are safe?
It is our nature to be resistant to change. There have been a lot of resistant to GMOs. I support GMOs as I believe they are safe for human consumption. GMOs are safe. There is always a presence of uncertainty among human beings regarding safety; however, there is a lack of evidence concerning their harm. GMOs do not have adverse envi.
Running head Rough Draft 1Draft 9Rough Draft.docxtodd521
Running head: Rough Draft
1
Draft 9
Rough Draft
Author Note:
This paper is being submitted on December 9, 2018, Human Uses of the Environment course.
Rough Draft
Growing up, I can say my childhood was awesome. I had a wonderful family and great friends. My grandparents owned a farm, so there were always fun things to do, we also had plenty of free time to play. About a mile from my family’s farm was woods that resemble a forest, it was large and had tall trees. The woods, however, had clear paths, so people went there for jogging and relaxation. For my siblings, friends and myself, this was where we often went to ride our bicycles and raced each other. This was a place that I formed a good memory with nature because of its beauty. Apart from the trees, there were other living creatures like birds, squirrels and butterflies and this often made the place a sanctuary for our games due to the different sounds the birds made.
As I grew up, the area where I once lived and loved became populated and were bought by land developers eventually, all the trees were cut down. Where there used to be a place where my imagination could run wild and so filled with life now seems so rocky, congested and full of garbage and damp sites. At first, we did not notice a major difference, but all this changed when the rainy season came. Floods became uncontrollable; the wind blew without anything to block it and therefore destroyed a lot of things. The weather patterns have also been affected making the amount of rain decrease, and also the garbage and smoke have affected people’s health. This had me thinking about the environment we live in.
In conclusion, through the educational system, I was able to learn about the different ways in which the environment is often tarnished. Among them is deforestation, water pollution in rivers and the ocean. Lastly, air pollution thought our carbon emissions. There are also many preventive measures that can be taken to make sure that extreme pollution does not occur laws and regulations that will help with combating those that contribute to environmental destruction. This can assist in preventing extreme weather conditions like flooding and acidic rain which is caused by air pollution and deforestation. For me, I arrived at my ecological identity through has risen six-tenth of a degree within the last 20 years and the population has increased by 1.7 people (Associate Press, 2014). With ga
It is our nature to be resistant to change. There have been a lot of resistant to GMOs. I support GMOs as I believe they are safe for human consumption. GMOs are safe. There is always a presence of uncertainty among human beings regarding safety; however, there is a lack of evidence concerning their harm. GMOs do not have adverse environmental effects as well as they possess little chemicals as they utilize low amounts of pesticides (National Academies of Sciences and Medicine (U.S.), 2016). There could be a presence of vario.
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environmentFERMA
"Climate Crunch" : Scenarios for the global economic environment.
The recently published Global Risks 2014 report of the World Economic Forum identifies environmental risks as highest in terms of impact and likelihood. Those risks include both natural disasters, such as earthquakes and geomagnetic storms, and man-made risks such as
collapsing ecosystems, freshwater shortages, nuclear accidents and failure to mitigate or adapt to climate change. Failure of climate change mitigation and
adaptation is the fifth top risk concern according to
multi-stakeholders communities (see figure beside).
Climate change is evidence proven and this paper doesn’t intend to explore the causes. However, one can state that climate change is a systemic problem – it is one that touches all the others. As such by its systemic nature, it can cause breakdowns of entire systems and not only a component part. (
Running head CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES 1CRIMINOLOGICAL THEOR.docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
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CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
5
Criminological Theories
MCJ 5135 Theory of Crime and Criminology
The Relevance of Psychological Theories in Criminology
The engagement of an individual in criminal activities is often influenced by various underlying factors. As such various theories have been developed to explain the behavioral patterns of criminals and enable the criminal justice departments to operate effectively. Among the developed theories, the psychological theories are perhaps the most accurate in the field of criminology. Psychological theories are based on an interaction between biological and social-cultural factors that either promote or deter criminal behavior, (Walters, 2016). Classical theories of criminology did not account for the state of mind of criminals. As such, many criminals in the past were convicted of crimes they committed unknowingly. This has changed since the adoption of psychological theories. Both individuals as well as criminal justice officials now understand that psychological factors influence criminal behavior. Appropriate measures have been implemented to ensure that the criminal justice department treats all persons fairly by assessing underlying psychological factors. As such, psychological theories have not only promoted the work of the criminal justice department but also promoted individual awareness about underlying mental conditions that affect an individual’s behavior, (Byrne & Hummer, 2016).
Review of the Literature
1. Byrne, J., & Hummer, D. (2016). An examination of the impact of criminological theory on community corrections practice. Fed. Probation, 80, 15.
According toByrne & Hummer (2016), psychological theories have the most direct influence on probation and parole compared to other theories of criminology. The authors have comprehensively analyzed the impact of various theories used to evaluate criminal behavior. They suggest that behavior is intertwined with unconscious motives. Therefore, understanding the reasons behind a crime requires a psychological evaluation to understand the interaction of the two factors. This article is suitable for this research because it captures the relevance of psychological theories in criminology.
2. Dippong, J., & Fitch, C. (2017). Emotions in criminological theory: Insights from social psychology. Sociology Compass, 11(4), e12473.
Few formal theories have been developed to capture the role of emotional processes as facilitators or inhibitors of crime, (Dippong & Fitch, 2017). According to the authors, gaps in criminology can be filled by focusing on the underlying psychological factors of the offenders. The article highlights the effect that practices such as interrogation have on the mental state of an individual thus resulting in inaccurate findings during criminal investigations. As such, this article is a reliable source of information about the relevance of applying psychological theories in criminology. .
Running head COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS .docxtodd271
Running head: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 3
A comparative analysis between Korean melodrama and other local melodrama
Student name
Institution
Most studies in recent times have discovered that Korean dramas have come with a “Korean wave” in media in the global stage. Audiences have been reconceptualised due to the availability of internet and computer that have facilitated the digital revolution. Korean melodrama has earned more views than local melodrama, a result of its marketing its content without owning a means of distribution.
Korean melodrama is a representation of a product that is a hybrid of Hollywood, since Korean melodrama makes use of practices, tools, and conventions in the narrative that comes with the preoccupation of the Korean socio-political and historical aspects. The aspect of familiarity that lacks in local melodrama exists in Korean melodrama. Studies in have shown that audiences tend to respond positively to things they are familiar to and that is exactly what Korean melodrama is.
The use of genre by Korean melodrama is a huge success to its big audiences from the west, as a study by the Korean Creative Content Agency (KOCCA) back in 2015 estimated that around 19 million Americans enjoy Korean melodrama compared to five million who preferred local melodrama as they are a definition of what the world is in reality. The aspect of what is good and what is bad entangled with emotional narratives that give the audience an opportunity to select a hero or a heroine (Martin, 2019).
Korean melodrama are structured in a way that the audience can critique structures of institutional powers and explore a world with aspects of complex social issues. Korean melodrama has a vital element of their characters not being complex and this does not place a huge burden of danger or any sort of conflict in their existing world (Smith, 2017). The study also found out that Korean dramas have integrated aspects of adventures, romance and included professional fields like doctors and police, and lawyer, which are familiar genres to the audience. The structure of the Korean melodrama comes along with themes and selective iconography that make Korean melodrama suitable for global audiences.
Korean drama has earned viewers more than local dramas in the local stage given the Korean dramas depict the actual Korean culture. Most people are attracted to Korean melodrama since they are interested with the reality. A study by a Korean television found out that their supervisor had received more than five hundred emails from people who were not Korean to include English subtitles in their videos. This proves to be a massive support comparing people have less interest in their local drama. Korean drama have earned a huge fan base due to the license agreement of online streaming that was agreed by Korea (Moon, 2019). Studies have recorded that the market of Korean melodrama has around 12% of them wh.
Running Head Critical Evaluation on Note Taking1Critical Ev.docxtodd271
Running Head: Critical Evaluation on Note Taking
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Critical Evaluation of Four Articles On Note Taking
Critical Evaluation of Four Articles On Note Taking
Note taking is the process of recording information from another source and is an integral part of university studies. Comprehensive studies have been conducted to underline the cognitive process of note taking. This essay aims to critique four research articles pertaining to the study of note taking namely by highlighting several pros and cons of certain methodologies used, to improve future researches done on the topic of note taking.
The first article aims to examine whether the use of laptops in note taking impairs learning compared to people who were using the longhand method (Mueller & Oppenheimer, 2014). They conducted three experiments to investigate whether taking notes on a laptop versus writing longhand would affect academic performance, and to explore the potential mechanism of verbatim overlap as a proxy for the depth of processing. They used an experimental design in order to achieve a quantitative result. Using five 15 minutes TED talks lectures, the use of either laptop or longhand method for note taking as a categorical variable, and 67 participant samples from different university research subject pools, they concluded that participants using laptops were more inclined to take verbatim notes than participants using the longhand method. An overlooked procedure of this methodology is that in their first study, either one or two students were placed in an enclosed room.Mueller & Oppenheimer (2014) unknowingly made this a variable in their experiment. Additionally, typical university lectures are done in an occupied lecture hall. Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) should have had his experiments in a lecture hall with students while testing his participants, emulating an environment similar to the real world. Doing so would increase external validity without sacrificing internal validity. Participants were taken randomly from a pool of voluntary university students, which is a good representation of the larger population for their hypothesis of the experiment. Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) did not account for how the participants usually took notes in their classes. Instructing the participants to take down notes in a medium they are not used to could have affected their implicit processing of information, affecting results. The experimenters should have divided the participants into two separate groups based on which medium they were more comfortable in using. A third control group whereby participants did not take notes would have been beneficial to this experiment, eliminating compromising factors such as selection threats (Trochim, 2006).
The next article alleviates most of the previously stated concerns. This experiment was conducted to determine whether students’ note-taking and online chatting can influence their recalls of lecture content and note quality (Wei , Wang .
Running head CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS.docxtodd271
Running head: CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
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CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies
Adenike George
Walden University
NURS 6052: Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice
April 11, 2019
Critique of Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Method Design
Both quantitative and qualitative methods play a pivotal role in nursing research. Qualitative research helps nurses and other healthcare workers to understand the experiences of the patients on health and illness. Quantitative data allows researchers to use an accurate approach in data collection and analysis. When using quantitative techniques, data can be analyzed using either descriptive statistics or inferential statistics which allows the researchers to derive important facts like demographics, preference trends, and differences between the groups. The paper comprehensively critiques quantitative and quantitative techniques of research. Furthermore, the author will also give reasons as to why qualitative methods should be regarded as scientific.
The overall value of quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative studies allow the researchers to present data in terms of numbers. Since data is in numeric form, researchers can apply statistical techniques in analyzing it. These include descriptive statistics like mean, mode, median, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, t-tests, correlation and regression analysis. Statistical analysis allows us to derive important facts from data such as preference trends, demographics, and differences between groups. For instance, by conducting a mixed methods study to determine the feeding experiences of infants among teen mothers in North Carolina, Tucker and colleagues were able to compare breastfeeding trends among various population groups. The multiple groups compared were likely to initiate breastfeeding as follows: Hispanic teens 89%, Black American teens 41%, and White teens 52% (Tucker et al., 2011).
The high strength of quantitative analysis lies in providing data that is descriptive. The descriptive statistics helps us to capture a snapshot of the population. When analyzed appropriate, the descriptive data enables us to make general conclusions concerning the population. For instance, through detailed data analysis, Tucker and co-researchers were able to observe that there were a large number of adolescents who ceased breastfeeding within the first month drawing the need for nurses to conduct individualized follow-ups the early days after hospital discharge. These follow-ups would significantly assist in addressing the conventional technical problems and offer support in managing back to school transition (Tucker et al., 2011).
Qualitative research allows researchers to determine the client’s perspective on healthcare. It enables researchers to observe certain behaviors and experiences amo.
Running head CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY .docxtodd271
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 9
Crime Analysis Technology
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Crime Analysis Technology
Peer-Reviewed Article Analysis
Technology has evolved over the years in various sectors, with new technological innovations being developed. One of the areas that has witnessed great applications of technological evolution is in the detection and prevention of crime. This article will analyze the various technologies that are used to prevent and detect crime.
Byrne and Marx (2011) in their article reviews the topic in detail and gives insight in the role of technology in combating crime.
The key data that will be used in this research is secondary data from various peer-reviewed sources that review the topic of Crime Analysis Technology from various perspectives. Byrne and Marx (2011) presents various data on crime and the use of Information Technology in crime detection and prevention. For instance, it highlights that the percentage of schools in the United States that deploy metal detectors is approximately 2%. The article also approximates that as of 2006, one million CCTV cameras had been deployed in the United States, although the article does not provide current estimates on the same.
The article plays a great role in my final research. It gives a highlight of the various technological applications for crime prevention and detection. This can provide a background for further research, especially the technological innovations that are currently being developed. The article also presents figures about various elements of technology in crime prevention and detection such as the number of CCTV cameras, the crime rates such as the registered sex offenders, among others. Projections can therefore be made to the future.
The article mentions several significant facts. First, it classifies technological innovations in criminal justice as hard technology versus soft technology. Hard technology innovations include hardware and materials while soft technology innovations include information systems and computer software. Examples of hard technology is the CCTV cameras, metal detectors, and security systems at homes and schools. Examples of soft technology include predictive policing technology, crime analysis techniques, software, and data sharing techniques, among others. Both of the two categories of technological innovations are important in criminal justice. Another fact is the new technology of policing. The article identifies hard policing technological tools such as non-lethal weaponry and technologies for officer safety. It highlights soft policing technologies such as data-driven policies in policing and information sharing. Another important fact that the article mentions is the issues that should be con.
Running head CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART1CRIMINAL JUSTICE FL.docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART 1
CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART 11
Introduction
The purpose of a flowchart is to graphically present information in a logical pattern according to whatis.com (2018), usually showing the progression within a process from beginning to end. This flowchart will illustrate the pattern of progression in the criminal justice systems of Canada and India. In most countries policing, the courts, and the correctional systems are interdependent in this relationship, the police are the first step and the other steps follow in a logical progression. The purpose of mapping the steps of these countries criminal justice systems is to give visual context to this progression.
Criminal Justice of Canada
Police
Canada’s criminal justice system is not that different from other systems from around the world. The Canadian system comprised of the police who investigate crimes, collects evidence, and apprehend suspects for trial in the court system. Canada’s policing uses a decentralized multiple coordination model. In Canada, the federal government is constitutionally responsible for legislating in all areas that relate to criminal matters Braiden (2006), but legislating police activity is the responsibility of the provinces.
Each province has passed a Police Act to meet their responsibilities. Police forces in Canada deal with all types of crimes, from Crimes against Persons to Crimes Against Property according to the Canadian Department of Justice (2017). The crime being investigated will dictate the course of the investigation that will follow. To satisfy their role in the criminal justice flowchart the police must collect evidence and this evidence will be used at trial.
The gathering and preserving of evidence according to rules established within the Police Act and federal legislation spelled out in the Canadian Constitution Canadian Department of Justice (2017). Once an investigation occurs with the collection of evidence, and this evidence obtained through interviews and legally issued search warrants the police will develop a most likely and viable suspect and the police will request an arrest warrant for the suspect spelling out who they are looking to arrest and for what crime they wish to arrest them for.
Courts
The arrest is one of the final steps for the police in this matter and the beginning of the court process. The first step in this process is to put the person in custody into a holding cell usually at a detention center, the person is typically seen by a judge or a justice of the peace as soon as possible, this is usually done in twenty-four hours according to the Canadian Department of Justice (2017). At this point, the judge determines a pre-trial date in some cases will release the party on bail.
A bail hearing allows the prosecution to present evidence in hopes to keep the accused in custody. In the Canadian system, the state has all the expense of investigatio.
Running head COMPANY OVERVIEW1COMPANY OVERVIEW2Co.docxtodd271
Running head: COMPANY OVERVIEW
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COMPANY OVERVIEW
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Company Overview
Name: John Blair
Institutional Affiliation: Rasmussen College
Founded in 2001, Global Inc. is one of the leading manufacturers of consumer electronics such as personal computers, smartphones, and household appliances among other products. As a limited liability company members are not liable for the organization’s liabilities or debts (Deering & Murphy, 2003). It has experienced growth currently with approximately 13, 500 workers and an annual revenue of $14 billion as of December 2017. Smartphones and personal computers form its major source of revenue which currently comprises 45% of all the revenues. Starting 2009, the company expanded to the international market and has since experienced a growing revenue due to the expanding market share. More so, due to benefits such as cheap and readily available labor, the organization moved some of its manufacturing processes to Indonesia, Bhutan and Hong Kong which has greatly impacted the operational cost enabling it to provide goods at competitive prices.
In 2016, the company faced issues related to labor management as it was established that some of its suppliers employ underage workers and also utilizes bonded labor. It has been an ethical issue faced by the organization whether it should cut ties with the suppliers and find other suppliers. The company did not have any policies that controlled labor management practices by the suppliers hence it was not likely for the organization to act with speed. On the other hand, in the established manufacturing plants in Asian countries, it emerged that some workers received wages lower than the minimum wages in the said countries. These have been the two major issues that have recently tarnished the organization’s public image. However, it has put efforts to turn around the situation and regain its previous public image.
Reference
Deering, A., & Murphy, A. (2003). The Partnering Imperative: Making Business Partnerships Work (1st ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
Running head: ETHICAL ISSUES IN CONSUMER ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
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ETHICAL ISSUES IN CONSUMER ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
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Trending Ethical Issues in Consumer Electronics Industry
Name: John Blair
Institutional Affiliation: Rasmussen College
Trending Ethical Issues in Consumer Electronics Industry
In the consumer electronics industry, players are competing with each other to create cutting edge devices that are more appealing to the consumers. Due to this need, majority of the manufacturers have employed various strategies such as partnering with third party manufacturers in a bid to lower operational costs hence being able to present consumers with competitively priced devices. However, it is imperative to note that adoption of the various strategies by the industry players has led to a number of ethical issues such as unfair labor practices as looked into in the following section.
One, partnering with third party manufacturers.
Running head CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS 1CRIMINAL BACKGROUND .docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS 1
CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS
2
Criminal Background CheckNameENG/100
Erica Letourneau
September 1, 2019
Thesis Statement:
Criminal background checks help in determining a new employee’s behavior on the job, aids in identifying illegal immigration or harbored a fugitives, and acts as a societal norm.
Determining the behaviors of a new employee
One-way Criminal background checks helps employers is through acting as a guide in determining employee behavior before joining their task force. The character of an employee is a factor that should be considered before the employee is offered an opportunity to work for any organisation (Harris & Keller, 2005).
Hiring a criminal puts the security of the customers and employees at risk. Without past information about an employee, an organization is likely to employ a criminal. In this respect, a background check comes in place to make sure that the potential employee has no tarnished background.
Aids in illegal immigration or harboring a fugitive
Criminal background checks can also aid identifying illegal immigrants or harbored fugitives in workplaces. In the modern day, illegal immigration has become a norm in the society. Considering that the illegal immigrants are not citizens of the country, it is evident that any person cannot access their records. A criminal background check does not only help to know the previous criminal engagement activities of a person, but it also helps to know if a person is in the country's system or not.
Acts as a societal norm
Criminal background checks act as a social norm which can help in a nation’s economic growth. The productivity of its citizens dictates the economy of any nation. Ethics and productivity go hand in hand. When one is involved in criminal activities, it is evident that the level of his or her productivity can be questioned (Blumstein & Nakamura, 2009). It has become a norm for the society to try and look if one is associated with shady dealings in the past. The norm has been essential in two different ways. The first way is associated with the aspect of making sure that the people who are engaged in business activities are people with a good reputation and trustworthy (Harris & Keller, 2005). The second way is associated with the influence that the background check has on the members of the society. Most members of the society try as much as they can to avoid engaging in criminal activities because such can affect their future and that promotes a norm of avoiding and staying away from crime.
References
Blumstein, A., & Nakamura, K. (2009). Redemption in the presence of widespread criminal background checks. Criminology, 47(2), 327-359.
Harris, P. M., & Keller, K. S. (2005). Ex-offenders need not apply: The criminal background checks in hiring decisions. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(1), 6-30.
Concerns
Areas that Need Work
Criteria
Standards for This Performance
Strengths
Evidence.
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 2
Crime analysis is a function that usually involves the systemic analysis in identifying as well as analyzing the crime patterns and trends. Crime analysis is very important for law enforcement agencies as it helps law enforcers effectively deploy the available resources in a better and effective manner, which enables them to identify and apprehend suspects. Crime analysis is also very significant when it comes to arriving at solutions devised to come up with the right solution to solve the current crime problem and issues as well as coming up with the right prevention strategies. Since the year 2014, crime rates in the USA have increased steadily as per a study done by USAFacts, which is a non-partisan initiative (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). With this increase in crime rates, which has majorly resulted in massive growth in technology, it is essential to come up with better means and ways of dealing with the increased crime rates. With the current advancement in technology, better law enforcement tools developed, which has enabled better crime deterrence in better and efficient ways. All this has been facilitated by the efforts of crime analysts who have come up with better tools and thus enabling the law enforcers to better deal with the crimes (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). In this paper, I will consider the application of crime analysis technology and techniques in fighting crimes. Application of crime analysis technology and techniques used to make crime analysis more accurate and efficient.
Currently, the two technological tools that are used in predictive policing software have enabled security agencies to effectively use predictive policing ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). Application of this software has enabled better crime prevention as with data obtained in the previous crimes have been used to predict possible future severe crimes in a specific area.
Through the adoption and use of crime analysis, law enforcement agencies have been able to fight against crimes as when compared with the past effectively. The use of crime analysis comes at the right time, where there has been an increase in crime rates in the current digital error. In a survey done by Wynyard group in 2015, the study revealed that for every 10 law enforcement officials 9 of them believe that the use of current technology in crime analysis has had positive effects in helping the agencies in solving crimes as they can identify essential links and trends in crimes ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). In the same way, other sectors have benefited from data analysis with spreadsheets, databases, and mapping, law enforcers have been able to use data analysis to come up with a better decision. Crime analysis ha.
Running Head CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS .docxtodd271
Running Head: CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2
CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2
In the wake of technological advances, the use of computers has played a major role especially in criminal justice (Moriarty, (2017). This paper has focused on the use of computer application technologies in criminology and the potential it has in legal systems. From enabling easy access for witnesses to search for accused peoples’ photographs on the screen and go through the whole court procedural activities. Moreover, criminals’ records can be monitored using databases and it is easy to make a follow-up on crimes they have committed in the past and the charges against them. Forensics can also be conducted and investigations can now be carried out easily and very fast. Also, when one is linked to cases, they can be easily identified using forensics and fingerprints. Portable laptops have also helped police officers in getting information and any important details related to a crime at any place without having to go back to their working stations. James (2017), argues that unlike in the past, investigations are done faster due to internet connections and ease of communication between community members and investigative officers through the use of phone gadgets.
Computers have broad variance in usage which has been enhanced by computer applications. For instance, massive record keeping systems have relied for reference on criminal accounts, case records and unresolved warranties. Incorporation of technology in criminology has just made the career easy and also improved livelihoods. Many police units now use computerized applications to keep up with the ever-rising crimes. There are different applications being used nowadays, from mobile technology, to use in-car computers, CCTV camera installations and also software such as the Computer Aided Dispatch. Investigators often use programmed record management systems to monitor information they obtain and guard it properly. With the current technology, it is possible to detect impending crimes, track stolen goods and the culprits, tell which time a crime occurred and also who committed it and where.
Computer applications:
1. In-Car Computer installations in police cars.
Blumstein (2018), contends that this application that allows traffic patrol police to effectively carry out their activities especially when vehicles violate traffic rules. In the current world, things are drifting toward being more computerized than handwritten (Maxfield & Babbie, 2014). Thus event arrest reports are being typed. It also means that after traffic references are written down, they are generated by the computers installed duplicating a copy to the person who breaks the rules. This is seen to reduce paperwork and improve the efficiency of police officers' work.
2. Computer Aided Dispatch
In the past, correspondents would use hand.
Running Head CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES .docxtodd271
Running Head: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES 1
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES AND PROTECTION 5
Doctor of Business Administration- Finance
Track- ADRP
Flexible Design Methods
Critical Analysis of the Whistleblower incentives and protection: Are a way of applying investment banking incentives to control management unethical and illegal practices
Introduction
Whistleblower incentives and protection refers to the monetary reward as well as protection which the United States Government offers to the individuals who exposes certain wrongdoings in the community more especially in government institutions. The Federal law requires the government to reward the whistleblowers a certain percentage of money that is recovered following their tips of exposing the wrongdoing acts. This percentage may go up to 30 percent of the total recovered money. In this paper, I will critically analyze whether Whistleblower Incentives and Protection are ways of applying investment banking incentives to control management unethical and illegal practices. And maybe are the whistleblowers rewarded accordingly in terms of security and money.
Problem Statement
What happened?? This is not anything like what was approved or what was in the white paper. Follow the instructions and make a paragraph out of the bullet outline problem
The Problem statement, which will be addressed in this paper, is that, whistle blowers are not given adequate incentives and protection resulting in the difficulty of reporting wrongdoing, misconduct and unethical behaviors. According to Andon, et al., (2018), Lack of whistle blower incentives and protection makes it difficult for whistle blowers to report wrongdoing, as they feel insecure. “The current whistle blowing system is not effective and therefore does not provide the basis for investigation of corruption cases and any misconduct within a company (Ballan, 2017). In support of Ballan’s views on the whistle blowing system, Keith, Todd & Oliver, (2016) indicated that the managers aren’t empowered to sanction employees involved in unethical behaviors because of lack of whistle blower incentives which are reinforced by the Federal laws.
Specifically, failure of finance department to offer adequate whistleblowers incentives as well as protection within the investment – banking sector in the United States. As per Keith, Todd & Oliver, (2016), in their recent research, they recommended that the finance department in any organization is a very critical area that can determine the overall performance of an organization. Failure to provide whistleblower incentives and protection to finance staff makes it difficult for them to report unethical behaviors.
Research Questions
What happened here? Where is the list of approved RQs Where are the numbers
It’s important to note that integrity and corruption free environment can be enhanced if specifically the involved organizations are audited or watch.
Running head CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES .docxtodd271
Running head: CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES 1
CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES 10
Critical Appraisal of Research Articles on Evidence-Based Practice
Name
Institution
Course
Date
Critical Appraisal of Research Articles on Evidence-Based Practice
Full APA formatted citation of the selected article
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
Article 4
Barakat-Johnson M., Lai M., Wand T. & White K. (2019). A qualitative study of the thoughts and experiences of hospital nurses providing pressure injury prevention and management. Collegian, 26(1), 95-102.
Park S. H., Lee Y. S. and Kwon, Y. M. (2016). Predictive validity of pressure ulcer risk assessment tools for the elderly: A meta-analysis. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(4), 459-483.
Boyko T., Longaker M. T., and Yang G. (February 1, 2018). Review of the current management of Pressure Ulcers. Journal of Advances in Wound Care, vol. 7, issue No. 2. Pages 57-67.
Ferris, A., Price, A., & Harding K. (2019). Pressure ulcers in patients receiving palliative care: A systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 33(7), 770-782.
Level of evidence of the article
Level 4 evidence. The article provides a summary of the individual thoughts and experiences regarding the issue of pressure ulcers
Level 2 evidence. The information comes from the meta-analysis of all the relevant and randomized, as well as the controlled trials.
Level 1 evidence. The article offers evidence from the systematic review of the randomized as well as the controlled trials from the experiments.
Level 1 evidence. The information is evidence from the systematic reviews of trials that have been relevant and controlled while the researchers were trying to carry out the research.
Conceptual Framework
The theoretical basis that led to the research was an increased number of injuries resulting from pressure ulcers, and this led to the need for having a study to find the ways that were effective for preventing such occurrences.
The theoretical framework that led to this study was that pressure ulcers have become a major challenge and a challenging goal when it came to providing healthcare for pressure ulcer patients. Therefore, it led to the need to have a study that could deal with the challenge.
The theoretical framework that necessitated this research was the incidence of pressure ulcers that were increasing because of the poor and aging population as well as the elderly that were living with incidences of disability.
Pressure ulcers were highly associated with significant mortality and morbidity and high costs of healthcare services, and this led to the need for a study to review the situation.
Design/Method
A qualitative and exploratory design using semi-structured interviews. Sampling was also done and used for obtaining the participants and information from the relevant individuals of the study.
A qualitative study w.
Running Head COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT2COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT2.docxtodd271
Running Head: COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT 2
COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT 2
Shouq Alqu.
CWL 200 SEC 03
Feb / 23 / 2020
Comparative Argumentative Critical analysis
Introduction
Plato’s allegory of the cave is a notion about human perception. Plato argued that knowledge acquired through the senses is just an opinion but for one to acquire knowledge then it must be through philosophical cognitive. Plato gives an analogy of the prisoners tied to some rocks in a cave since they were born. They cannot see anything except shadows of objects carried by people walking in the walkway. Since the prisoners had not seen the real objects ever since they were born, they believe that these shadows are real. Fortunately, one prison escapes from the cave and meets the real world and recognizes that his perception of reality was mistaken. He goes back to the cave and informs the other prisoners what he found. Unfortunately, they don’t believe him (Alam 5).
Overview of Gogol’s Overcoat and Lahiri’s Namesake
The overcoat is a story written by Nikolai Gogol about Akaky Akakievich, an underprivileged government clerk in Russia. Though he is devoted to his work, his hard work goes unrecognized by his colleagues who joke about his overcoat. When his overcoat is worn out he decides to get it fixed but his tailor advises him to get a new one because the old one was beyond repair. His tailor finally makes a new coat for Akaky which makes his colleagues celebrate him by throwing a party for him. His coat does not last long because it is stolen and Akaky’s efforts to get it back do not bear fruit. He dies of fever (Yilmaz 195).
Namesake is a story about Indian immigrants who settle in the US. Soon after, they get a baby boy who is given a temporal pet name by his father: Gogol. When he starts kindergarten Gogol is given his good name, Nikhil, which he rejects and clings to his pet name. But when he grows up Gogol knows the meaning of his name and starts to despise it. At the age of eighteen, he changes his legal name to Nikhil. He becomes acculturated and adopts the American way of life. That way he feels comfortable around his friends and especially the girlfriend. It was after his father’s death that he knew the true meaning of his name and changed it again to Gogol (Jaya 158).
The relevance of Plato’s Allegory of the cave on Gogol’s ‘Overcoat’ and Lahiri’s ‘Namesake’
The most significant insinuation of these stories is how the two main characters change their identity. Both of them were not named after they were born. Coincidentally, their fathers picked their names for them. As the writers of these two stories put it, these two characters could not be given any other names. These two characters are comfortable with their identities just like the prisoners in the cave (Ledbetter 130).
Akaky is afraid of changing his old ways of doing things. He was seen in the same position and place with the same uniform, his overcoat, and this made his supervisors believe that he was born as a r.
Running Head CREATING A GROUP WIKI1CREATING A GROUP WIKI .docxtodd271
Running Head: CREATING A GROUP WIKI 1
CREATING A GROUP WIKI 3
Title: CREATING A GROUP WIKI
Student’s Name:
Institution:
As far as the definition to my words is concerned, metacommunication can be defined as all nonverbal cues experienced by different people. Some of the metacommunications experienced by people include; tone of voice, gestures, facial expression and body language. On matters related to the facial expression, it can be used to show the feelings of the people involved in an incident. However, different people should be encouraged to understand the use of the metacommunication in ensuring that the society is able to operate in an effective manner. Again, gestures can be used in ensuring that communication is enhanced amongst different people. The use of gestures plays important roles in ensuring that different ideas are shared in the best way possible (Hazari, 2019).
On the other hand, evaluative communication can be used for the purposes of causing defensiveness by ensuring that judgment is passed. It is through that whereby majority of the people are enabled to focus on the problem experienced hence making it easy for the right solution to be found. The ability of people to focus on the problem can be used in ensuring that the required solution is identified therefore reducing the issues experienced by the people. However, majority of people should be encouraged to engage in evaluative communication for the purposes of ensuring that the solution to the issues experienced is found (Ma, 2020).
References
Hazari, S., North, A., & Moreland, D. (2019). Investigating pedagogical value of wiki technology. Journal of Information Systems Education, 20(2), 8.
Ma, Q. (2020). Examining the role of inter-group peer online feedback on wiki writing in an EAP context. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(3), 197-216.
Running Head: MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY 1
MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY 3
Title: MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY
Student’s Name:
Institution:
My first term I chose is matrilocal family. However, matrilocal family is a family whereby the husband goes to live with the family of the wife. This is a culture which allows the man to move to live with the mother and the father in law. As a result, the man is required to change his social life their living according to the cultures of the parents in law (Brown, 2020).
As far as the episode is concerned, the man had to go and hence live with the female’s family. It is through that whereby the man was required to change his lifestyle and hence adapt the live from the female’s family. Moreover, when not controlled, matrilocal family might end up bringing about conflicts amongst the people and their care has to be taken so as to ensure that the cases of misunderstanding are not experienced.
On the other hand, conjugal family is the other term which should be considered in different aspects. However, this is a term in which the marred coup.
Running Head: CRITICAL ANALYSIS 1
CRITICAL ANALYSIS PAPER 7
Critical Analysis Paper #2
Professor McMahon
Waffa Elsayed
HBSE
03-25-2019
Introduction
In this paper, I will argue that “Intimate Partner” is used to represent any inclusive romantic or sexual relationship between two non-biologically-related people. Ideally, these kinds of relationships show lots of love and support for each other. Unfortunately, some people do not act like the ideal condition and abuse their partners cause considerable emotional or physical pain and injury (Belknap, Chu, & Deprince, 2012). Sometimes abusing behavior brings violence and makes the worse situation ever. Different type of abuses such as emotional abuse, economic abuse, social isolation, physical abuses takes place in case of creating intimate partner violence. Sometimes some people start to stalk their partners with generating a different motive such as anger, hostility, paranoia, and delusion towards their partners (Belknap, Chu, & Deprince, 2012). One partner verbally threats his/her partner through using emails, text messaging, and social network Internet sites. In 2012, 4th February, a 21-year-old California boyfriend had bound legs of his girlfriend with tape and threatened her with pointing a gun towards her and beaten her, and kept her for nine days. This situation occurred as the girl received a text message from another man on her cellphone (Belknap, Chu, & Deprince, 2012). It is clear that technology can lead to intimate partner abuse. In this paper, I will argue that technology in terms of electronic devices can be used as the trigger for more intimate partner violent abuse. Comment by Sarah McMahon: I would suggest having someone review your writing to help improve your ability to convey your ideas. Comment by Sarah McMahon: I am wondering what this means- different from what? From IPV? It seems to me that it is a similar motive so I am unclear. Comment by Sarah McMahon: The purpose of this assignment is: “Develop an argument that compares these types of violence in a specific way(s), such as the root causes, the impact on victims, society's perception of the crime, or our response to the crime. How are they similar or different?” I am not sure your thesis answers that question?
Causes and Impact of Intimate Partner Violence and Stalking and Electronic Abuse
These days, out of ten women, one lady murdered or badly injured by her intimate partner. Life threatening matters are the most common factor which can create physical violence among intimate partners. Comment by Sarah McMahon: This is not a full sentence. I would suggest having someone proofread your paper as I suggested last time. Comment by Sarah McMahon: I am unclear on what this means. What are the life-threatening matters and what is the most common factor that causes physical violence? If you are talking about the causes of IPV .
Running head: COUNSELOR ETHICS
1
PAGE
7
COUNSELOR ETHICS
Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities
Grand Canyon University: PCN 505
Dr
November 15, 2017
Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities
To be a successful counselor and abide within the ethical and legal guidelines, counselors must take into consideration what is involved in providing sound and ethical judgements. Being a counselor should not be taken lightly, someone is trusting us to provide them with the best care possible and assist in finding solutions that will possibly work for the betterment of their livelihood. Counselors must ensure that their clients confidentiality will not be misused and counselor’s guarantee that appropriate measures are in place to provide a professional, safe, nonjudgmental environment.
Client Rights
Principles of Ethical Practice
There are five key principles of ethical practices, and Davis and Miller (2014), references Kitchener (2000) models on the following five principles:
a.) Autonomy addresses the concept of independence. Counselors should make sure they are not pushing their own values and beliefs onto clients, but rather encourage them to make their own decisions and act within their values. He/She would ensure clients fully understand how their differences may affect others whether positive or negative. He/She would also ensure they are competent to understand the choices they are making are theirs without any other influences. Clients who are children or persons with mental limitations, he/she need to make sure they have a well-informed, competent adult making decisions in their best interest.
b.) Nonmaleficence is the concept of not causing harm to others. Professionals should ensure clients are positively engaged during sessions and are not misconstruing information given to them.
c.) Beneficence shows the responsibility of the counselor contributing to the safety of the client. Incorporate positive outlooks and thinking in sessions. Periodically asking clients about their feelings, depending on the circumstances to make sure they have no intentions on harming themselves and be proactive when necessary.
d.) Justice in counseling means “treating equals equally and unequals unequally” (Davis & Walker, 2016). If I am providing services to two clients who are depressed. One is depressed and suicidal and the other client is not, more attention would be devoted to the client who is suicidal, and the proper steps would be taken to ensure the client does no harm to himself.
e.) Fidelity includes being, loyal, faithful and committed. Maintaining and having trust within the client-counselor relationship is crucial to successful progress, once that trust is broken, the client may leave and seek treatment elsewhere, or worse harm themselves or others. Clients need to be able to talk to about their feelings no matter how bad they think their situation is.
(Davis & Miller, 2016).
Informed Consent Process
Informed consent .
Running Head COMMUNICATION TRAINING PLANCOMMUNICATION TR.docxtodd271
Running Head: COMMUNICATION TRAINING PLAN
COMMUNICATION TRAINING PLAN
Communication Training Plan
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliations
Company Culture and Communication Obstacle
Northwest Valley Community College has a culture of providing the best learning environment to its students and ensuring that school staff communicate effectively without experiencing unauthorized access to their data and information. Also, its culture is ingrained in ensuring its students are working in an environment that is healthy and safe. The management of Northwest Community understands the importance of having a healthy learning environment and effective communication network inside and outside the school premises. As such, Kelsey Elementary school is setting up measures to implement a detailed communication training plan for staff and students to gain information safety skills.
This plan will be developed by a strategic communication team selected by the school. This plan will be designed in a way that it provides a framework to manage and coordinate communication among the students, instructors and parents. The plan will identify efficient communication channels, standards, appropriate audience, and frequency. This plan will require a shared responsibility among management, students, communication team and students. After the implementation of this communication plan, the team will measure its effectiveness to ensure it meets the expected objectives and goals.
Needs and Tasks Analysis
Northwest Valley Community Collwgw communication team will conduct a needs and analysis task to determine the training needs. The management will be able to know who needs the training and the kind of training required. The following are the steps the company will use to conduct training needs analysis.
· Organizational Analysis: The school management should work with the teachers to identify the priorities of student training. In this case, the management will conduct an evaluation to ensure the training goes hand-in-hand with the school’s goals and objectives.
· Secondly, the management will list specific types of communication channels to be utilized within the school environment. Also, they will specify the skills and competencies needed by employees to ensure they clearly understand how to utilize these communication channels. By doing this, they will have a solid foundation on who should conduct the training and how it should be conducted. (Liaw, 2014)
· The last step will involve the identification of staff members who need to undergo communication training. However, since it is a learning institution, every staff member and students will be subject to training.
Research Technique
Northwest Valley management has decided to implement an external training program to address the training plan. Therefore, they need to identify and understand the organization’s communication training needs. As such, they should start by hiring an e.
Running head Commitment to Professionalism1Commitment to Prof.docxtodd271
Running head: Commitment to Professionalism 1
Commitment to Professionalism
3
Commitment to Professionalism
Your Name
Course Number & Title
Instructor's Name
Month Day, Year
Commitment to Professionalism
Advocating for _________
Identify the focus of your advocacy efforts and give an example of an issue you would like to address as an advocate. You may want to start off with something like: A great passion of mine is to advocate for __________ because___________. Research shows that this is a critical issue______________.
In the next few paragraphs be sure to:
· Identify one individual or group (local policy maker, state-level legislator, corporate leader, etc.) that you can contact for support of your issue and provide a rationale for choosing this individual/group.
· Describe the strategies you would use to gain the support needed for this issue through individual advocacy.
· Describe the strategies you would use to attract the support needed for this issue through collective advocacy.
· Create two talking points (as discussed in Chapter 13) using one concrete example (refer to key term in chapter reading for precise definition) for each point to demonstrate the importance of the issue. These talking points should be appropriate to use when talking to legislators or the media about the issue for which you are advocating.
Commitment to the Profession
In this section be sure to
· Describe how you will advocate on behalf of young children, their families, and the profession.
· Describe how you will support the development of future practitioners and leaders in the field.
· Referring to to Figure 13.1 “A Professional Continuum” and describe how your efforts will support the field away from unskilled workers and toward paradigm professionals.
Don’t forget specific details, examples, and citations to help you get a top grade
References (Text and at least TWO outside sources)
Ashford Textbook (Online edition): *
Author, A. (Year published). Title of book: Subtitle of book (edition, if other than the first) [Electronic version]. Retrieved from from URL
Example:
Witt, G. A., & Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult development and life assessment [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books/4
Online Journal Article (such as from the Ashford Library):**
Author, A. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page range. doi:# or Retrieved from journal’s homepage URL
**When including a URL for an online journal, you must search for the journal’s home page and include this in your reference entry. You may not include the URL found through your university library, as readers will not have access to this library.
Examples:
Churchill, S. D., & Mruk, C. J. (2014). Practicing what we preach in humanistic and positive psychology. American Psychologist, 69(1), 90-92. doi:10.1037/a0034868
Santovec, M. (2008). Easing the transition improves grad retention at Trinity U. Women in Higher Education, 17(10), 32. Retr.
Running head: COVER LETTER 1
5
Cover Letter for Grant Proposal
Pasqualina L. Anderson
Walden University
HUMN 6207-3, Grant Writing
Dr. Frances Mills
January 17, 2019
Abstract
The homeless population in communities across the United States is vulnerable to physical and mental illnesses, largely due to a lack of medical treatment resources and harsh environmental conditions. Rehabilitation centers and programs aimed at closing the gap between this population’s lack of resources and medical needs can help address many of the problems this population faces. Social programs aimed at reducing homelessness or intervening in the lives of homeless populations do not necessarily extend beyond providing food, shelter, and a means to economically transition from being homeless to being a non-homeless member of society. Mental illness is one of the barriers to economic sustainability and sustenance that have been recorded in this population. The aim of the proposed program is to offer a means of treatment for this population, using a sample size of 20. Another vital aim of the program is to examine the correlation between the homeless population, their environmental circumstances, and mental illness. It is the program leaders’ hope that the program’s analyzation of the data will lead to new intervention, treatment methods, and deep understanding of how mental illness plays a role in homelessness.
Keywords: homelessness, mental illness, intervention treatments
Cover Letter
To Whom It May Concern,
An estimated 500,000 individuals are homeless in our community and are at risk of developing serious, uncontrollable health issues (Rogers, 2018). Our grant proposal’s main objective is to improve the well-being of the homeless population within our community. Besides physical ailments and diseases that may impact the homeless population, mental health issues and challenges will need to be addressed as part of this proposal. Specifically, our project seeks to reduce the prevalence of drug addiction and substance abuse amongst the homeless.
Utilizing a case study research design, our project will aim to analyze data pertaining to the relationship(s) between our community’s homeless population and drug addiction/substance abuse. A sample size of 20 will be selected from the Homeless Health Education Group. The projected timeline for the project is three years. It will focus on providing psychiatric intervention, reduce health problems, and provide mental health care. A rehabilitation center will be established to meet these objectives. Technology assets will be necessary to enhance efficiency and collect data reports from the 20 members of the sample population (Gitilin & Lyons, 2014; Marchewka, 2014).
Management and oversight will need to be incorporated into the proposal to ensure the project achieves its mission (Burke, 2013). The project’s projected budget expenditures total $1.638 million and its projected revenues total approx.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Running head CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES 1CRIMINOLOGICAL THEOR.docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
1
CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
5
Criminological Theories
MCJ 5135 Theory of Crime and Criminology
The Relevance of Psychological Theories in Criminology
The engagement of an individual in criminal activities is often influenced by various underlying factors. As such various theories have been developed to explain the behavioral patterns of criminals and enable the criminal justice departments to operate effectively. Among the developed theories, the psychological theories are perhaps the most accurate in the field of criminology. Psychological theories are based on an interaction between biological and social-cultural factors that either promote or deter criminal behavior, (Walters, 2016). Classical theories of criminology did not account for the state of mind of criminals. As such, many criminals in the past were convicted of crimes they committed unknowingly. This has changed since the adoption of psychological theories. Both individuals as well as criminal justice officials now understand that psychological factors influence criminal behavior. Appropriate measures have been implemented to ensure that the criminal justice department treats all persons fairly by assessing underlying psychological factors. As such, psychological theories have not only promoted the work of the criminal justice department but also promoted individual awareness about underlying mental conditions that affect an individual’s behavior, (Byrne & Hummer, 2016).
Review of the Literature
1. Byrne, J., & Hummer, D. (2016). An examination of the impact of criminological theory on community corrections practice. Fed. Probation, 80, 15.
According toByrne & Hummer (2016), psychological theories have the most direct influence on probation and parole compared to other theories of criminology. The authors have comprehensively analyzed the impact of various theories used to evaluate criminal behavior. They suggest that behavior is intertwined with unconscious motives. Therefore, understanding the reasons behind a crime requires a psychological evaluation to understand the interaction of the two factors. This article is suitable for this research because it captures the relevance of psychological theories in criminology.
2. Dippong, J., & Fitch, C. (2017). Emotions in criminological theory: Insights from social psychology. Sociology Compass, 11(4), e12473.
Few formal theories have been developed to capture the role of emotional processes as facilitators or inhibitors of crime, (Dippong & Fitch, 2017). According to the authors, gaps in criminology can be filled by focusing on the underlying psychological factors of the offenders. The article highlights the effect that practices such as interrogation have on the mental state of an individual thus resulting in inaccurate findings during criminal investigations. As such, this article is a reliable source of information about the relevance of applying psychological theories in criminology. .
Running head COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS .docxtodd271
Running head: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 3
A comparative analysis between Korean melodrama and other local melodrama
Student name
Institution
Most studies in recent times have discovered that Korean dramas have come with a “Korean wave” in media in the global stage. Audiences have been reconceptualised due to the availability of internet and computer that have facilitated the digital revolution. Korean melodrama has earned more views than local melodrama, a result of its marketing its content without owning a means of distribution.
Korean melodrama is a representation of a product that is a hybrid of Hollywood, since Korean melodrama makes use of practices, tools, and conventions in the narrative that comes with the preoccupation of the Korean socio-political and historical aspects. The aspect of familiarity that lacks in local melodrama exists in Korean melodrama. Studies in have shown that audiences tend to respond positively to things they are familiar to and that is exactly what Korean melodrama is.
The use of genre by Korean melodrama is a huge success to its big audiences from the west, as a study by the Korean Creative Content Agency (KOCCA) back in 2015 estimated that around 19 million Americans enjoy Korean melodrama compared to five million who preferred local melodrama as they are a definition of what the world is in reality. The aspect of what is good and what is bad entangled with emotional narratives that give the audience an opportunity to select a hero or a heroine (Martin, 2019).
Korean melodrama are structured in a way that the audience can critique structures of institutional powers and explore a world with aspects of complex social issues. Korean melodrama has a vital element of their characters not being complex and this does not place a huge burden of danger or any sort of conflict in their existing world (Smith, 2017). The study also found out that Korean dramas have integrated aspects of adventures, romance and included professional fields like doctors and police, and lawyer, which are familiar genres to the audience. The structure of the Korean melodrama comes along with themes and selective iconography that make Korean melodrama suitable for global audiences.
Korean drama has earned viewers more than local dramas in the local stage given the Korean dramas depict the actual Korean culture. Most people are attracted to Korean melodrama since they are interested with the reality. A study by a Korean television found out that their supervisor had received more than five hundred emails from people who were not Korean to include English subtitles in their videos. This proves to be a massive support comparing people have less interest in their local drama. Korean drama have earned a huge fan base due to the license agreement of online streaming that was agreed by Korea (Moon, 2019). Studies have recorded that the market of Korean melodrama has around 12% of them wh.
Running Head Critical Evaluation on Note Taking1Critical Ev.docxtodd271
Running Head: Critical Evaluation on Note Taking
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Critical Evaluation of Four Articles On Note Taking
Critical Evaluation of Four Articles On Note Taking
Note taking is the process of recording information from another source and is an integral part of university studies. Comprehensive studies have been conducted to underline the cognitive process of note taking. This essay aims to critique four research articles pertaining to the study of note taking namely by highlighting several pros and cons of certain methodologies used, to improve future researches done on the topic of note taking.
The first article aims to examine whether the use of laptops in note taking impairs learning compared to people who were using the longhand method (Mueller & Oppenheimer, 2014). They conducted three experiments to investigate whether taking notes on a laptop versus writing longhand would affect academic performance, and to explore the potential mechanism of verbatim overlap as a proxy for the depth of processing. They used an experimental design in order to achieve a quantitative result. Using five 15 minutes TED talks lectures, the use of either laptop or longhand method for note taking as a categorical variable, and 67 participant samples from different university research subject pools, they concluded that participants using laptops were more inclined to take verbatim notes than participants using the longhand method. An overlooked procedure of this methodology is that in their first study, either one or two students were placed in an enclosed room.Mueller & Oppenheimer (2014) unknowingly made this a variable in their experiment. Additionally, typical university lectures are done in an occupied lecture hall. Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) should have had his experiments in a lecture hall with students while testing his participants, emulating an environment similar to the real world. Doing so would increase external validity without sacrificing internal validity. Participants were taken randomly from a pool of voluntary university students, which is a good representation of the larger population for their hypothesis of the experiment. Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) did not account for how the participants usually took notes in their classes. Instructing the participants to take down notes in a medium they are not used to could have affected their implicit processing of information, affecting results. The experimenters should have divided the participants into two separate groups based on which medium they were more comfortable in using. A third control group whereby participants did not take notes would have been beneficial to this experiment, eliminating compromising factors such as selection threats (Trochim, 2006).
The next article alleviates most of the previously stated concerns. This experiment was conducted to determine whether students’ note-taking and online chatting can influence their recalls of lecture content and note quality (Wei , Wang .
Running head CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS.docxtodd271
Running head: CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
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CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies
Adenike George
Walden University
NURS 6052: Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice
April 11, 2019
Critique of Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Method Design
Both quantitative and qualitative methods play a pivotal role in nursing research. Qualitative research helps nurses and other healthcare workers to understand the experiences of the patients on health and illness. Quantitative data allows researchers to use an accurate approach in data collection and analysis. When using quantitative techniques, data can be analyzed using either descriptive statistics or inferential statistics which allows the researchers to derive important facts like demographics, preference trends, and differences between the groups. The paper comprehensively critiques quantitative and quantitative techniques of research. Furthermore, the author will also give reasons as to why qualitative methods should be regarded as scientific.
The overall value of quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative studies allow the researchers to present data in terms of numbers. Since data is in numeric form, researchers can apply statistical techniques in analyzing it. These include descriptive statistics like mean, mode, median, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, t-tests, correlation and regression analysis. Statistical analysis allows us to derive important facts from data such as preference trends, demographics, and differences between groups. For instance, by conducting a mixed methods study to determine the feeding experiences of infants among teen mothers in North Carolina, Tucker and colleagues were able to compare breastfeeding trends among various population groups. The multiple groups compared were likely to initiate breastfeeding as follows: Hispanic teens 89%, Black American teens 41%, and White teens 52% (Tucker et al., 2011).
The high strength of quantitative analysis lies in providing data that is descriptive. The descriptive statistics helps us to capture a snapshot of the population. When analyzed appropriate, the descriptive data enables us to make general conclusions concerning the population. For instance, through detailed data analysis, Tucker and co-researchers were able to observe that there were a large number of adolescents who ceased breastfeeding within the first month drawing the need for nurses to conduct individualized follow-ups the early days after hospital discharge. These follow-ups would significantly assist in addressing the conventional technical problems and offer support in managing back to school transition (Tucker et al., 2011).
Qualitative research allows researchers to determine the client’s perspective on healthcare. It enables researchers to observe certain behaviors and experiences amo.
Running head CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY .docxtodd271
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 9
Crime Analysis Technology
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Crime Analysis Technology
Peer-Reviewed Article Analysis
Technology has evolved over the years in various sectors, with new technological innovations being developed. One of the areas that has witnessed great applications of technological evolution is in the detection and prevention of crime. This article will analyze the various technologies that are used to prevent and detect crime.
Byrne and Marx (2011) in their article reviews the topic in detail and gives insight in the role of technology in combating crime.
The key data that will be used in this research is secondary data from various peer-reviewed sources that review the topic of Crime Analysis Technology from various perspectives. Byrne and Marx (2011) presents various data on crime and the use of Information Technology in crime detection and prevention. For instance, it highlights that the percentage of schools in the United States that deploy metal detectors is approximately 2%. The article also approximates that as of 2006, one million CCTV cameras had been deployed in the United States, although the article does not provide current estimates on the same.
The article plays a great role in my final research. It gives a highlight of the various technological applications for crime prevention and detection. This can provide a background for further research, especially the technological innovations that are currently being developed. The article also presents figures about various elements of technology in crime prevention and detection such as the number of CCTV cameras, the crime rates such as the registered sex offenders, among others. Projections can therefore be made to the future.
The article mentions several significant facts. First, it classifies technological innovations in criminal justice as hard technology versus soft technology. Hard technology innovations include hardware and materials while soft technology innovations include information systems and computer software. Examples of hard technology is the CCTV cameras, metal detectors, and security systems at homes and schools. Examples of soft technology include predictive policing technology, crime analysis techniques, software, and data sharing techniques, among others. Both of the two categories of technological innovations are important in criminal justice. Another fact is the new technology of policing. The article identifies hard policing technological tools such as non-lethal weaponry and technologies for officer safety. It highlights soft policing technologies such as data-driven policies in policing and information sharing. Another important fact that the article mentions is the issues that should be con.
Running head CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART1CRIMINAL JUSTICE FL.docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART 1
CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART 11
Introduction
The purpose of a flowchart is to graphically present information in a logical pattern according to whatis.com (2018), usually showing the progression within a process from beginning to end. This flowchart will illustrate the pattern of progression in the criminal justice systems of Canada and India. In most countries policing, the courts, and the correctional systems are interdependent in this relationship, the police are the first step and the other steps follow in a logical progression. The purpose of mapping the steps of these countries criminal justice systems is to give visual context to this progression.
Criminal Justice of Canada
Police
Canada’s criminal justice system is not that different from other systems from around the world. The Canadian system comprised of the police who investigate crimes, collects evidence, and apprehend suspects for trial in the court system. Canada’s policing uses a decentralized multiple coordination model. In Canada, the federal government is constitutionally responsible for legislating in all areas that relate to criminal matters Braiden (2006), but legislating police activity is the responsibility of the provinces.
Each province has passed a Police Act to meet their responsibilities. Police forces in Canada deal with all types of crimes, from Crimes against Persons to Crimes Against Property according to the Canadian Department of Justice (2017). The crime being investigated will dictate the course of the investigation that will follow. To satisfy their role in the criminal justice flowchart the police must collect evidence and this evidence will be used at trial.
The gathering and preserving of evidence according to rules established within the Police Act and federal legislation spelled out in the Canadian Constitution Canadian Department of Justice (2017). Once an investigation occurs with the collection of evidence, and this evidence obtained through interviews and legally issued search warrants the police will develop a most likely and viable suspect and the police will request an arrest warrant for the suspect spelling out who they are looking to arrest and for what crime they wish to arrest them for.
Courts
The arrest is one of the final steps for the police in this matter and the beginning of the court process. The first step in this process is to put the person in custody into a holding cell usually at a detention center, the person is typically seen by a judge or a justice of the peace as soon as possible, this is usually done in twenty-four hours according to the Canadian Department of Justice (2017). At this point, the judge determines a pre-trial date in some cases will release the party on bail.
A bail hearing allows the prosecution to present evidence in hopes to keep the accused in custody. In the Canadian system, the state has all the expense of investigatio.
Running head COMPANY OVERVIEW1COMPANY OVERVIEW2Co.docxtodd271
Running head: COMPANY OVERVIEW
1
COMPANY OVERVIEW
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Company Overview
Name: John Blair
Institutional Affiliation: Rasmussen College
Founded in 2001, Global Inc. is one of the leading manufacturers of consumer electronics such as personal computers, smartphones, and household appliances among other products. As a limited liability company members are not liable for the organization’s liabilities or debts (Deering & Murphy, 2003). It has experienced growth currently with approximately 13, 500 workers and an annual revenue of $14 billion as of December 2017. Smartphones and personal computers form its major source of revenue which currently comprises 45% of all the revenues. Starting 2009, the company expanded to the international market and has since experienced a growing revenue due to the expanding market share. More so, due to benefits such as cheap and readily available labor, the organization moved some of its manufacturing processes to Indonesia, Bhutan and Hong Kong which has greatly impacted the operational cost enabling it to provide goods at competitive prices.
In 2016, the company faced issues related to labor management as it was established that some of its suppliers employ underage workers and also utilizes bonded labor. It has been an ethical issue faced by the organization whether it should cut ties with the suppliers and find other suppliers. The company did not have any policies that controlled labor management practices by the suppliers hence it was not likely for the organization to act with speed. On the other hand, in the established manufacturing plants in Asian countries, it emerged that some workers received wages lower than the minimum wages in the said countries. These have been the two major issues that have recently tarnished the organization’s public image. However, it has put efforts to turn around the situation and regain its previous public image.
Reference
Deering, A., & Murphy, A. (2003). The Partnering Imperative: Making Business Partnerships Work (1st ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
Running head: ETHICAL ISSUES IN CONSUMER ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
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ETHICAL ISSUES IN CONSUMER ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
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Trending Ethical Issues in Consumer Electronics Industry
Name: John Blair
Institutional Affiliation: Rasmussen College
Trending Ethical Issues in Consumer Electronics Industry
In the consumer electronics industry, players are competing with each other to create cutting edge devices that are more appealing to the consumers. Due to this need, majority of the manufacturers have employed various strategies such as partnering with third party manufacturers in a bid to lower operational costs hence being able to present consumers with competitively priced devices. However, it is imperative to note that adoption of the various strategies by the industry players has led to a number of ethical issues such as unfair labor practices as looked into in the following section.
One, partnering with third party manufacturers.
Running head CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS 1CRIMINAL BACKGROUND .docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS 1
CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS
2
Criminal Background CheckNameENG/100
Erica Letourneau
September 1, 2019
Thesis Statement:
Criminal background checks help in determining a new employee’s behavior on the job, aids in identifying illegal immigration or harbored a fugitives, and acts as a societal norm.
Determining the behaviors of a new employee
One-way Criminal background checks helps employers is through acting as a guide in determining employee behavior before joining their task force. The character of an employee is a factor that should be considered before the employee is offered an opportunity to work for any organisation (Harris & Keller, 2005).
Hiring a criminal puts the security of the customers and employees at risk. Without past information about an employee, an organization is likely to employ a criminal. In this respect, a background check comes in place to make sure that the potential employee has no tarnished background.
Aids in illegal immigration or harboring a fugitive
Criminal background checks can also aid identifying illegal immigrants or harbored fugitives in workplaces. In the modern day, illegal immigration has become a norm in the society. Considering that the illegal immigrants are not citizens of the country, it is evident that any person cannot access their records. A criminal background check does not only help to know the previous criminal engagement activities of a person, but it also helps to know if a person is in the country's system or not.
Acts as a societal norm
Criminal background checks act as a social norm which can help in a nation’s economic growth. The productivity of its citizens dictates the economy of any nation. Ethics and productivity go hand in hand. When one is involved in criminal activities, it is evident that the level of his or her productivity can be questioned (Blumstein & Nakamura, 2009). It has become a norm for the society to try and look if one is associated with shady dealings in the past. The norm has been essential in two different ways. The first way is associated with the aspect of making sure that the people who are engaged in business activities are people with a good reputation and trustworthy (Harris & Keller, 2005). The second way is associated with the influence that the background check has on the members of the society. Most members of the society try as much as they can to avoid engaging in criminal activities because such can affect their future and that promotes a norm of avoiding and staying away from crime.
References
Blumstein, A., & Nakamura, K. (2009). Redemption in the presence of widespread criminal background checks. Criminology, 47(2), 327-359.
Harris, P. M., & Keller, K. S. (2005). Ex-offenders need not apply: The criminal background checks in hiring decisions. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(1), 6-30.
Concerns
Areas that Need Work
Criteria
Standards for This Performance
Strengths
Evidence.
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 2
Crime analysis is a function that usually involves the systemic analysis in identifying as well as analyzing the crime patterns and trends. Crime analysis is very important for law enforcement agencies as it helps law enforcers effectively deploy the available resources in a better and effective manner, which enables them to identify and apprehend suspects. Crime analysis is also very significant when it comes to arriving at solutions devised to come up with the right solution to solve the current crime problem and issues as well as coming up with the right prevention strategies. Since the year 2014, crime rates in the USA have increased steadily as per a study done by USAFacts, which is a non-partisan initiative (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). With this increase in crime rates, which has majorly resulted in massive growth in technology, it is essential to come up with better means and ways of dealing with the increased crime rates. With the current advancement in technology, better law enforcement tools developed, which has enabled better crime deterrence in better and efficient ways. All this has been facilitated by the efforts of crime analysts who have come up with better tools and thus enabling the law enforcers to better deal with the crimes (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). In this paper, I will consider the application of crime analysis technology and techniques in fighting crimes. Application of crime analysis technology and techniques used to make crime analysis more accurate and efficient.
Currently, the two technological tools that are used in predictive policing software have enabled security agencies to effectively use predictive policing ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). Application of this software has enabled better crime prevention as with data obtained in the previous crimes have been used to predict possible future severe crimes in a specific area.
Through the adoption and use of crime analysis, law enforcement agencies have been able to fight against crimes as when compared with the past effectively. The use of crime analysis comes at the right time, where there has been an increase in crime rates in the current digital error. In a survey done by Wynyard group in 2015, the study revealed that for every 10 law enforcement officials 9 of them believe that the use of current technology in crime analysis has had positive effects in helping the agencies in solving crimes as they can identify essential links and trends in crimes ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). In the same way, other sectors have benefited from data analysis with spreadsheets, databases, and mapping, law enforcers have been able to use data analysis to come up with a better decision. Crime analysis ha.
Running Head CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS .docxtodd271
Running Head: CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2
CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2
In the wake of technological advances, the use of computers has played a major role especially in criminal justice (Moriarty, (2017). This paper has focused on the use of computer application technologies in criminology and the potential it has in legal systems. From enabling easy access for witnesses to search for accused peoples’ photographs on the screen and go through the whole court procedural activities. Moreover, criminals’ records can be monitored using databases and it is easy to make a follow-up on crimes they have committed in the past and the charges against them. Forensics can also be conducted and investigations can now be carried out easily and very fast. Also, when one is linked to cases, they can be easily identified using forensics and fingerprints. Portable laptops have also helped police officers in getting information and any important details related to a crime at any place without having to go back to their working stations. James (2017), argues that unlike in the past, investigations are done faster due to internet connections and ease of communication between community members and investigative officers through the use of phone gadgets.
Computers have broad variance in usage which has been enhanced by computer applications. For instance, massive record keeping systems have relied for reference on criminal accounts, case records and unresolved warranties. Incorporation of technology in criminology has just made the career easy and also improved livelihoods. Many police units now use computerized applications to keep up with the ever-rising crimes. There are different applications being used nowadays, from mobile technology, to use in-car computers, CCTV camera installations and also software such as the Computer Aided Dispatch. Investigators often use programmed record management systems to monitor information they obtain and guard it properly. With the current technology, it is possible to detect impending crimes, track stolen goods and the culprits, tell which time a crime occurred and also who committed it and where.
Computer applications:
1. In-Car Computer installations in police cars.
Blumstein (2018), contends that this application that allows traffic patrol police to effectively carry out their activities especially when vehicles violate traffic rules. In the current world, things are drifting toward being more computerized than handwritten (Maxfield & Babbie, 2014). Thus event arrest reports are being typed. It also means that after traffic references are written down, they are generated by the computers installed duplicating a copy to the person who breaks the rules. This is seen to reduce paperwork and improve the efficiency of police officers' work.
2. Computer Aided Dispatch
In the past, correspondents would use hand.
Running Head CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES .docxtodd271
Running Head: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES 1
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES AND PROTECTION 5
Doctor of Business Administration- Finance
Track- ADRP
Flexible Design Methods
Critical Analysis of the Whistleblower incentives and protection: Are a way of applying investment banking incentives to control management unethical and illegal practices
Introduction
Whistleblower incentives and protection refers to the monetary reward as well as protection which the United States Government offers to the individuals who exposes certain wrongdoings in the community more especially in government institutions. The Federal law requires the government to reward the whistleblowers a certain percentage of money that is recovered following their tips of exposing the wrongdoing acts. This percentage may go up to 30 percent of the total recovered money. In this paper, I will critically analyze whether Whistleblower Incentives and Protection are ways of applying investment banking incentives to control management unethical and illegal practices. And maybe are the whistleblowers rewarded accordingly in terms of security and money.
Problem Statement
What happened?? This is not anything like what was approved or what was in the white paper. Follow the instructions and make a paragraph out of the bullet outline problem
The Problem statement, which will be addressed in this paper, is that, whistle blowers are not given adequate incentives and protection resulting in the difficulty of reporting wrongdoing, misconduct and unethical behaviors. According to Andon, et al., (2018), Lack of whistle blower incentives and protection makes it difficult for whistle blowers to report wrongdoing, as they feel insecure. “The current whistle blowing system is not effective and therefore does not provide the basis for investigation of corruption cases and any misconduct within a company (Ballan, 2017). In support of Ballan’s views on the whistle blowing system, Keith, Todd & Oliver, (2016) indicated that the managers aren’t empowered to sanction employees involved in unethical behaviors because of lack of whistle blower incentives which are reinforced by the Federal laws.
Specifically, failure of finance department to offer adequate whistleblowers incentives as well as protection within the investment – banking sector in the United States. As per Keith, Todd & Oliver, (2016), in their recent research, they recommended that the finance department in any organization is a very critical area that can determine the overall performance of an organization. Failure to provide whistleblower incentives and protection to finance staff makes it difficult for them to report unethical behaviors.
Research Questions
What happened here? Where is the list of approved RQs Where are the numbers
It’s important to note that integrity and corruption free environment can be enhanced if specifically the involved organizations are audited or watch.
Running head CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES .docxtodd271
Running head: CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES 1
CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES 10
Critical Appraisal of Research Articles on Evidence-Based Practice
Name
Institution
Course
Date
Critical Appraisal of Research Articles on Evidence-Based Practice
Full APA formatted citation of the selected article
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
Article 4
Barakat-Johnson M., Lai M., Wand T. & White K. (2019). A qualitative study of the thoughts and experiences of hospital nurses providing pressure injury prevention and management. Collegian, 26(1), 95-102.
Park S. H., Lee Y. S. and Kwon, Y. M. (2016). Predictive validity of pressure ulcer risk assessment tools for the elderly: A meta-analysis. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(4), 459-483.
Boyko T., Longaker M. T., and Yang G. (February 1, 2018). Review of the current management of Pressure Ulcers. Journal of Advances in Wound Care, vol. 7, issue No. 2. Pages 57-67.
Ferris, A., Price, A., & Harding K. (2019). Pressure ulcers in patients receiving palliative care: A systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 33(7), 770-782.
Level of evidence of the article
Level 4 evidence. The article provides a summary of the individual thoughts and experiences regarding the issue of pressure ulcers
Level 2 evidence. The information comes from the meta-analysis of all the relevant and randomized, as well as the controlled trials.
Level 1 evidence. The article offers evidence from the systematic review of the randomized as well as the controlled trials from the experiments.
Level 1 evidence. The information is evidence from the systematic reviews of trials that have been relevant and controlled while the researchers were trying to carry out the research.
Conceptual Framework
The theoretical basis that led to the research was an increased number of injuries resulting from pressure ulcers, and this led to the need for having a study to find the ways that were effective for preventing such occurrences.
The theoretical framework that led to this study was that pressure ulcers have become a major challenge and a challenging goal when it came to providing healthcare for pressure ulcer patients. Therefore, it led to the need to have a study that could deal with the challenge.
The theoretical framework that necessitated this research was the incidence of pressure ulcers that were increasing because of the poor and aging population as well as the elderly that were living with incidences of disability.
Pressure ulcers were highly associated with significant mortality and morbidity and high costs of healthcare services, and this led to the need for a study to review the situation.
Design/Method
A qualitative and exploratory design using semi-structured interviews. Sampling was also done and used for obtaining the participants and information from the relevant individuals of the study.
A qualitative study w.
Running Head COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT2COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT2.docxtodd271
Running Head: COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT 2
COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT 2
Shouq Alqu.
CWL 200 SEC 03
Feb / 23 / 2020
Comparative Argumentative Critical analysis
Introduction
Plato’s allegory of the cave is a notion about human perception. Plato argued that knowledge acquired through the senses is just an opinion but for one to acquire knowledge then it must be through philosophical cognitive. Plato gives an analogy of the prisoners tied to some rocks in a cave since they were born. They cannot see anything except shadows of objects carried by people walking in the walkway. Since the prisoners had not seen the real objects ever since they were born, they believe that these shadows are real. Fortunately, one prison escapes from the cave and meets the real world and recognizes that his perception of reality was mistaken. He goes back to the cave and informs the other prisoners what he found. Unfortunately, they don’t believe him (Alam 5).
Overview of Gogol’s Overcoat and Lahiri’s Namesake
The overcoat is a story written by Nikolai Gogol about Akaky Akakievich, an underprivileged government clerk in Russia. Though he is devoted to his work, his hard work goes unrecognized by his colleagues who joke about his overcoat. When his overcoat is worn out he decides to get it fixed but his tailor advises him to get a new one because the old one was beyond repair. His tailor finally makes a new coat for Akaky which makes his colleagues celebrate him by throwing a party for him. His coat does not last long because it is stolen and Akaky’s efforts to get it back do not bear fruit. He dies of fever (Yilmaz 195).
Namesake is a story about Indian immigrants who settle in the US. Soon after, they get a baby boy who is given a temporal pet name by his father: Gogol. When he starts kindergarten Gogol is given his good name, Nikhil, which he rejects and clings to his pet name. But when he grows up Gogol knows the meaning of his name and starts to despise it. At the age of eighteen, he changes his legal name to Nikhil. He becomes acculturated and adopts the American way of life. That way he feels comfortable around his friends and especially the girlfriend. It was after his father’s death that he knew the true meaning of his name and changed it again to Gogol (Jaya 158).
The relevance of Plato’s Allegory of the cave on Gogol’s ‘Overcoat’ and Lahiri’s ‘Namesake’
The most significant insinuation of these stories is how the two main characters change their identity. Both of them were not named after they were born. Coincidentally, their fathers picked their names for them. As the writers of these two stories put it, these two characters could not be given any other names. These two characters are comfortable with their identities just like the prisoners in the cave (Ledbetter 130).
Akaky is afraid of changing his old ways of doing things. He was seen in the same position and place with the same uniform, his overcoat, and this made his supervisors believe that he was born as a r.
Running Head CREATING A GROUP WIKI1CREATING A GROUP WIKI .docxtodd271
Running Head: CREATING A GROUP WIKI 1
CREATING A GROUP WIKI 3
Title: CREATING A GROUP WIKI
Student’s Name:
Institution:
As far as the definition to my words is concerned, metacommunication can be defined as all nonverbal cues experienced by different people. Some of the metacommunications experienced by people include; tone of voice, gestures, facial expression and body language. On matters related to the facial expression, it can be used to show the feelings of the people involved in an incident. However, different people should be encouraged to understand the use of the metacommunication in ensuring that the society is able to operate in an effective manner. Again, gestures can be used in ensuring that communication is enhanced amongst different people. The use of gestures plays important roles in ensuring that different ideas are shared in the best way possible (Hazari, 2019).
On the other hand, evaluative communication can be used for the purposes of causing defensiveness by ensuring that judgment is passed. It is through that whereby majority of the people are enabled to focus on the problem experienced hence making it easy for the right solution to be found. The ability of people to focus on the problem can be used in ensuring that the required solution is identified therefore reducing the issues experienced by the people. However, majority of people should be encouraged to engage in evaluative communication for the purposes of ensuring that the solution to the issues experienced is found (Ma, 2020).
References
Hazari, S., North, A., & Moreland, D. (2019). Investigating pedagogical value of wiki technology. Journal of Information Systems Education, 20(2), 8.
Ma, Q. (2020). Examining the role of inter-group peer online feedback on wiki writing in an EAP context. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(3), 197-216.
Running Head: MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY 1
MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY 3
Title: MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY
Student’s Name:
Institution:
My first term I chose is matrilocal family. However, matrilocal family is a family whereby the husband goes to live with the family of the wife. This is a culture which allows the man to move to live with the mother and the father in law. As a result, the man is required to change his social life their living according to the cultures of the parents in law (Brown, 2020).
As far as the episode is concerned, the man had to go and hence live with the female’s family. It is through that whereby the man was required to change his lifestyle and hence adapt the live from the female’s family. Moreover, when not controlled, matrilocal family might end up bringing about conflicts amongst the people and their care has to be taken so as to ensure that the cases of misunderstanding are not experienced.
On the other hand, conjugal family is the other term which should be considered in different aspects. However, this is a term in which the marred coup.
Running Head: CRITICAL ANALYSIS 1
CRITICAL ANALYSIS PAPER 7
Critical Analysis Paper #2
Professor McMahon
Waffa Elsayed
HBSE
03-25-2019
Introduction
In this paper, I will argue that “Intimate Partner” is used to represent any inclusive romantic or sexual relationship between two non-biologically-related people. Ideally, these kinds of relationships show lots of love and support for each other. Unfortunately, some people do not act like the ideal condition and abuse their partners cause considerable emotional or physical pain and injury (Belknap, Chu, & Deprince, 2012). Sometimes abusing behavior brings violence and makes the worse situation ever. Different type of abuses such as emotional abuse, economic abuse, social isolation, physical abuses takes place in case of creating intimate partner violence. Sometimes some people start to stalk their partners with generating a different motive such as anger, hostility, paranoia, and delusion towards their partners (Belknap, Chu, & Deprince, 2012). One partner verbally threats his/her partner through using emails, text messaging, and social network Internet sites. In 2012, 4th February, a 21-year-old California boyfriend had bound legs of his girlfriend with tape and threatened her with pointing a gun towards her and beaten her, and kept her for nine days. This situation occurred as the girl received a text message from another man on her cellphone (Belknap, Chu, & Deprince, 2012). It is clear that technology can lead to intimate partner abuse. In this paper, I will argue that technology in terms of electronic devices can be used as the trigger for more intimate partner violent abuse. Comment by Sarah McMahon: I would suggest having someone review your writing to help improve your ability to convey your ideas. Comment by Sarah McMahon: I am wondering what this means- different from what? From IPV? It seems to me that it is a similar motive so I am unclear. Comment by Sarah McMahon: The purpose of this assignment is: “Develop an argument that compares these types of violence in a specific way(s), such as the root causes, the impact on victims, society's perception of the crime, or our response to the crime. How are they similar or different?” I am not sure your thesis answers that question?
Causes and Impact of Intimate Partner Violence and Stalking and Electronic Abuse
These days, out of ten women, one lady murdered or badly injured by her intimate partner. Life threatening matters are the most common factor which can create physical violence among intimate partners. Comment by Sarah McMahon: This is not a full sentence. I would suggest having someone proofread your paper as I suggested last time. Comment by Sarah McMahon: I am unclear on what this means. What are the life-threatening matters and what is the most common factor that causes physical violence? If you are talking about the causes of IPV .
Running head: COUNSELOR ETHICS
1
PAGE
7
COUNSELOR ETHICS
Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities
Grand Canyon University: PCN 505
Dr
November 15, 2017
Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities
To be a successful counselor and abide within the ethical and legal guidelines, counselors must take into consideration what is involved in providing sound and ethical judgements. Being a counselor should not be taken lightly, someone is trusting us to provide them with the best care possible and assist in finding solutions that will possibly work for the betterment of their livelihood. Counselors must ensure that their clients confidentiality will not be misused and counselor’s guarantee that appropriate measures are in place to provide a professional, safe, nonjudgmental environment.
Client Rights
Principles of Ethical Practice
There are five key principles of ethical practices, and Davis and Miller (2014), references Kitchener (2000) models on the following five principles:
a.) Autonomy addresses the concept of independence. Counselors should make sure they are not pushing their own values and beliefs onto clients, but rather encourage them to make their own decisions and act within their values. He/She would ensure clients fully understand how their differences may affect others whether positive or negative. He/She would also ensure they are competent to understand the choices they are making are theirs without any other influences. Clients who are children or persons with mental limitations, he/she need to make sure they have a well-informed, competent adult making decisions in their best interest.
b.) Nonmaleficence is the concept of not causing harm to others. Professionals should ensure clients are positively engaged during sessions and are not misconstruing information given to them.
c.) Beneficence shows the responsibility of the counselor contributing to the safety of the client. Incorporate positive outlooks and thinking in sessions. Periodically asking clients about their feelings, depending on the circumstances to make sure they have no intentions on harming themselves and be proactive when necessary.
d.) Justice in counseling means “treating equals equally and unequals unequally” (Davis & Walker, 2016). If I am providing services to two clients who are depressed. One is depressed and suicidal and the other client is not, more attention would be devoted to the client who is suicidal, and the proper steps would be taken to ensure the client does no harm to himself.
e.) Fidelity includes being, loyal, faithful and committed. Maintaining and having trust within the client-counselor relationship is crucial to successful progress, once that trust is broken, the client may leave and seek treatment elsewhere, or worse harm themselves or others. Clients need to be able to talk to about their feelings no matter how bad they think their situation is.
(Davis & Miller, 2016).
Informed Consent Process
Informed consent .
Running Head COMMUNICATION TRAINING PLANCOMMUNICATION TR.docxtodd271
Running Head: COMMUNICATION TRAINING PLAN
COMMUNICATION TRAINING PLAN
Communication Training Plan
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliations
Company Culture and Communication Obstacle
Northwest Valley Community College has a culture of providing the best learning environment to its students and ensuring that school staff communicate effectively without experiencing unauthorized access to their data and information. Also, its culture is ingrained in ensuring its students are working in an environment that is healthy and safe. The management of Northwest Community understands the importance of having a healthy learning environment and effective communication network inside and outside the school premises. As such, Kelsey Elementary school is setting up measures to implement a detailed communication training plan for staff and students to gain information safety skills.
This plan will be developed by a strategic communication team selected by the school. This plan will be designed in a way that it provides a framework to manage and coordinate communication among the students, instructors and parents. The plan will identify efficient communication channels, standards, appropriate audience, and frequency. This plan will require a shared responsibility among management, students, communication team and students. After the implementation of this communication plan, the team will measure its effectiveness to ensure it meets the expected objectives and goals.
Needs and Tasks Analysis
Northwest Valley Community Collwgw communication team will conduct a needs and analysis task to determine the training needs. The management will be able to know who needs the training and the kind of training required. The following are the steps the company will use to conduct training needs analysis.
· Organizational Analysis: The school management should work with the teachers to identify the priorities of student training. In this case, the management will conduct an evaluation to ensure the training goes hand-in-hand with the school’s goals and objectives.
· Secondly, the management will list specific types of communication channels to be utilized within the school environment. Also, they will specify the skills and competencies needed by employees to ensure they clearly understand how to utilize these communication channels. By doing this, they will have a solid foundation on who should conduct the training and how it should be conducted. (Liaw, 2014)
· The last step will involve the identification of staff members who need to undergo communication training. However, since it is a learning institution, every staff member and students will be subject to training.
Research Technique
Northwest Valley management has decided to implement an external training program to address the training plan. Therefore, they need to identify and understand the organization’s communication training needs. As such, they should start by hiring an e.
Running head Commitment to Professionalism1Commitment to Prof.docxtodd271
Running head: Commitment to Professionalism 1
Commitment to Professionalism
3
Commitment to Professionalism
Your Name
Course Number & Title
Instructor's Name
Month Day, Year
Commitment to Professionalism
Advocating for _________
Identify the focus of your advocacy efforts and give an example of an issue you would like to address as an advocate. You may want to start off with something like: A great passion of mine is to advocate for __________ because___________. Research shows that this is a critical issue______________.
In the next few paragraphs be sure to:
· Identify one individual or group (local policy maker, state-level legislator, corporate leader, etc.) that you can contact for support of your issue and provide a rationale for choosing this individual/group.
· Describe the strategies you would use to gain the support needed for this issue through individual advocacy.
· Describe the strategies you would use to attract the support needed for this issue through collective advocacy.
· Create two talking points (as discussed in Chapter 13) using one concrete example (refer to key term in chapter reading for precise definition) for each point to demonstrate the importance of the issue. These talking points should be appropriate to use when talking to legislators or the media about the issue for which you are advocating.
Commitment to the Profession
In this section be sure to
· Describe how you will advocate on behalf of young children, their families, and the profession.
· Describe how you will support the development of future practitioners and leaders in the field.
· Referring to to Figure 13.1 “A Professional Continuum” and describe how your efforts will support the field away from unskilled workers and toward paradigm professionals.
Don’t forget specific details, examples, and citations to help you get a top grade
References (Text and at least TWO outside sources)
Ashford Textbook (Online edition): *
Author, A. (Year published). Title of book: Subtitle of book (edition, if other than the first) [Electronic version]. Retrieved from from URL
Example:
Witt, G. A., & Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult development and life assessment [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books/4
Online Journal Article (such as from the Ashford Library):**
Author, A. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page range. doi:# or Retrieved from journal’s homepage URL
**When including a URL for an online journal, you must search for the journal’s home page and include this in your reference entry. You may not include the URL found through your university library, as readers will not have access to this library.
Examples:
Churchill, S. D., & Mruk, C. J. (2014). Practicing what we preach in humanistic and positive psychology. American Psychologist, 69(1), 90-92. doi:10.1037/a0034868
Santovec, M. (2008). Easing the transition improves grad retention at Trinity U. Women in Higher Education, 17(10), 32. Retr.
Running head: COVER LETTER 1
5
Cover Letter for Grant Proposal
Pasqualina L. Anderson
Walden University
HUMN 6207-3, Grant Writing
Dr. Frances Mills
January 17, 2019
Abstract
The homeless population in communities across the United States is vulnerable to physical and mental illnesses, largely due to a lack of medical treatment resources and harsh environmental conditions. Rehabilitation centers and programs aimed at closing the gap between this population’s lack of resources and medical needs can help address many of the problems this population faces. Social programs aimed at reducing homelessness or intervening in the lives of homeless populations do not necessarily extend beyond providing food, shelter, and a means to economically transition from being homeless to being a non-homeless member of society. Mental illness is one of the barriers to economic sustainability and sustenance that have been recorded in this population. The aim of the proposed program is to offer a means of treatment for this population, using a sample size of 20. Another vital aim of the program is to examine the correlation between the homeless population, their environmental circumstances, and mental illness. It is the program leaders’ hope that the program’s analyzation of the data will lead to new intervention, treatment methods, and deep understanding of how mental illness plays a role in homelessness.
Keywords: homelessness, mental illness, intervention treatments
Cover Letter
To Whom It May Concern,
An estimated 500,000 individuals are homeless in our community and are at risk of developing serious, uncontrollable health issues (Rogers, 2018). Our grant proposal’s main objective is to improve the well-being of the homeless population within our community. Besides physical ailments and diseases that may impact the homeless population, mental health issues and challenges will need to be addressed as part of this proposal. Specifically, our project seeks to reduce the prevalence of drug addiction and substance abuse amongst the homeless.
Utilizing a case study research design, our project will aim to analyze data pertaining to the relationship(s) between our community’s homeless population and drug addiction/substance abuse. A sample size of 20 will be selected from the Homeless Health Education Group. The projected timeline for the project is three years. It will focus on providing psychiatric intervention, reduce health problems, and provide mental health care. A rehabilitation center will be established to meet these objectives. Technology assets will be necessary to enhance efficiency and collect data reports from the 20 members of the sample population (Gitilin & Lyons, 2014; Marchewka, 2014).
Management and oversight will need to be incorporated into the proposal to ensure the project achieves its mission (Burke, 2013). The project’s projected budget expenditures total $1.638 million and its projected revenues total approx.
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Running head ENVIRONMENT COMMUNICATION TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE .docx
1. Running head: ENVIRONMENT COMMUNICATION TO
ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE 1
ENVIRONMENT COMMUNICATION TO ADDRESS
CLIMATE CHANGE 6
Environment Communication to Address Climate Change
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
My Energy use for the entire day
When I wake up in the morning, the following are ways through
which I use energy until such a time when I retire to bed:
· Lighting the room that consumes about 8% of the energy.
· Cooking using an electric oven that consumes 14% of the
energy and other time use gas cookers.
· The refrigerator that remains on throughout consumes about
18% of the energy.
· Cooling and heating of the water using dispensers and also
microwave that consumes about 10% of the energy.
· Dishwashing that uses about 6% of the energy.
2. · Washing and drying of the clothes that uses 18% of energy.
· Fueling of the car using petrol to go out for the shopping and
other activities of interest to me that uses 20% of energy.
· Use of the laptop to do research and other assignments that
uses 2% of energy.
· TV and DVDs use 4% of the energy.
Considering different ways that I do use energy, some of them
pose a potential adverse effect on the climate change such as
carbon emission from petrol fuels. Additionally, sources of the
energy that is used are not renewable and considering some of
the machines that I use such as washers and dryers, refrigerators
and electric cookers, it means that I am one of the people that
contribute climate change and therefore, there is need to
innovatively consider strategies that I need to in place to reduce
energy consumption which would go along way in minimizing
negative that I cause to the environment. To deeply address
concerns of the climate change in the wider context, I will
thoroughly reflect on the week 2, 3, 6, 9, 10 and 11 which
address various issues that relate to environmental
communication.
Reflection on Energy on use and its integration to climate
change and also environmental communication.
In the earlier section, I have identified various through which is
use energy when I wake up unto when I retire to sleep. It is
equivocal that some of the ways through which I used energy
have been introduced after the industrial revolution and even
more machines are being introduced which uses fossils fuels
which are continually causing climate changes. For example,
washing machines and dry cleaners and vehicles are some of the
machines which contribute emit carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases that have an adverse effect on the
environment. From my personal experiences and upon
reflection of the material that I have covered for the past weeks,
there are 8 core concepts and ideas that require attention in the
resolve to address climate change and revamp environmental
communication. These ideas and concepts are as discussed
3. below:
a) Risk factors of climate change
It is important to become aware of the risk factors of climate
change. I cannot wait to be a victim of the flooding, earthquakes
and wildfires to advocate for preservation and conservation of
the environment. It was during last year when I witnessed a
bush fire that consumed million of the hectares killing billion of
the animals and claiming lives of more than 30 people. I may
not take action and assume that I will not be affected but I am
concerned because it cannot wait and see. This is because I
might find myself consumed and affected when disaster.
Precipitation has increased, global warming has been on the
rise, surface temperature and also environment is becoming
hostile to an extent that 2.5 billion of the pola bear have been
reported to have been starving because of the climate change.
Therefore, I find it important to be aware of the risk factor of
the climate change because it creates synergy and motivation to
stand up and communicate with a strong defense of the need for
taking environmental protection seriously.
b) Voices that address climate change.
It indisputable that climate change negatively affects the
healthy environment but it is growing concern that very few
people are willing to stand up including myself and create
awareness among the public. Pezzullo and Cox have brought to
attention six types of the people that are monumental in
environmental communication. These include journalists,
political class, scientist, NGOs, businesses and citizens.
(Pezzullo and Cox, PP. 22-26). These are people that should
stand up and brace themselves to address issues that are a threat
to the environment. In particular, they should forget their own
issues and address matters and issues that pertain to the
common good. It is until that topic and agenda of the public
deliberation are centered on the common good such protection if
space and atmosphere that influences to align themselves on the
subject matter of the discussion which finally inform them
developing the collective goal that is focused on the
4. preservation of the environment.
Personally, I have a fridge, vehicle, dryers and other machines
that use energy and contribute pollution of the environment. In
order to align and buy to the vision of the common good, use of
public transport could help to lower carbon emissions where one
public vehicle can carry 30 people instead of having 30 private
vehicles on the road.
However, out of the six voices, two voices that can significantly
influence environmental communication are a journalist and
political class but they are doing very little in an effort of
minimizing climate change. By exclusively focusing on the
journalism, a study that was carried in 2009 as shown in the
slide 43 of the week 2, 20% of the media focused on the
economy while least percentage that is 1% focused on global
warming. I am extremely worried why would media basically
neglect global warming and climate change in their coverage yet
economy can significantly be depressed by climate change. In
my view, the journalist should scale up their coverage in the
climate change and explore all issues that are likely to impact
the environment and create necessary links on how climate
change can affect social, economic and political dimension.
The political class is another important voice that should rise to
the occasion in the protection and conservation of the
environment. This can take the form of the legislation,
allocation of adequate resources to enhance conservation of the
environment and also conducting civic education. However, it is
disappointing that politician such as Justin Trudeau instead of
developing strategies that promote conservation of the
environment use private jet in the campaign.
c) Forces of capitalism
Majority of the countries have pursued capitalism economy.
Personally, I am a victim of the capitalist where I struggle to
create wealth. In the capitalist, methods that pursued to become
rich does not matter and most of them lead to destruction and
pollution of the environment. In other words, destruction and
creation take place simultaneously in capitalism. Evolution of
5. capitalism can be traced from the onset introduction of the
industrial revolution. Steam engines, industries, urbanization
and development of the transport networks. Trees were cleared
to create room for setting up the industries, factories and
industries released and continue to release air pollution and also
discharge effluents into water bodies that affect both human
beings that depend on such water sources consumption and also
affects aquatic life.
I have noted that capitalism is one of the forces that contribute
to the emission of greenhouse gases. Personally, I worked in
one of the factories for textile production. The company failed
to take required regulatory measures to reduce the emission of
the greenhouses because it considered such initiatives would
result in a reduction of profit generated hence affecting wealth
creation. I have a feeling that majority of the people are not
aware of the effect of the capitalism economy. Little people are
aware that in pursuit of the creation of wealth, it is paramount
to take necessary measures and ensure that environmental
protection and conservation is given paramount advantage.
In the quest of the creation of the wealth in the capitalism
structure, it is important to recognize that capacity of the
survival is determined by the limits of nature. It does not make
sense to use machines that lead to emission of the greenhouses
gases which eventually leads to global warming. Global
warming will eventually lead to flooding, hurricane and drought
which would cause the business to close when incurs losses that
it cannot recover when stricken by the disasters. Therefore, it is
important to invest in sustainable technology and also
renewable sources of energy and in general, embrace green
capitalism.
d) Companies and employees fight the impact of climate change
In the individual capacity, it is necessary to take personal
initiatives in the fight of the impact of climate change. One of
the initiatives that I took in the last years was to mobilize my
friends and participating in the tree planting exercise. In
Canada, forest cover has declined due to an increase in the
6. population as well as an increase in the logging activities.
Bezos created Bezos Earth Fund aimed to fight climate change.
Bezos acknowledges that climate change is one of the greatest
threat to the planet. Commitment by the Bezos came a time that
the employees had planned work out and mounted pressure
citing that the company failed to take adequate measures in the
corporate responsibility address climate crisis. I t is within this
framework that Bezos committed $10 billion to the Earth Fund
that Bezos stated would be used to address climate changes.
Further, Bezos reiterated his commitment to promoting
activities geared to conserve environment where it announced
by 2030, it would be 100% in using renewable sources of the
energy and also it would have reached carbon neutrality by 2040
(Cohen, 2020).
Former UN chief of the climate calls for civil disobedience to
compel institutions to respond to climate change. According to
writers of the Book Out tomorrow which former UN chief of the
climate is one of them, they argue that climate change should be
number one priority for those seeking higher offices where they
should provide guidelines on how they would solve prevailing
climate problems (McMahon, 2020). Addressing climate change
should no longer be an option but should be a top priority and
people should not fear when practicing in civil disobedience
because this is one of the ways of the compelling the leaders to
take proactive actions to address climate change.
I find it very interesting if all companies can develop strategies,
establish the department and allocate resources which would be
used in addressing climate change. The success of the business
are impacted greatly by climate change. For example, climate
change affects the access of the raw materials, affects
employees because of some of the contract diseases which
ultimately results to lower productivity. In order to be in a
better position, companies should strategize on how to fight the
impact of climate change for the businesses to remain afloat in
the long-run.
7. e) Reduction of the greenhouses gases and change of the social
media approach
It is necessary for environmental communication to be
mainstreamed and aligned to enhance the reduction of climate
change. I am extremely disappointed by the manner in which
media houses and marketing activities are carried out
underestimating the seriousness of climate change. Climate
change should be given the seriousness it deserves by the media
houses but when I review week 6 lecture, it is noted that fossil
fuels adverts are made 5 times more than climate reporting.
Social marketing sites should give much attention to the climate
reporting to help inform and create awareness among the public
on how their activities are exposing them to serious threats such
as changes in the weather patterns and even risk factors such as
flooding, bush fires and drought & famine.
Currently, it is the record that among the G20 countries, Canada
leads in the emission of the greenhouse gases (Rabson, 2018).
Further, statistics 45% of the emissions come from burning of
the fuel and 28% in transportation. This shows the use of coal
and fossil fuels are very high in Canada and there is a great
need to review energy consumption to reduce greenhouse
emissions. In the slide 25 of the week 6, it clear that natural
gas, crude oil and coal are the main sources of the energy in the
United States and energy consumption, production and exports
were highest in 2018 (Sanchez, 2019). It is also interesting to
note that the IMF has identified that subsidies fir the fossils
fuels are very large in the global space. This means that
countries around the world are advocating for the use of fossil
fuels which is the direct increase of greenhouse gas emissions.
Reflecting on these reports, I feel that it is necessary for
countries to look for alternative sources of the energy such
renewable sources which are cleaners and have little impact on
the climate change.
f) Addressing hypocrisy in climate change
Hypocrisy in climate change is a serious problem that requires
8. urgent attention. Personally, I have been the victim of hypocrisy
in the climate change because sometimes I decide to shift public
transport instead of using private means after 3 to 4 days, I find
myself back to my car. There notable people in week 6 such
Prince Harry and Justin Trudeau who are using the private jets.
However, they present themselves as individuals that are caring
for the environment by encouraging people to make it a priority
to protect the environment but their actions speak otherwise.
However, I feel there are 3 three mechanisms to address
hypocrisy in climate change. First, it is good to behave and act
as expected which is regarded as an expression of the narrative
of the fidelity. (Marshall, PP. 106). Second, I should stand up to
confront my hypocrisy (Foer, 2019: PP: 65-66). Therefore,
when I notice I am a hypocrite and I do not act as per my
statements, I should make a decision and confront myself in
readiness to compel myself to change. Third, should apply
social altruistic which would require me to have concern for
others and also other living things (Marshall: 222). This creates
a deeper sense of the responsibility where my action should not
cause harm to the environment because I care for the wellbeing
of other people.
Conclusion
Climate change is a serious threat to earth planet and concerted
effort from employees, managers of companies, politicians,
media, citizens and the scholars need to jointly address this
phenomenon. I cannot sit down and wait until when I am hit by
the risk of climate change but I would stand to be a voice of the
climate change, climate hypocrisy in climate change, pursue
green capitalism and advocate for a clean and renewable source
of energy to address the problem of greenhouse gas emissions in
efforts to further environmental communication for change.
9. References
Cohen, A. (2020). Jeff Bezos Commits $10 Billion To New
Bezos Earth Fund. Retrieved from
https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2020/02/24/jeff-bezos-
commits-10-billion-to-new-bezos-earth-fund/#5aeb1ec546f9
Foer, J. S. (2019). We are the Weather: Saving the Planet
Begins at Breakfast. Penguin UK.
Marshall, G. (2015). Don't even think about it: Why our brains
are wired to ignore climate change. Bloomsbury Publishing
USA.
McMahon, J. (2020). Former UN Climate Chief Calls for Civil
Disobedience. Retrieved from
https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2020/02/24/former-
un-climate-chief-calls-for-civil-disobedience/#6c65e9cf3214
Pezzullo & Cox, “Introduction”, “1. Studying/Practicing
Environmental Communication”, “2. Contested Meanings of
Environment” and “3. Social-Symbolic Constructions of
Environment” in Environmental Communication and the Public
Sphere, pp. 1-66. [on reserve at library].
Rabson, M. (2018). Canada produces more greenhouse gas
emissions than any other G20 country, new report says.
Retrieved from
https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/11/14/canada-
produces-most-greenhouse-gas-emissions-than-any-other-g20-
country-new-report-says.html
10. Sanchez, B. (2019). U.S. energy consumption, production, and
exports reach record highs in 2018. Retrieved from
https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39392
Space VR
1
“What a contradiction? That our planet protects us from the
harshness of space but we don’t protect it from the harshness of
us? That while everyone knows we live on Earth, you can
believe it only by leaving?” (Foer, 2019: 115)
The human energy company
4
11. Teen Vogue
Kids these days.
8
“Are those protestors paid to be there?” – Darren’s mother
9
11
12. 13
14
Findings
1) Failed to cover news about the climate crisis.
2) Failed to localize international news about the climate crisis,
reporting on what those stories mean for Canadians, as well as
holding governments and corporations to account for them.
3) Failed to routinely contextualize news about the climate
crisis. (7.7% of news stories about BC wildfires made a
demonstrable connection to climate change).
The Response
“CBC’s director of journalistic standards Paul Hambleton said
the national public broadcaster wouldn’t be instituting a similar
change, explaining that “the ‘climate crisis’ and ‘climate
emergency’ are words that have a whiff of advocacy to them.
They sort of imply, you know, something more serious, where
climate change and global warming are more neutral terms.”
13. A quick and non-exhaustive Tyee search revealed that CBC
appears to have no problem referring to “Hamilton’s identity
crisis,” the Granville Island “parking crisis,” the “Rohingya
refugee crisis,” and Canada’s “overdose crisis.”
17
So, welcome to the risk society
18
20
Daisy
14. 21
Meth Gators
22
Marty Bot
“Everyone is always saying these days that it’s easier to
imagine the end of the world than the end of capitalism.
Everyone is always saying it, in my view, because it’s
obviously true. The perception, paranoid or otherwise, that
billionaires are preparing for a coming civilisational collapse
seems a literal manifestation of this axiom. Those who are
saved, in the end, will be those who can afford the premium of
salvation. And New Zealand, the furthest place from anywhere,
is in this narrative a kind of new Ararat: a place of shelter from
the coming flood.”
24
15. 25
Technocracy – rule by experts and the logic of efficiency
26
“Eclipse of the public” – John Dewey
A world in which the average citizen will no longer be able to
comprehend the world around them, and will lack the necessary
expertise to make decisions.”
This will lead to a “technocracy.”
28
16. 29
Risk Society
After WW II, consciousness of the structural/systemic risks of
technology and industrial development occupy a bigger space in
the public sphere. Ulrich Beck describes such risks as
generating a risk society.
Anthony Giddens: “… a society increasingly preoccupied with
the future (and also with safety), which generates the notion of
risk.”
Ulrich Beck: “… a systemic way of dealing with hazards and
insecurities induced and introduced by modernisation itself.”
KPMG
17. 33
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqeC8_Yh-Ss
35
36
Reflexive Modernization
Reflexive modernization involves modernity thinking
(reflecting) upon itself.
Concern about the risks of capitalist development have existed
since the industrial revolution. But for much of the 19th and
20th centuries, such sentiments were marginalized, drowned out
by utopian visions of modernity, scientific progress and
technological advancement as unequivocal signs of human
progress.
18. Two key forces generate/intensify this reflexivity:
1. impact science (e.g. Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, 1962)
2. social movements (e.g. environmentalism).
Reflexive modernization stimulates government intervention in
the interests of environmental protection. By the 1970s, this
perspective had become broadly hegemonic.
37
38
39
Corporate response
Corporate leaders were concerned about the impact of
expanding regulations up their profit margins and their
economic ‘freedom’.
Corporations, wealthy elites and conservative foundations
19. launched a ‘war of ideas’ to shift the ideological landscape to
the right, and undermine the hegemony of ‘reflexive’
modernization. The centrepiece was a network of think-tanks
that produced research, analysis and opinion that could be used
to lobby politicians and governments, influence media and
shape public opinion. The goal was to promote the virtues of
capitalism and free markets, and attack government regulation
as an assault upon freedom and democracy.
A primary target was the environmental movement, described by
the Heritage Foundation as “the greatest single threat to the
American economy” (Cited in Speth, The Bridge at the Edge of
the World, p. 82).
A key tactic was to attack the credibility of the impact science
upon which the environmental movement was based, including
the representation of such science as a fundamental threat to
people’s core values and beliefs (e.g. personal freedom).
40
Merchants of Doubt
Not a battle over science, but a battle over regulation (aka
ideology).
ExxonMobil and the Climate-Change Counter Movement
Precautionary Principle
Shift the burden of proof from those impacted to the powerful.
Prove it is save rather than the impacted having to prove it is
dangerous.
20. Laws about safety look different when the people impacted get
to decide what an acceptable amount of risk is.
43
Article Activity
“The Unihabitable Earth”
“Okay Doomer”
“When Science Says That Political Revolution is our Only
Hope”
“Raising My Child in a Doomed World”
“Why Hope is Dangerous When it Comes to Climate Change”
“Glimpses of Ourselves”
Article activity
What is this story about?
How does it make you feel?
How do you think it will make others feel?
One question to ask the class.
Faith and Climate Change
21. “…religions have found ways to build strong belief in some
extremely uncertain and under substantiated claims through the
power of social proof and communicator trust.” (Marshall,
2014: 216).
“… It [climate change’ requires people to accept that some
thing is true solely because of the authority of the
communicator, it manifests itself in events that are distant in
time and place, and it challenges our normal experience and our
assumptions about the world. Above all, climate change requires
people to endure certain short-term loses in order to avoid
uncertain long-term costs. Religion faces every one of these
obstacles, but to an even greater degree.” (Marshall, 2014: 215).
“I used to think that top global environmental problems were
biodiversity loss, ecosystem collapse, and climate change. I
thought that with 30 years of good science we could address
these problems, but I was wrong. The top environmental
problems are selfishness, greed, and apathy, and to deal with
these we need a spiritual and cultural transformation. And we
scientists don’t know how to do that.” – James Gustave Speth
5
Climate change as an ‘ontological’ crisis
22. 6
Sacred and Limits
“Finally, it is impossible to see any way out of this crisis
without an acceptance of limits and limitations, and this in turn,
is, I think, intimately related to the idea of the sacred, however
one may wish to conceive of it.” (Ghosh, 2017: 160-161)
“… religious worldviews are not subject to the limitations that
have made climate change such a challenge for our existing
institutions of governance: they transcend nation-states, and
they acknowledge intergenerational, long-term
responsibilities…” (Ghosh, 2017: 161)
Climate change is a “cultural event”
“Insofar as climate change is entangled with humans, from
causes to consequences and from meanings to meliorations, it is
also entangled with all the ways in which religion shapes,
haunts, interprets, inspires, or otherwise attends human ways of
being. Fully understanding climate change therefore requires
understanding its religious aspects, especially the way religion
is involved in human experiences of and human responses to
climate change.” (Jenkins et al, 2018: 86).
Faith statistics in Canada
23. 2011 Census – 76% of Canadians identify as having a religion.
10
11
The Comforting Whirlwind: God and the Environmental Crisis –
Bill McKibben
“…the message that comes through that television all the time
every day and it comes through most of the other instruments of
our consumer society is simple. It's that "you're the most
important thing on earth. You're the absolute center of the
universe, you're the heaviest object and everything is going to
orbit around you." If you had to pick one message that was most
effective for building a huge, strong economy that would
probably be it…. But if you wanted to create a message that was
profoundly troubling from a spiritual point of view and one that
made progress on issues of great importance, especially issues
of the environment, particularly difficult ones, you couldn't pick
a better one than "You're the most important thing on earth.
You're the center of the planet." This is an old question, where
we stand in relation to everything else.” (Mckibben, 2001: 2).
25. 17
The Lynn White Jr. thesis in the 80’s…“asserted a negative
correlation between “Judeo-Christian” religiosity and pro-
environmental beliefs and behaviors.” (Jenkins et al, 2018: 87)
“At the heart of debates about religion and climate change is a
question about whether religious commitments are the key
drivers of worldly action, or whether beliefs are themselves
embedded in broader systems of identity that conjoin secular
and religious modalities.” (Jenkins et al, 2018: 87)
19
Religion = problem summary
A) Religion is a sort of delusion and therefore not the answer.
Climate Change requires sober assessment of evidence and
faith cannot provide this.
B) Religion, and in particular Christianity, is not helpful
because it provides a moral and philosophical cover for human
domination of the world.
26. Religion = answer summary
A) Faith offers a set of confessional and constructive beliefs
that give insight into how to think about climate change through
otherwise unconsidered environmental, ethical, and mystical
frames.
B) Faith is a sociological tool, an example of the sorts of ways
that we can build communities of care outside of the dominant
narratives of capitalism and industrialization.
22
Who said it?
“Since the market tends to promote extreme consumerism in an
effort to sell its products, people can easily get caught up in a
whirlwind of needless buying and spending. Compulsive
consumerism is one example of how the techno-economic
paradigm affects individuals [149]. This paradigm leads people
to believe that they are free as long as they have the supposed
freedom to consume. But those really free are the minority who
wield economic and financial power. Amid this confusion,
postmodern humanity has not yet achieved a new self-awareness
capable of offering guidance and direction, and this lack of
identity is a source of anxiety. We have too many means and
only a few insubstantial ends.” (150)
“We must regain the conviction that we need one another, that
we have a shared responsibility for others and the world, and
that being good and decent are worth it.” (166)
27. 23
24
“Religion is, in reality, living. Our religion is not what we
profess, or what we say, or what we proclaim; our religions is
what we do, what we desire, what we seek, what we dream
about, what we fantasize, what we think – all of these things –
twetny-four hours a day. One’s religion, then, is ones life, not
merely the ideal life but the life as it is actually lived.” Religion
is not prayer, it is not a church, it is not theistic, it is not
atheistic, is has little to do with what white people call
‘religion.’ It is our every act. If we tromp on a bug, that is our
religion; if we experiment on living animals, that is our
religion; if we dream of being famous, that is our religion; if we
gossip maliciously, that is our religion; if we are rude and
aggressive, that is our religion. All that we do, is our religion.”
(15).
Topic of my own research… inspired by two things: A contrast
really… between this…
29. Well first. A bit of fascination. As climate thinker George
Marshall likes to point out, there’s as many people in this
church
32
"Every week Lakewood Church achieves a level of mass
mobilization that climate change activists can only dream.
Consider it this way: In February 2013, sixty environmental
organizations pulled out all the stops to mobilize forty-five
thousand people for the largest-ever climate change rally in
Washington, D.C. That week, just as many people came to this
one church. Moreover, just as many came the next. Six times
more people will watch this service on television and the
Internet than watched An Inconvenient Truth in U.S. cinemas”
(Marshall, 2014: 218).
“If Christianity were promoted like climate change, it would
amount to no more than reading a Gideon's Bible in a motel
chalet and trying to be nice to people" (Marshall, 2014: 223).
Sacred Values
In summary
Those who believe that religion is part of the climate change
30. problem, (or at least particular expressions of religion).
a) religion is irrational and therefore not a legitimate form
of knowledge.
b) religion enables anti-ecological and human centered
modes of thought that support human superiority and
domination.
Those who believe that religion can be, and is, part of the
climate change solution.
a) religion is a non-linear, relational, way of knowing that
decentres human exceptionalism, challenges power and
presents a more holistic relations to the natural world.
b) religious communities are examples of how to
communicate with, and care for, one another.
One more thing…
“Just because climate change is irreducibly cultural does not, of
course, mean that religious responses to it are intrinsically
helpful.” (Jenkins et al, 2018: 86).
Katharine Hayhoe
38
What is a value?
31. “A value is typically defined as a ‘guiding principle in the life
of a person’” (Schwartz, 1992). (Corner, et. al., 2011: 1008)
1
Shalom Schwartz’s – “Theory of Basic Human Values”
Values have six principal features:
Values are inextricably linked with emotion and affect.
Values motivate action.
Values provide criteria for judgment.
Values transcend specific actions and situations.
Values constitute an ordered system of priorities.
Our actions are determined by the relative importance of
multiple values.
2
Climate Reality Project
3
Common Cause Handbook
32. 4
The further that a value is from another the less likely it is that
they are to be paired.
5
Values affect our attitudes to a wide range of things.
“Support for national and international climate policies was
strongly associated with pro-egalitarian values, while
opposition was associated with anti-egalitarian, pro
individualist and pro-hierarchicist values.” (Leiserowitz,
‘Climate change risk perception and policy preferences’,
Climatic Change 77 (2006): 63)
The Common Cause Handbook: A Guide to Values and Frames,
p. 9
Values affect a wide range of behaviours as well.
“[T]he more strongly individuals subscribe to values beyond
their own immediate interests, that is, self-transcendent, pro-
social, altruistic, or biospheric values, the more likely they are
33. to engage in pro-environmental behaviour.” (Steg et al.,
‘Encouraging pro- environmental behaviour: An integrative
review and research agenda’, Journal of Environmental
Psychology 29.3 (Sept 2009): 311)
The Common Cause Handbook: A Guide to Values and Frames,
p. 9
9
E = Best Dad Ever
10
Everything is Awesome
34. 11
(Common Cause for Nature, 34-35)
12
Corner et al.
“Social marketing is the systematic application of marketing
concepts and techniques to achieve specific behavioural goals
relevant to the social good (Lazer and Kelley, 1973). The term
emerged in the early 1970s (inspired by Wiebe’s suggestion that
social goods like brotherhood might be ‘sold’ like commercial
goods – Wiebe, 1952), and it has since been used to describe a
wide range of programs and projects aimed at pro-social
behaviour change – especially in the health domain (Hastings,
2007).” (Corner, et al, 2011:1006).
It approaches action on climate change as an advertising
problem.
“Based on extensive empirical research in over 60 nations
(Schwartz and Bilsky, 1987; Schwartz et al., 2001), it is now
35. widely accepted that certain values tend to be opposed to each
other. In particular, individuals who identify strongly with
‘self-enhancing’ values (e.g. materialism, personal ambition)
tend not to identify strongly with ‘self-transcending’ values
(e.g. benevolence, respect for the environment).” (Corner, et al,
2011:1008).
Act now on CO2 campaign
15
Spillover effect and social marketing limits
“This idea – that small behavioural changes will lead to more
far-reaching and environmentally significant changes – is
known as the spillover effect (Thøgersen and Crompton, 2009).
However, evidence for the existence of behavioural spillover is
very limited.” (Corner, et al, 2011: 1009).
Green Hornet on Biofuel
18
36. Pezzullo and Cox
Egoistic: concerns focusing on the self (health, quality of life,
prosperity, convenience).
Social-altruistic: concerns focusing on other people (children,
family, community, humanity).
Social-altruistic concerns focusing on the well-being of living
things (plants, animals).
(Pezzullo and Cox, 2018: 222).
19
20
Values
Lorenzoni et al.
“This emphasis on voluntary measures reflects the general
reluctance by governments to regulate individual and industry
behaviour in relation to environmental issues, and the work
towards ‘removing red tape’ (The Cabinet Office, 2006;
Hinchliffe, 1996). This reticence stems from fear of electoral
37. protest,1 close relationship with industry (e.g. Gow, 2006), a
focus on economic growth, and the short-term priorities of
government which are linked to its limited period in office.”
(446)
“A state of engagement is understood here as concurrently
comprising cognitive, affective and behavioural aspects. In
other words, it is not enough for people to know about climate
change in order to be engaged; they also need to care about it,
be motivated and able to take action.” (446).
“Our observations indicated that different barriers often overlap
or work in conjunction to exacerbate the constraints to
engagement. For instance, the perceived unavailability of
efficient and accessible public transport, in addition to the
convenience and habitual use of a car, are cited by people as
reasons for continuing to use this form of transport.” (449).
“Participants, even when willing to take action, often
maintained that their behaviour was constrained by the lack of
enabling infrastructures and mechanisms. For instance, they
pointed to a lack of affordable and reliable public transport in
their locality, higher prices of environmentally-friendly goods,
design of the built environment encouraging car use, lack of
disincentives to pollute (e.g., higher car tax for bigger cars),
and so on. Another form of constraint explicitly identified by
many participants was social norms and expectations requiring
carbon-dependent lifestyles.” (453)
Perceived Barriers – Lorenzoni et al.
38. Perceived Barriers – Lorenzoni et al.
26
Framing cont’d
Robert Entman: “To frame is to select some aspects of a
perceived reality and make them more salient in a
communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular
problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation
and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.”
(‘Framing: Toward a Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm,
Journal of Communication 43.4 (1993): 52)
Frames – Saffron O’Neill
Saffron O’Neill (2015). “Dominant frames in legacy and social
media coverage of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.” Nature
and Climate Change.
39. 29
Lost versus gain
“The negative feelings associated with losing something (e.g.
losing $100) generally outweigh the positive feelings associated
with gaining that same thing (e.g. winning $100) (p. 37,
Common Cause)
30
Present versus future
“People tend to perceive immediate threats as more relevant and
of greater urgency than future problems ... [therefore]
communicators should generally try to highlight the impacts of
climate change that are already being experienced in the present
or are likely to occur in the very near future.” (p. 38, Common
Cause)
Local versus Global
“Communicators should frame climate change as a local issue,
both in terms of consequences and possible solutions ....
Because local impacts and solutions are more vivid and thus
easier to think about for most people.” (p. 40, Common Cause)
41. 38
Polling
Polling can produce ‘objective’ knowledge about public
opinion. Polling also produces representations of the public
which have strategic value in a communications campaign.
What does the public think? What do citizens believe (a
majority of)‘the public’ thinks?
What the public thinks is actively contested given its role in
defining the public interest (and who ‘represents’ that interest).
Constructing particular images of the public is an effective
strategy to position oneself as representative/reflective of the
public.
Polls can be a persuasive and effective strategy in constructing
public(s) that fit a particular political position.
Polling on LNG.
- BC public evenly split on LNG development.
- But only 23% support fracking while over 60% are opposed.
How polls are designed – representative samples and well-
defined questions.
Selection bias: who do you talk to
Response bias: where you are forced to chose an answer (ex. A
42. or B).
Cognitive bias: dealing with a human being
Wording bias: Quebec referendum, Brexit, tankers versus
pipelines.
Coverage bias: online poll versus phone poll
Order bias: which question comes first
Margin of error
42
Things that are not polls
Call-in radio shows
Social media polls
Insta-polls at the end of news articles
Street interviews
Push polling (click yes or no)
44
45
43. 46
47
Effect of representations of public on public opinion – Wood
and Vedlitz
A study about the impact of social norms and behaviour.
“Now suppose I told you that the percentage of Americans
viewing global warming as a serious problem is now around
[40%/60%/80%]. Using a scale from 0 to 10 ... how concerned
would you be about global warming?”
The use of a higher percentage generated significantly higher
concern, whereas the use of a lower percentage generated lower
concern.
The Wood and Vedlitz research “shows unequivocally that
individuals can be strongly affected in their issue assessments
by information showing they are out of sync with the prevailing
social interpretation.” (563)
- Wood and Vedlitz, “Issue Definition, Information Processing
and the Politics of Global Warming, American Journal of
Political Science 51.3 (July 2007).
44. Perceptions Matter
Surveyed the UK public about:
Their own values.
2. Their perception of other people’s values.
3. Their perception of the values of dominant social
institutions.
74 % of people identify as having compassionate values
What about the values of ‘others’?
52
Why is this important?
“... the more strongly a person perceives a typical fellow citizen
to hold compassionate values to be important, the more positive
that person’s attitude towards various forms of civic
engagement, and the more likely that person is to vote.”
(Perceptions, p. 22)
45. 53
54
Six America’s
Alarmed 31%: “are fully convinced of the reality and
seriousness of climate change and are already taking individual,
consumer, and political action to address it.”
Concerned 26%: ”are also convinced that global warming is
happening and a serious problem, but have not yet engaged the
issue personally.”
Cautious 16%: …
Disengaged 7%: …
Doubtful 10%: …
Dismissive 10%: “… are very sure it is not happening and are
actively involved as opponents of a national effort to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.”
“The Cautious, the Disengaged, and the Doubtful – represent
different stages of understanding and acceptance of the
problem, and none are actively involved.”
55
46. 58
What info these groups need based on their beliefs?
Alarmed: Actions
Concerned: Actions
Cautious: Evidence, Causes, Actions
Disengaged: Evidence, Consequences
Doubtful: Causes, Evidence
Dismissive: Evidence, Causes
Today, 57% of the United States fits into those first two
categories. That is a majority of people in the United Sates.
59
How does social change happen?
Public sphere view: convince the dismissive. (i.e. may the best
idea win).
Democratic majority view: convince the cautious (already here).
Mobilize/civil rights view: focus on the alarmed and concerned
and mobilize them.
47. 61
A recent and dramatic increase in the alarmed from 2013 to
2018, and a significant decrease in the dismissive and the
doubtful.
63
American newspaper coverage
64
Canadian newspaper coverage
48. 1
2
Pezzullo and Cox – three types of PR
Product advertising
Image enhancement
Damage control
Fossil fuel ads versus climate change stories – 5:1 ratio
49. 7
Production advertising – Patagonia
Image enhancement – Walmart
9
New Coal
10
A Different Oilsands
11
Power Past Impossible
12
50. Image repair– Enbridge
13
The real Douglas Channel (right)
14
Enbridge: Life Takes Energy campaign
15
https://huddle.today/new-enbridge-nb-ad-gets-right-feels/
16
Petroculture and Energy Life Worlds cont’d
51. 18
20
Class average 3.16
I can change: Garbage and waste. Less flying. Food. Transit.
Lights.
I can’t change: Housing. Driving. Food.
Why?: Lack of time. Lack of resources. Job Requirements.
No one mentioned politics
23
53. 29
31
Teck Frontier Mine
Need a better Regulatory system
32
BREAK
Hypocrisy
Two political genres of hypocrisy:
A) “Individual lifestyle outrage” and “institutional cynicism.”
Conservative.
B) “Institutional call-to-action” and “reflexive.” Progressive.
Majority of invocations of hypocrisy were to support action on
climate change.
Form A found most often in columns.
Form B found most often in News.
54. 34
Zoe Williams – The Guardian
“The best way to never be a hypocrite, and to always stay
consistent, is to deny climate change, and have no agenda on
anything beyond self-interest … Indeed, the more ardently you
pursue your own interests, the more persuasively you live your
own values. If, on the other hand, you have ambitions for large-
scale change and believe things could be significantly better for
vast numbers of people, you will always fail to fully embody
55. your own hopes” (Williams, 2014).
“Dear journalists who have called us hypocrites, you’re right.
We live high carbon lives and the industries that we are part of
have huge carbon footprints. Like you – and everyone else – we
are stuck in this fossil fuel economy and without systemic
change, our lifestyles will keep on causing climate and
ecological harm” (Extinction Rebellion, 2019).
Foer
“…. It would be far easier for me not to mention that in difficult
periods over the past couple of years – while going through
some painful personal passages, while travelling the country to
promote a novel when I was least suited for self-promotion – I
ate meat a number of times. Usually burgers. Often at airports.
Which is to say, meat from precisely the kinds of farms I argued
most strongly against.… While I was promoting Eating
Animals, people frequently asked me why I wasn’t vegan. The
animal welfare and environmental arguments against dairy and
eggs are the same as those against meat, and often stronger.
Sometimes I would hide behind the challenges of cooking for
two finicky children. Sometimes I would bend the truth and
describe myself as ‘effectively vegan.’ In fact, I had no answer,
other than the one that felt too shameful too voice: my desire to
eat cheese and eggs was stronger than my commitment to
preventing cruelty to animals and the destruction of the
environment. I found some relief from that tension by telling
other people to do what I couldn’t do myself. Confronting my
own hypocrisy has reminded me how difficult it is to live –
even try to live – with open eyes. Knowing that it will be tough
helps make efforts possible, Efforts, not effort” (Foer, 2019: 65-
56. 66).
Leonardo DiCaprio
George Marshall
Confirmation Bias: we’re more likely to accept information that
conforms to our existing beliefs.
Availability bias: we’re more likely to accept information from
people that we trust, or from direct experiences, as opposed to
that from outsiders or non-direct experiences.
44
George Marshall and Communicator Trust
“…the reason that people do not accept climate change is
nothing to do with information – it is the cultural coding that it
contains.” (Marshall, 2014: 23)
“… science as become polluted with social meaning.”
(Marshall, 2014: 27)
“… our own actions will always be monitored as a measure of
our trustworthiness.” (Marshall, 2014: 202)
45
58. The anti-consumerist climate change-believing vegetarian
activist heal
52
53
In-Class assignment
Is Daniel Bryan a net negative sign for climate change, or a net
positive sign?
Why?
55
BREAK
Nature and the news
59. 58
59
Newsworthy
News coverage is “event focussed and event driven.”
Newsworthiness is defined by:
prominence
timeliness
proximity
impact
magnitude
conflict
oddity
emotional impact
60
62. 73
74
Postmedia papers
Ottawa Citizen
Ottawa Sun
Toronto Sun
Vancouver Sun
The Province
Calgary Herald
Edmonton Journal
Calgary Sun
Edmonton Sun
National Post
Montreal Gazette
Windsor Star
The London Free Press
Winnipeg Sun
Regina Leader-Post
75
Gatekeeping
Defining what is legitimate.
63. Overton Window
77
Objectivity and False Balancing
79
Agenda setting
Media doesn’t tell you what to think, but what to think about.
81
Media Frame
64. 82
Cultivation Analysis/theory
“…. Cultivation is not a claim about immediate or specific
effects on an audience; instead, it is a process of gradual
influence or cumulative effect.” (107)
“Mean World Syndrome.” (George Marshall)
.
83
Media Effects
84
85
Columbia Journalism Review
65. 87
BREAK
Five stages of climate coverage
89
Stage 1 – Discovery/Awareness
- Mid-1980s to 1992. 1988 marks entry of climate change into
media sphere.
- First major US congressional hearings in 1988, testimony by
James Hansen.
- Canada hosts first major international scientific conference on
climate change in 1988. Concluding conference statement:
“humanity is conducting an unintended, uncontrolled, globally
pervasive experiment, whose ultimate consequences are second
only to global nuclear war” (Cited in ‘History of Climate
Change Negotiations’, David Suzuki Foundation).
- Formation of Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change
66. (IPCC).
- Concludes with 1992 Rio Summit.
Stage 2 – Uncertainty/Conflict
mid-1990s to 2005
In late 1980s, news media accurately portrayed scientific
consensus on anthropogenic global warming.
By early 1990s, campaign to raise doubt successfully exploited
journalistic commitment to achieve objectivity through
‘balancing’ competing sources. Ensured that small group of
climate skeptics received extensive coverage.
Helped transform climate change from a scientific into a
cultural/ideological issue.
Sustained in conservative media and opinion columnists.
- John Cook, ‘Why we need to talk about the scientific
consensus on climate change,’ The Guardian, November 20,
2014.
91
67. Stage 3: Awareness, concern, hope
An Inconvenient Truth released in 2006. Hurricane Katrina
framed as a vivid, concrete, experiential example of global
warming.
IPCC 4th Assessment Report in 2007.
‘False’ balancing sharply reduced, climate deniers largely
confined to opinion pages and conservative media.
Election of Obama in 2008 mainstreams hope and ‘green
economy’ narrative.
Shift from climate science to climate politics.
Enormous expectations leading up to Copenhagen in December
2009.
94
68. Stage 4: 2010-2015
‘Hopenhagen and the “failure” of climate politics.
Media coverage of the Copenhagen summit prioritized climate
politics (rather than science or lifestyle change).
How was climate politics framed? As a complete failure.
- Existing institutions unwilling/unable to make progress.
- Criticism of federal government most consistent theme. -
Little attention to policy solutions/alternatives as practiced by
other governments around the world.
Key message? Cultivation of cynicism about (climate) politics.
Governments are unwilling and unable to address climate
change and (therefore) climate politics is a hopeless exercise.
Production of cynicism and a turning away from a problem that
appears irresolvable.
95
Stage 5: Optimism/Pessimism 2015-now
69. 96
Five stages
97
“Most people are eagerly groping for some medium, some way
in which they can bridge the gap between their morals and their
practices.” –Saul Alinksy, Rules for Radicals
1
2
70. 3
6
Dominant Discourses
Stories about the world and how it works.
George Marshall: cause, effect, perpetrator, motive.
Economic growth/capitalism
It positions economic growth as the principal goal of society
(and economic self-interest as the core goal of individuals,
governments and corporations).
Economic growth is equated with human progress, prosperity
and well-being.
Metrics such as GDP, stock market indices and consumer
confidence are positioned as signs of social well-being.
Criticism of economic growth is unthinkable/nonsensical within
this discourse.
71. Limits to growth
Nature is a finite system that has limits: limited natural
resources to exploit, and eco-systems have a finite tolerance for
absorbing waste and pollution.
Our capacity to survive depends on living within limits imposed
by nature.
Limits to Growth was originally published in 1972. It was
exceptionally successful, and remains one of the best- selling
environmental titles ever published. However it had limited
impact on government policy.
10
Ecological Modernization
A comprehensive transformation of dominant economic and
political institutions is required, but it can be achieved within
existing structures of capitalist political economy and liberal
democracy.
Sustainability depends upon choosing appropriate technologies
72. and models of economic growth.
A ‘green’ economy will replace old (fossil-fuel based) ‘brown’
capitalism with new (renewable energy-based) ‘green’
capitalism.
Green radicalism
Green radicalism advances a variety of critical perspectives
asserting that a radical transformation in contemporary society
is required to achieve genuine sustainability. They assert a
fundamental incompatibility between capitalism (consumerism,
economic growth, socio-economic inequality), technological
rationality, patriarchy, institutionalized racism, colonialism on
the one hand, and ecological (and social) well-being on the
other hand.
Green consciousness: an anthropomorphic conception of humans
as separate from and superior to nature, capable of controlling it
to serve our needs, must be replaced by an ecocentric/biospheric
conception of human beings and nature as deeply interconnected
and interdependent.
Green politics/economics: dominant institutions and structures
of power must be transformed. In particular, the principal driver
of ecological crisis is a capitalist system that relentlessly
subordinates all human activity and natural eco-systems to the
maximization of profit.
73. 15
Who/what should ‘solve’ the problem
All discourses offer up a set of actors to address crisis.
17
19
https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/wet-suwet-en-coastal-
gaslink-pipeline-1.5448363
20
77. 36
Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997)
Established Duty to Consult as a principle in all Crown land
uses.
37
2014 – Tsilhqot’in Decision – BC Supreme Court recognizes
traditional territory
38
Taiaiake Alfred
“Decolonization, to make the point again, is a process of
discovering the truth in a world created out of lies.” (Wasase)
Leanne Simpson
“A resurgence of Indigenous political cultures, governances and
nation-building requires generations of Indigenous peoples to
grow up intimately and strongly connected to our homelands,
immersed in our languages and spiritualities, and embodying
our traditions of agency, leadership, decision-making and
diplomacy. This requires a radical break from state education
78. systems – systems that are primarily designed to produce
communities of individuals willing to uphold settler
colonialism.” (Land as Pedagogy).
Glen Coulthard
“For Indigenous nations to live, capitalism must die. And for
capitalism to die, we must actively participate in the
construction of Indigenous alternatives to it.” (For Our Nations
to Live Capitalism Must Die)
Jack Forbes
“Wetiko is a Cree term (windego in Ojibway, wintiko in
Powhatan) which refers to a cannibal or, more specifically, to
an evil person or spirit who terrorizes other creatures by means
of terrible evil acts, including cannibalism. Wetikowatisewin,
an abstract noun, refers to ‘diabolical wickedness or
cannibalism.’” I have come to the conclusion that imperialism
and exploitation are forms of cannibalism and, in fact, are
precisely those forms of cannibalism which are most diabolical
or evil.” (Columbus and Other Cannibals).
42
Water Protectors
80. Crisis Discipline
Do you believe human beings will address/solve climate
change?
Yes – 0%
No – 53%
Maybe – 47%
8
Post politics
Politics as the problem, not the solution.
TINA – There is no alternative
All we have now is bureaucratic and technical problems
9
“What they should have sent was poets because I don’t think we
captured in its entirety the grandeur of what we had seen.”
– Frank Borman, Apollo astronaut
81. Our Planet – Netflix
13
Postmodernity and the image
Postmodernity and the “image”
15
16
First photograph – 1826
82. 17
Stuart Ewen – All Consuming Images
Oliver Wendell Holmes: “We have got the fruit of creation now,
and need not trouble ourselves with the core. Every conceivable
object of Nature and Art will soon scale off its surface for us.
Men will hunt all curious, beautiful, grand objects, as they hunt
cattle in South America, for their skins and leave the carcasses
as of little worth.” (p.25).
“Democratic choice, like grocery shopping, has become a
question of which product is most attractively packaged, which
product is most imaginatively merchandised.” (Ewen, 22).
Susan Sontag – On Photography
“The production of images also furnishes a ruling ideology.
Social change is replaced by a change in images.” Sontag, 1977:
178).
“The freedom to consume a plurality of images and goods is
equated with freedom itself. The narrowing of free political
choice to free economic consumption requires the unlimited
production and consumption of images.” (Sontag, 1977: 179).
83. Coca Cola Cares
23
Encoding/Decoding – Stuart Hall
Dominant reading
Oppositional reading
Negotiated reading
“This is what climate change looks like”
26
84. 28
Coke bear. Greenpeace bear.
29
“The earth as it really is” –Jim Lovell.
32
Lunar Orbiter 1 - 1966
BREAK
85. In-class assignment
Describe the most powerful image that you have ever seen and
why it moved you.
Did it change your life in any way? How?
36
37
Public Sphere
Public spheres are “the forums and interactions in which
different individuals engage each other about subjects of shared
concern or that affect a wider community from neighborhoods
to international relations.” (P&C, 20)
Based upon the premise of equality, autonomy, and reason.
Who are the voices?
Pezzullo and Cox describe ‘six voices’: citizens & civil society,
nongovernmental organizations, politicians & public officials,
businesses, scientists & scholars, journalists (P&C, pp. 22-26).
86. 40
Common Good
From Bocking, Nature’s Experts: The most important aspect of
public deliberation “is its capacity to encourage people to
consider not just their own interests, but those of others, and so
develop and pursue a vision of the common good .... Since
environmental issues relate so often to this common good,
including the protection of common spaces – the atmosphere,
the oceans, public land – that makes deliberation especially
relevant, because [it] tends to encourage people to think in
terms of the collective good ... to formulate a common interest
in the environment that can transcend individual interests.” (p.
224)
Image Events – Kevin DeLuca
A staged or intentional activist or political action with the
intention of creating or inviting an image that can then be
shared through electronic media.
87. 44
“That was the moment that launched the modern environmental
movement.”
45
Public Opinion vs Public Sphere
Habermas defines ‘public opinion’ as very different from how
we use the term today. It was much more than simply the
aggregation of private opinion(s), and required public listening
and public reasoning.
46
Jason Kenney
47
Deep Story and contested ideas of “Fairness”
48
89. 54
55
A new Canadian energy narrative
56
Critical questions for all public spheres.
1. Who participates (and who is excluded) ...
2. Under what conditions ...
3. To what effect …
How these questions are answered/resolved shapes what the
public interest is on any given environmental issue.
57
BREAK
90. The environmental conflict “has become discursive. It no
longer focuses on the question of whether there is an
environmental crisis, it is essentially about its interpretation.”
(Hajer, 1995: 13-14)
60
61
62
Largest oil spill in human history – 3 million barrels
91. 64
The movie
BP and Oilsands
67
Ideology versus Discourse
Noun versus verb
False consciousness versus power
Epistemology versus practical politics
Wrong ideas versus bad ideas
68
Discourse
Pezzullo and Cox: Discourse is “a pattern of knowledge and
92. power communicated through linguistic and non-linguistic
human expression: as a result, it functions to ‘circulate a
coherent set of meanings about an important topic’ (Fiske,
1987, p. 14). Such meanings often influence our understanding
of how the world works or should work.” (p. 60).
John Dryzek: Discourse is “a shared way of apprehending the
world. Embedded in language, it enables those who subscribe to
it to interpret bits of information and put them together into
coherent stories or accounts. Discourses construct meanings and
relationships, helping to define common sense and legitimate
knowledge.” (The Politics of the Earth, 9)
70
Discourse as ideas and practices– Martin Hajer
“Discourse is then seen as internally related to the social
practices in which it is produced.”
“One may also point to the content of what is said. A discourse
is then seen as an ensemble of ideas, concepts, and
categorizations.” (Hajer, 1995: 44)
2) “Discourse here is here defined as a specific ensemble of
ideas, concepts, and categorizations that are produced,
reproduced, and transformed in a particular set of practices and
through which meaning is given to physical and social realities.
As such, physics is an example of a discourse, but the radical
environmentalists have their own discourse too. The former is
produced, reproduced, and transformed through practices like
academic teaching, laboratory experiments, and peer-reviewed
93. journalist. The latter is produced through the actual practicing
of an alternative lifestyle, independent protest meetings (instead
of lobbying), reference to Walden or the noble savage, a
specific myth about the nature of nature, and the negation of a
culture of commercialism and consumption.” (Hajer, 1995: 44)
73
Ducks on a pond
74
Discourse as Story
Walter Fisher (communications theorist): When encountering
new information, we assess it on the basis of narrative fidelity,
rather than the quality of the information. “Does it hang
together? Does it contain a linear sequence of events from past
to future? Do the characters behave as we would expect them to
behave, with clear and understandable goals and motives? Does
it match our own beliefs and values?” (Cited in Marshall, Don’t
Even Think About It, p. 106).
Compelling narratives have “cause, effect, perpetrator and
motive”. Right-wing story: “Governments (perpetrators) justify
carbon taxes (effect) in order to extend their control over our
lives (motive).” Left-wing story: “Right-wing oil billionaires
94. (perpetrators) fund climate change denial (effect) to increase
their wealth (motive).” (Marshall, p. 106)
75
Narrative Fidelity
“Do the characters behave as we would expect them to behave,
with clear and understandable goals and motives?” (Cited in
Marshall, Don’t Even Think About It, p. 106).
77
Greta memes
78
Discourse according to George Marshall
Cause
Effect
Perpetrator
Motive
95. 79
80
Cause, effect, perpetrator, motive
Frank Luntz, adviser to US Republicans: “a compelling story,
even if factually inaccurate, can be more emotionally
compelling than a dry recitation of the truth.” (Cited in
Marshall, p. 107).
Discourses are not only textual. They are always bound up with
economic, political, social and cultural structures, as well as the
practices of everyday life.
Critical analysis requires understanding how specific discourses
articulate with existing institutions. Does it reinforce or
challenge existing structures of power?
96. How discourses intersect with institutions will determine the
resources that are allocated to developing, disseminating and
promoting them.
Jan 15: Conceptual perspectives and the image
• Stuart Ewen: (1999). All consuming images: The politics of
style in contemporary culture.
Basic Books, pp. 24-40.
• Susan Sontag (1977). “The Image World”. In On Photography.
New York: Farrar Straus and
Giroux, pp. 153-180.
• George Marshall, Don’t Even Think About It. pp. 105-120.
• Recommended: Pezzullo et al, “Introduction”, “1.
Studying/Practicing Environmental
Communication”, “2. Contested Meanings of Environment” and
“3. Social-Symbolic
Constructions of Environment” in Environmental
Communication and the Public Sphere, pp.
1-66. [on reserve at library].
Jan 22: Consumerism and corporate public relations
• Michael Maniates, “Individualization: Plant a Tree, Buy a
97. Bike, Save the World?” in Global
Environmental Politics 1.3 (2001): 31-52.
• McCurdy, P. (2018). From the Natural to the Manmade
Environment: The Shifting Advertising
Practices of Canada's Oil Sands Industry. Canadian Journal of
Communication, 43(1),
33-52.
• In class viewing: Years and Years. “It’s our fault”. Episode 6,
season 1.
• Recommended: Naomi Klein: “Stop trying to save the world
all by yourself” in On Fire. pp.
129-136.
Jan 29: Independent field trip day. No lecture
• Jonathan Safran Foer, We are the Weather. pp. 1-71.
• Kate Aaronoff, “Things are Bleak! Jonathan Safran Foer’s
quest for climate salvation”, The
Nation (Oct 29, 2019).
https://www.thenation.com/article/jonathan-safran-foer-we-are-
the-
weather-climate-review/ (Links to an external site.)
•
Feb 5: Indigenous perspectives independent field research
98. presentations
• Glen Coulthard (2013). “For our nations to live, capitalism
must die.” Nations Rising.
Available online.
• Alfred, T. (2005). "First Words" in Wasase: Indigenous
pathways of action and freedom. U of
T. P. 19-39. On Canvas.
• Guest Speaker: Wendy Walker on #idlenomore, extraction and
indigenous sovereignty.
• Klein, Naomi. (2013). “Dancing the World into Being: A
Conversation with Idle No More’s
Leanne Simpson.” Yes Magazine. Available online.
• Recommended: “Leanne Simpson, (2014). “Land as pedagogy:
Nishnaabeg intelligence and
rebellious transformation.” Decolonization: Indigeneity,
Education & Society, 3(3). p. 1-25.
On Canvas.
Feb 12: Canadian energy and communicating energy lifeworlds
• Sara O’Shaughnessy and Goze Dogu, (2016). “The Gendered
and Racialized Subject’s of
Alberta’s Oil” in First World Petro-Politics: The Political
Ecology and Governance of Alberta.
University of Toronto Press, Canada. 263-296. Available online
99. through SFU library.
• Barney, D. (2017). “Who we are and what we do: Canada as a
pipeline
nation.” Petrocultures: Oil, politics, culture, 78-119. Available
online through SFU library and
on Canvas.
• Alberta Narratives Project.
https://albertanarrativesproject.ca/ (Links to an external site.)
[Skim]. Available Online.
• Recommended: Cariou, W. 2017. “Aborignal” in Szeman, I et.,
al. (Eds.). (2017). Fueling
Culture: 101 Words for Energy and Environment. Oxford
University Press.
• Recommended: Dorow, Sara. 2015. “Gendering Energy
Extraction in Fort McMurray” in
Alberta Oil and the Decline of Democracy in Canada, edited by
Meenal Shrivastava and
Lorna Stefanick, 295-311. Available online through SFU
library.
https://www.thenation.com/article/jonathan-safran-foer-we-are-
the-weather-climate-review/
https://www.thenation.com/article/jonathan-safran-foer-we-are-
the-weather-climate-review/
https://www.thenation.com/article/jonathan-safran-foer-we-are-
100. the-weather-climate-review/
https://albertanarrativesproject.ca/
Feb 26: Nature in the news and environmental journalism
• Gunster et al., (2018). “Why don’t you act like you believe
it?: competing visions of climate
hypocrisy.” Frontiers in Communication. Online.
• Jonathan Safran Foer, We are the Weather. pp. 73-101.
• In class viewing: Merchants of Doubt
• Recommended: George Marshall, Don’t Even Think About It.
pp.1-25, pp. 46-55, and pp.
198-204.
March 4: Communicating science, risk and sustainable
behaviour change.
• P. Sol Hart and Lauren Feldman, “Threat without efficacy?
Climate change on U.S. network
news,” Science Communication 36.3 (2014): 325-351.
• George Marshall, Don’t Even Think About It. pp. 26-32, pp
121-126, and pp. 138-154 .
• Jonathan Safran Foer, We are the Weather. pp. 105-126.
• David Wallace-Wells. “The Uninhabitable Earth.” New York
Magazine. Online.
101. • Roy Scranton. “Raising my child in a Doomed World.” New
York Times. Online
• Tommy Lynch. “Why Hope is Dangerous when it comes to
Climate Change.” Slate. Online.
• Recommended: Janette Webb, “Climate change and society:
The chimera of behaviour
change technologies,” Sociology 46.1 (2012): 109-25.
• Recommened: Naomi Klein, “When science says that political
revolution is our only hope”,
On Fire, pp. 110-118.
• Group A commentary 3 due.
March 11: Environmental advocacy: Principles for effective
communication – values and frames.
• EcoAmerica and Centre for Research on Environmental
Decisions, Connecting on Climate:
A Guide to Effective Climate Change Communication (2014),
pp. 6-76. [Skim]. Online.
• Adam Corner et al, “Selling climate change? The limitations
of social marketing as a
strategy for climate change public engagement,” Global
Environmental Change 21 (2011),
pp. 1005-1014.
102. • Jonathan Safran Foer, We are the Weather. pp. 127-143.
• Recommended: Pezzullo and Cox “Advocacy Campaigns and
Message Construction” pp.
203-228. On reserve at Belzberg library.
March 18: Researching, representing and shaping environmental
public opinion
• Connie Roser-Renouf et al, “Engaging diverse audiences with
climate change” in The
Routledge Handbook of Environment and Communication, Eds.
Anders Hansen and Robert
Cox (Routledge, 2015), pp. 368-386.
• George Marshall, Don’t Even Think About It. pp. 162-197.
• In-class viewing: The Good Place. Season 3 episode 10.
• Jonathan Safran Foer, We are the Weather. pp. 185-205.
• Recommended: Irene Lorenzoni et al, “Barriers perceived to
engaging with climate change
among the UK public and their policy implications,” Global
Environmental Change 3-4 (Aug/
Oct 2007): 445-459.
March 25: Religion and Climate Change.
103. • George Marshall, Don’t Even Think About It. pp. 198-225.
• Jenkins, W., Berry, E., & Kreider, L. B. (2018). Religion and
climate change. Annual Review of
Environment and Resources, 43, 85-108.
• Francis, P. (2015). Laudato si: On care for our common home.
Our Sunday Visitor. [Skim].
Online.
• In class viewing: Katherine Hayoe, “The most important thing
you can do about climate
change is talk about it.” https://www.ted.com/talks/
katharine_hayhoe_the_most_important_thing_you_can_do_to_fi
ght_climate_change_talk_ab
out_it?language=en (Links to an external site.)
• Jonathan Safran Foer, We are the Weather. pp. 206-224.
• Recommended: Naomi Klein, “A Radical Vatican?” On Fire,
pp, 137-148.
https://www.ted.com/talks/katharine_hayhoe_the_most_importa
nt_thing_you_can_do_to_fight_climate_change_talk_about_it?l
anguage=en
https://www.ted.com/talks/katharine_hayhoe_the_most_importa
nt_thing_you_can_do_to_fight_climate_change_talk_about_it?l
anguage=en
https://www.ted.com/talks/katharine_hayhoe_the_most_importa
nt_thing_you_can_do_to_fight_climate_change_talk_about_it?l
anguage=en