Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY – APPLICATION 3 1 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY – APPLICATION 3 18 Introduction The use of Information Technologies in the business process is a wide and ever changing filed that is conferring various benefits and challenges in the field of business process managements. Various organizational structure challenges, and employee have exerted various resistances and challenges but the provision of the solutions have been studied and presented. This paper presents the summaries of various studies, objects, methodologies used, the study limitations and assumptions and a concise comment on the resource in relation to the source of the resource and recommendations on further studies in each study to better understanding in the entire field. Albadvi, A., Keramati, A., & Razmi, J. (2007). Assessing the impact of information technology on firm performance considering the role of intervening variables: organizational infrastructures and business processes reengineering. International Journal of Production Research, 45(12), 2697-2734. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database. The scope of this paper is on the relationship between information technology (IT) use and the firm general performance in the consideration of the variables like infrastructure and process reengineering intervening in organizations. The purpose of the research was to establish the roles of the intervening variables on the relationship between IT and firms performance. The instruments to be used in research of the relationship between IT and the firms performance and the role of the two intervening important variable focused on which were reengineering of the processes (BPRM) and organizational infrastructure (OIS) in the IT and firm performance relationship were presented. The study based on the empirical filed survey design where 200 car part producers were administered with questionnaires. The questionnaires addressed the OIS, BPRM, Performance measurement (PER) and IT usage (ITU). The findings of this study demonstrated that there was a moderating effects of the organizational infrastructure and the mediating roles of the business process reengineering on the association between IT use and the performance of a firm. The IT usage was significantly high in pecuniary affairs of most companies. Organizational infrastructures was significantly considered in most companies and that IT usage significantly influenced the products production reengineering process. This information was very resourceful in the entire coursework and also raised the confidence of the body of resources used in finding this information. The underlying assumptions of the study was that the measures used in this study had a high internal consistency thus giving highly correlated answers hence high stability of the used measures. The limitations of the study was a small sample population that was corrected by the stability of the study measures (H ...

1. Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY –
APPLICATION 3 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY – APPLICATION 3 18
Introduction
The use of Information Technologies in the business process is
a wide and ever changing filed that is conferring various
benefits and challenges in the field of business process
managements. Various organizational structure challenges, and
employee have exerted various resistances and challenges but

2. the provision of the solutions have been studied and presented.
This paper presents the summaries of various studies, objects,
methodologies used, the study limitations and assumptions and
a concise comment on the resource in relation to the source of
the resource and recommendations on further studies in each
study to better understanding in the entire field.
Albadvi, A., Keramati, A., & Razmi, J. (2007). Assessing the
impact of information technology on firm performance
considering the role of intervening variables: organizational
infrastructures and business processes
reengineering. International Journal of Production Research,
45(12), 2697-2734. Retrieved from Business Source Complete
database.
The scope of this paper is on the relationship between
information technology (IT) use and the firm general
performance in the consideration of the variables like
infrastructure and process reengineering intervening in
organizations. The purpose of the research was to establish the
roles of the intervening variables on the relationship between IT
and firms performance. The instruments to be used in research
of the relationship between IT and the firms performance and
the role of the two intervening important variable focused on
which were reengineering of the processes (BPRM) and
organizational infrastructure (OIS) in the IT and firm
performance relationship were presented. The study based on
the empirical filed survey design where 200 car part producers
were administered with questionnaires. The questionnaires
addressed the OIS, BPRM, Performance measurement (PER) and
IT usage (ITU). The findings of this study demonstrated that
there was a moderating effects of the organizational
infrastructure and the mediating roles of the business process
reengineering on the association between IT use and the
performance of a firm. The IT usage was significantly high in
pecuniary affairs of most companies. Organizational
infrastructures was significantly considered in most companies
and that IT usage significantly influenced the products

3. production reengineering process. This information was very
resourceful in the entire coursework and also raised the
confidence of the body of resources used in finding this
information. The underlying assumptions of the study was that
the measures used in this study had a high internal consistency
thus giving highly correlated answers hence high stability of the
used measures. The limitations of the study was a small sample
population that was corrected by the stability of the study
measures (Hofstede et al., 1990). The other limitation was the
high number of respondents that were willing to share objective
information on the company’s performance compared to those
willing to answer subjective performance questions. The finds
may therefore be undermine the degree confidence of the results
thus risking the accuracy of the findings. The study identified
opportunities for further studies which included the possibilities
for research on the other variables that are associated with the
usage of IT and its influence on the company performance. This
would include management styles, quality of management
among others. A study could also be done using the second-
generation simultaneous equation models (SEMs) to analyze to
generate further knowledge on the model used in this study.
Baark, E. (1999). Engineering consultancy: An assessment of
IT-enabled international delivery of services. Technology
Analysis & Strategic Management, 11(1), 55-74. Retrieved from
Business Source Complete database.
The scope and focus of the study was on the engineering
consultancy service delivery in the worlds markets and the use
of telecommunication and Information Technology (IT) in the
production and competent delivery of engineering designs
consultancy services. The research aimed at examining the role
of Information Technology in shifting the modes of
internationalization of engineering sector focusing on the
potential of IT-enabled services production and delivery which
may increase the trade of the different engineering consultancy
services in the sector. The article made use of a collection of
data from empirical studies to obtain the findings on the role of

4. IT in the transformation of the businesses and architectural and
construction firms. The finds indicated that IT-enabled
production of engineering services and delivery of these
services fundamentally transformed the patterns of trade and
entire investment in the sector. Large firms were revealed to be
using the telecommunication and IT to promote
interconnectivity and cooperation among various projects,
groups and offices. It has brought about economies of scale
which places them in an advantaged position over competitors
in the global markets which may further the integration of the
designs, partnership and projects to strengthen the design-build
methodologies in such projects. The assumptions of the study
was that the transfer of the IT across the international borders
were free and that most countries were accessible to them. The
limitations of the use of IT among many companies indicated
the high cost of acquisition of the technologies and so reduced
the consideration for investment in their use. Again, though the
speed of the transfer of information among the departments in
companies using IT, their re-use was hindered by the inability
of the companies to follow the right procedures to relocate,
retrieval and restoring of the information in a particular formats
thus resulting to the sub-optimal use of the IT systems. In
addition, many legacy systems, lack of protocols and standards
of information dissemination and concerns for long term use of
the information. The opportunities for further studies was the
redesigning of the business processes that are associated with
project works so that the interests and capabilities of different
inside and outside organizational groups are integrated in a
certain design. The information from this resource is an eye
opening for the companies to invest in the use of IT in
information dissemination, transformation of trade and
expansion of the business process in reengineering. The
resource of the information is largely credible and reliable for
the promotion of IT in companies.
Devaraj, S., & Kohli, R. (2000). Information technology payoff
in the health-care industry: a longitudinal study. Journal of

5. Management Information Systems, 16(4), 41-67.
The scope of the study was on the importance of investments of
the Information Technology (IT) in the payoffs in companies.
Many organizations have questioned the benefits of investments
in IT especially in the Business processes reengineering (BPR)
initiatives. The study also focused on the impact of IT on non-
financial performance on customer satisfaction and the quality
of services produced. The aim of the study was to determine the
role of IT on the organizational performance in terms of the
payoff systems. The study employed a longitudinal research
design where data was collected from eight hospitals that were
registered as members of a national health system of the U.S. a
decision support system (DSS), was used to help in the
collection of data. The estimates of the cost of the expected
services and the expected payments were compared in this
study. The cross-sectional view of the hospitals coupled with
data on the time-series was appropriate in examining the
corporate effect of IT usage on the measure of profitability and
the quality while controlling the other factors. The findings of
the article indicated that measures of profitability were positive
and significantly correlated with others and satisfaction of
customers too. Again, labor correlated positively with capital
and support variables. The IT investment capital affected both
the net patients’ returns per day and also with the net patients’
returns on admission. Investment in IT did not increase
organizational profitability. The results supported relationship
in IT-performance after a specific time lags, and also supported
IT contingent impact on BPR that were practiced by most
hospitals. The assumption of the study was that the models 1
and 2 would show diverse relationship in the BPR and IT capital
and BPR and IT support. Again, it was assumed that data that
was to be collected showed normal distribution and that
observed heteroscedasticity in relation to Whites test. The
limitations included the trouble to identify impacts of
technology on other factors which contribute to the
organizational performance. The short time that were involved

6. could not conclusively realize benefits of technology
investment. The resource on the information on the relationship
between IT and performance and the general effects of IT and
the BPR on performance too was credible and informative for
the hospitals. The resource and the body of information were
well correlated and provided a concrete information that will be
useful in employment of IT in hospitals payoff.
Lee, K. T., & Chuah, K. B. (2001). A SUPER methodology for
business process improvement-An industrial case study in Hong
Kong/China. International Journal of Operations & Production
Management, 21(5/6), 687-706.
The study focused on the continuous improvement of the
Business Process Improvement, business benchmarking (BPB)
and business reengineering (BPR) within the domains of
manufacturing companies. These areas have become key in the
increase effort for improving efficiency and productivity in the
their processes. Companies complexities in organiZational
structure and involve very many processes, the need of this
companies vary-considerably. This study presented a SUPPER
methodology in the actual case study. It aimed at demonstrating
a SUPPER method that is useful in drawing a road map that
will enable the company more better world class performance
through a guided path. The phase one of the involves the
Selection of the identified problematic process that is
considered very useful in satisfying customers needs and
promoting the companies image thus placing it in a better
competitive position in the a market. Making changes in the
identified processes will give the company a better direction of
improvement. Phase two involves the Understanding the
process. It concerns the flow, architecture and activities
involved in the process, thus establishing the weakness and
problems of the process. Phase three involves Proceeding with
measurement of process. The stage involves defining
operations, measuring their performance, value of the tasks and
performance gaps by means of benchmarking on the
predetermined goals in each activity or subtasks. The process

7. reveals the gaps in the activities and the competitive position of
the company in relation to its competitors. Phase four is the
Execution of the process of improvement in the proceed
identified. It involves improving the identified problems in the
tasks to a desired level of output which is complimentary to the
customers expectations. The fifth phase is the review of the
improvement done on the process identified. In this process, the
outcomes of the improvement activities are compared to the
expectations of the customers. A positive result will give the
company a go ahead to other processes that have problems. On a
case study on the application of SUPER method in the Bold
Ware Optical (Metal) Manufactory Limited established that the
use of CPI was fundamentally relying on the level of
understanding of capability of the process and also the causative
of the gaps in the process. Therefore CPI produced more
information on BPR-like which was used in analyzing business
operations whereas “problem areas matrix” was used to
determine problems in the process. “cause and effect diagram”
analyzed root cause of the problems while “Pareto chart”
analyzed the whole process. The study concluded that, SUPER
method was proved workability in allowing improvement in the
process performance and the perspectives of the staff opinions.
Sobhani, A., & Beheshti, M. T. H. (2010, January). Information
Technology and BPR: From effective investment to efficient
contribution in a Governmental Company. In IIE Annual
Conference. Proceedings (p. 1). Institute of Industrial and
Systems Engineers (IISE).
The study focused on the value of Information Technology in
business organizational productivity. The study identified that
complementary investments in IT in business activities
influenced the overall performance of the companies. The
Business Process Reengineering and IT in business is an
opportunity that can be used to demonstrate the overall
investment in IT and its impact on the productivity in the
Telecommunication Company. The study was undertaken in
phases where in the first phase, 44 information samples were

8. selected from Telecommunication Companies of Iran. In the
second phase, questionnaires were administered to employees
and the experts that investigate BPR methods used in TCT. The
parameters collected on the questionnaires included the
Performance Quality factors in the current circumstances of the
IT in the company and desirable indicators of IT situations. It
was noted that investment in IT indicated a positive association
with TCT indicators of economies, while BPR status explored
the reengineering potential in improving the value of the
contribution of IT effectively. The study found out that, IT
capital and labor positively influenced output of a process. In
the first phase of analysis, IT depreciation cost is consideredan
expense of the IT capital.The second phase revealed that there
was a meaningful variance between present IT situation and
desired IT situation in relation to Performance Quality at TCT.
The indicators of BPR employees and experts of TCT expected
were in average while had high improvement in current
situation in IT and the Performance Quality situations. The
study concluded that the first phase, IT investment and
productivity relationship was proved. The current situation in IT
and the expected situations correlated significantly. Therefore,
BPR complemented support and stability of positive IT
investment impacts in TCT and reduced paperwork, pyramidal
organization levels, parallel and unnecessary activities, and
increased rate of decision on skillful personnel termination. In
the second phase, IT implementation in the organizations is able
to enhance productivity that is able to change the danger
without a complementary investment. The limitation of the
study was inability to get sufficient information concerning the
investment of TCT companies in IT. Future study is
recommended for the redesigning of Business Process in the
government that employ a pyramidal structure of organization.
It is also recommended for the study in the employment of the
continuous improvement methods in Total Quality Management
levels and BPR in order to make radical improvement
companies current IT situations.

9. Liau, H. J., & Hou, A. J. (2016). Administration Flow Analysis
In A Government Institute: A Strategic Flow Management
System. International Journal of Electronic Business
Management, 14.
The study focused on the innovative applications and the
services that development and advancement of Information
Technology in has contributed in the management systems in
the companies. The IT sector has initiated competition which
has not only facilitated the change in the lifestyle of people but
also competence in companies. The study aimed at identify and
collected methods forms in which government institutes,
investigate the administrative flow, identify the rules, and build
modules that fit into the flow. The study designed its own Flow
management system (FMS). The assumption were using of
existing flow engine in the market were that first, it they
required extra labor in order to learn and to maintain a flow
engine and also needed data sharing among existing system.
Secondly, the IT team know the information environment so that
even modification on it may more flexible. Third, there is a
need for additional server in order to install the flow engine.
The tools selected for the web page and site building that have
CSS, HTML and java script and server scripting, were the
WEB-based tools. An AS.Net development tool was finally
chosen on web-server known as Internet Information
Technology (IIS). An IT technologies were used to develop the
web-based management system that request, get and transaction
of data. The tools and methodologies needed were AnyLogic
analyzing tool which is able to analyses and to evaluate various
business processes’ effectiveness, workout improvement plan on
the discovered problems, improve existing process and develop
an entire business process from the simulation experiment.
DataBase Management System (DBMS) was needed to store
data. It defined, created, questioned, updated and offered
administration of database. The Structured Query Language
(SQL) language helped to manage data in the database RDBMS
as a standard system. The study established that Business

10. process management (BPM) derives from a tide of fashion, and
did attract a number of businesses’ attention. The Workflow was
equated to the ‘business process’ and those played a very
important role in the management information system (MIS).
The sample system took an example of a medium scale
government institute through IT support. At the end, the basic
framework of kinds of forms of flow management system (FMS)
was developed. The study concluded a development of a
solution of a service-oriented architecture system combined
(SOA) and the BPM. The information resource was relevant and
credible and depicted the cadre of the body of resources where
it was extracted from.
Taher, N. B., & Krotov, V. (2016). Business process
reengineering: addressing sources of resistance and sabotage
tactics. Journal of Competitiveness Studies, 24(3), 145.
The study focused on the Business process reengineering used
in organizations to improve competitiveness and the resistances
the systems can face from the employees especially due to
inadequate maturity levels in the organization, ideological and
traditions conflict in the organization, poor communication,
inadequate technical skills in employees, no perceived benefits,
weak leadership in projects and fear of losing power. This were
also the limitations in the reengineering business processes
initiatives. They included the diverting resources, dissipating
energies and deflecting goals. It was established that BPR are
both technical and political endeavor. The approach used was to
enlist the sources of resistance in organizations, the methods
used to sabotage natural springs and methods of countering
sabotage in the organization. The assumptions were that the
organization has done all it was possibly available to make sure
that is staff and the organization at large were in harmonious
working together in the business process reengineering. The
limitation was that subjective softer and “darker” side of BPR
were often captured in the organizational anecdotes and tales
only. Strategic management in BPR, leadership, stakeholder
analysis of impact, proper governance, deterrence mechanism,

11. establishing reward communication and scope of management
were identified as tools that can be used in countering sabotages
in the organization. The paper used a case study of Russian
Start-up Company, and Natural Springs to constructively
illustrate the organizations business process reengineering
resistance and sabotages and how to handle them. The ERP
implementation is a very risky tool to keep the political area of
the BPR in “blind spot” in relation to both practical and
theoretical sense. Resistance were at high peak in an
organization that had poor communication channel, conflicting
traditions and ideologies, low organizational maturity,
incompetent technical skilled team, leadership lose phobias and
weak leadership yielded resistances on BPR initiatives in
organizations. The assumptions were that the managers were
able to identify all the tactics of resistances and addressed them
fully. The improvement in BPR initiatives and overall
organizational competence was brought about by sound projects
governance, leadership stakeholders analysis of impacts, and
proper communication channels. The resource provided credible
information about the tactics used in organizations to resistance
to BPR initiatives and success and ways to handle sabotage.
Further study would be the appropriateness of the ERP in the
political area of BPR in the practical.
Scanavachi Moreira Campos, A. C., & de Almeida, A. T.
(2016). Multi-criteria framework for selecting a process
modeling language. Enterprise Information Systems, 10(1), 17-
32.
The focus of the study was on the choice of the process
modeling language and how it can affect the business process
management (BPM). Each modeling language in the business
process management shows different characteristics in a given
process and thus may limit the methods in which the business
process can be defined and analyzed. The study aimed at
helping the development of the criteria for choosing an
appropriate modeling language in the running of a business
process modeling in the existing large amount of modeling

12. languages which also do not have adequate guidelines on their
evaluation and language comparing in order to enable the best
selection of the most suitable language model to use. The article
proposed a framework that should be used to select a modeling
language through the guidelines of the purpose of the modeling.
The framework was based on the features of semiotic quality
framework (SEQUAL) that are used in the evaluating the
business process in the modeling language and the multi-criteria
decision aid (MCDA) methods which will help in the selecting
the most suitable modeling language for modeling in BPM. The
limitation was that the study did not entirely establish and use a
new modeling technology of assessing the evaluation criteria,
and did not demonstrate the means the two existing models of
assessment and evaluation in the business processes can be joint
to resolve the problems of language modeling language. The
criteria for selecting the modeling language involved a six step
approach in which the first involves determine the objective of
the modeling language. The second entailed determining the
language that is to be evaluated. The third step, the modeling
language is evaluated based on SEQUAL techniques. The
fourth, the multi-criteria method was applied to classify
modeling languages using the ELECTRET TRI-B method. The
analysis of the method was done to classify it in fifth step. In
the sixth step, the modeling language is selected. The
assumptions were that the modeler and management were aware
for the modeling languages. The advantages and disadvantages
of MCDA and SEQUAL modeling languages that were used in a
case study when integrated are detailed. The further study was
proposed on the framework that will aid manager and models
designer to evaluate and do a proper selection of the best
modeling language to use in BPM in accordance with their
modeling objective that are based the ELECTRET TRI-B multi-
criteria and SEQUAL methods.
Alotaibi, Y., & Liu, F. (2017). Survey of business process
management: challenges and solutions. Enterprise Information
Systems, 11(8), 1119-1153.

13. The study focused on the Business Process management systems
and the challenges they encounter for their implementation and
the solutions to the challenges of the process. Literature
established that creating a good business process framework
model (PM) was difficult task for most organizations. However,
it was considerable for business PM to have the ability to
accurately align its business process (BPs) with information
technology (IT) designs, be able to provide protection, control
the rapidly changing BPs and business environment, control
customers power, flex the reengineering process, ensure IT
goals are business oriented and hence ensure easily
implementable information system (IS). The study employed a
review research study on the PM domains of business to present
the overview of the challenges that the PMs Businesses are
facing. It was established that businesses are facing challenges
like misalignment of IT and business, inappropriate deriving of
the IT goals from business goals, insecurity in business PMs,
reengineering BPs, unable to manage the rapidly changing
business environments and BP, and failing to manage customers
power. The assumptions of the study was that the business
environment changes were noticeable to be accounted for.
Again the goals of the business were well established with a
competent team and were workable. The methodology used to
achieve the study objectives were a review of the peer reviewed
publications on the business PM. The challenges, standards,
tools, methodologies and techniques in PMs. The assumptions
were that the literature would provide credible and adequate
information to enable conclusive review of the challenges and
solutions in the PM domains to be identified. The population
and samples of 74 journals considered and 60 conference papers
were adequate to carry out the objectives of the study. The
limitation of the study were that the alignment between IT and
business strategies, and business performance and IT alignment,
are unresolved problematic issues. Most surveys on the
relationships between IT and business were done on small
sampled companies in special countries only thus introducing

14. the risk of biasses in the finding. Another limitation is that the
results were affected by the use of the common method variance
caused by the use of same survey data collection at the same
time. The possible research studies were suggested to develop a
business PM that it’s BP is able to carry a set of business goals
or sub processes. Further research to propose a business PM
method that will model the process priorities should be done.
The resource provided a credible information that can be used
in designing models appropriate for business PM domain.
Kopf, O., & Homocianu, D. (2016). The Business Intelligence
Based Business Process Management Challenge.
The focus of the study was on the challenges of the Business
Intelligence Business Process in management. It brings out the
solid opinions concerning the mutual part, their relation and
limitations they encounter when combining Business Process
management and Business Intelligence fields. The study
employed a literature review methodology of finding peer
reviewed journals, papers and books that addressed challenges
in the Business Process Management (BPM) and Business
Intelligence (BI) fields. The historical process the related with
the topic, current status, examples and the future expectations in
the fields were looked for too. The theoretical ideas and the
definitions were detailed to facilitate understanding on the
challenges of the fields. The assumptions were that the various
sources available for the data will provide sufficient accurate
data that will be used to draw the conclusions on the challenges
and the solutions of the BPM and BI. The limitations of the
study were the newness of the numbers and the combinations of
reasons and the references that are supposed to support the
ideas while explaining the features of these two fields. The
conclusions were that the paper presented a solid proactive
arguments in the BPM and BI fields. The definition obtained
and the theoretical ideas made it easy for the understanding of
the challenges the fields face and their probable solutions. The
resources provided content of placing together the relevant
theoretical ideas obtained from the literature and experience

15. from industry representatives and authors that use different
types of tools and technologies which had many applications in
BPM and BI fields. The further research to find the possibilities
of integrating the BPM and the BI in the organizations business
processes.
Conclusion
The use of Information Technologies in the business process is
a wide and ever changing filed that is conferring various
benefits and challenges in the field of business process
managements. Various organizational structure challenges, and
employee have exerted various resistances and challenges but
the provision of the solutions have been studied and presented.
The limitations listed in various fields are largely systemic and
the assumptions are general to the entire fields. The resources
sought provided highly recommended information to
competently address the aspects of the research and that the
further research proposed would provide more information to
fill the gaps identified in the studies.
References
Albadvi, A., Keramati, A., & Razmi, J. (2007). Assessing the
impact of information technology on firm performance
considering the role of intervening variables: organizational
infrastructures and business processes
reengineering. International Journal of Production Research,
45(12), 2697-2734. Retrieved from Business Source Complete
database.
Alotaibi, Y., & Liu, F. (2017). Survey of business process

16. management: challenges and solutions. Enterprise Information
Systems, 11(8), 1119-1153.
Baark, E. (1999). Engineering consultancy: An assessment of
IT-enabled international delivery of services. Technology
Analysis & Strategic Management, 11(1), 55-74. Retrieved from
Business Source Complete database.
Devaraj, S., & Kohli, R. (2000). Information technology payoff
in the health-care industry: a longitudinal study. Journal of
Management Information Systems, 16(4), 41-67.
Kopf, O., & Homocianu, D. (2016). The Business Intelligence
Based Business Process Management Challenge.
Lee, K. T., & Chuah, K. B. (2001). A SUPER methodology for
business process improvement-An industrial case study in Hong
Kong/China. International Journal of Operations & Production
Management, 21(5/6), 687-706.
Liau, H. J., & Hou, A. J. (2016). Administration Flow Analysis
In A Government Institute: A Strategic Flow Management
System. International Journal of Electronic Business
Management, 14.
Scanavachi Moreira Campos, A. C., & de Almeida, A. T.
(2016). Multicriteria framework for selecting a process
modelling language. Enterprise Information Systems, 10(1), 17-
32.
Sobhani, A., & Beheshti, M. T. H. (2010, January). Information
Technology and BPR: From effective investment to efficient
contribution in a Governmental Company. In IIE Annual
Conference. Proceedings (p. 1). Institute of Industrial and
Systems Engineers (IISE).
Taher, N. B., & Krotov, V. (2016). Business process
reengineering: addressing sources of resistance and sabotage
tactics. Journal of Competitiveness Studies, 24(3), 145.