This document discusses bedload transport relations for sediment movement in rivers and turbidity currents. It provides an overview of commonly used bedload transport relations including the Meyer-Peter and Muller relation and modifications by Wong and Parker. It also discusses limitations of these relations for application to gravel-bed rivers and summarizes alternative relations from Einstein, Ashida-Michiue, Engelund-Fredsoe, and Fernandez Luque and van Beek that may be better suited for gravel-bed streams. The document provides plots comparing the various relations and notes on parameters like critical Shields stress and how it varies with variables like particle Reynolds number and streamwise bed slope.
This chapter reviews concepts of 1D open channel hydraulics relevant to modeling sediment transport in rivers and turbidity currents. It discusses simplifying the cross-sectional shape of channels to rectangular, defines important parameters like flow depth and velocity, and reviews equations for normal flow, boundary shear stress, and resistance relations that are used to estimate properties of bankfull flow conditions based on the assumption of normal flow.
This document provides details of a sediment transport calculation for the Fly River in Papua New Guinea before copper mining commenced upstream. It includes data on river geometry, grain size, flow duration, and calculations of bedload, suspended load, and total bed material load. The mean annual bedload was calculated as 0.34 Mt/year, suspended load as 2.14 Mt/year, and total bed material load as 2.48 Mt/year. Bankfull discharge was 3018 m3/s and exceeded 29% of the time.
This chapter discusses different types of flows through soils, including water, heat, electricity, and chemicals. It focuses on describing these flows, quantifying flow rates and how they change over time, and how the flows impact soil properties. Water flow is most extensively studied due to its importance for problems involving seepage, consolidation, and stability. Darcy's law describes water flow and relates flow rate to hydraulic conductivity, a soil-specific property that can vary significantly between soil types and even within a given soil deposit. The chapter reviews the physics of different flow types and coupled flows, and how flow rates relate to driving forces based on various flow laws. It also evaluates parameters that influence flow and their typical ranges of values.
This document summarizes a study that used a numerical model to predict sediment transport processes in the Nzoia River in Kenya. The model calculates bed load and suspended sediment transport rates along the river channel and determines changes in river bed elevation and particle size distribution of bed material. The model was applied to three gauging stations on the Nzoia River. Results showed bed aggradation occurred continuously downstream, with particles becoming finer. Field data is still needed to validate the model results.
This document discusses one-dimensional consolidation in layered soils. It presents four idealized soil profiles with two layers each to analyze how permeability and compressibility affect consolidation rates. The correct approach considers both parameters, while assuming a single coefficient of consolidation can mislead. Results show consolidation is fastest when the more compressible soil is by the drained boundary, and slowest when the less permeable soil overlies the more compressible layer, similar to how heat transfers in baked Alaska. Neglecting layer properties can significantly underestimate or overestimate settlement rates.
This document provides an overview of AVO (amplitude variation with offset) principles, processing, and inversion. It discusses the early theoretical work developing AVO analysis and various approximations of the Zoeppritz equations that relate seismic reflection amplitudes to rock properties. The document reviews principles of AVO analysis and describes several common approximations of the Zoeppritz equations, including those by Bortfeld, Aki-Richards-Frasier, Shuey, and Smith-Gidlow. It also discusses using AVO attributes and inversion to estimate changes in P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, and density.
The document discusses the backwater formulation for modeling river morphodynamics. It begins by defining the backwater length and explaining that beyond this length, normal flow assumptions break down and backwater effects must be considered. It then presents the key aspects of the backwater formulation, including conserved discharge, relationships between shear stress and velocity, and the full backwater equation used to calculate shear stress. Finally, it linearizes the governing equations to illustrate the difference between the normal flow formulation, which produces a nonlinear diffusion problem, and the backwater formulation, which results in a nonlinear advection-diffusion problem due to an additional advective term.
The document discusses using a geomechanical approach to obtain permeability coefficients (Cpx) from magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) data by relating Cpx to longitudinal seismic velocity (VL). Data from sites in Europe and Africa were used to develop a logarithmic relationship between Cpx and VL for confined aquifers. This approach needs further testing but shows promise as a robust method for hydrogeologists to estimate permeability when pumping tests are limited.
This chapter reviews concepts of 1D open channel hydraulics relevant to modeling sediment transport in rivers and turbidity currents. It discusses simplifying the cross-sectional shape of channels to rectangular, defines important parameters like flow depth and velocity, and reviews equations for normal flow, boundary shear stress, and resistance relations that are used to estimate properties of bankfull flow conditions based on the assumption of normal flow.
This document provides details of a sediment transport calculation for the Fly River in Papua New Guinea before copper mining commenced upstream. It includes data on river geometry, grain size, flow duration, and calculations of bedload, suspended load, and total bed material load. The mean annual bedload was calculated as 0.34 Mt/year, suspended load as 2.14 Mt/year, and total bed material load as 2.48 Mt/year. Bankfull discharge was 3018 m3/s and exceeded 29% of the time.
This chapter discusses different types of flows through soils, including water, heat, electricity, and chemicals. It focuses on describing these flows, quantifying flow rates and how they change over time, and how the flows impact soil properties. Water flow is most extensively studied due to its importance for problems involving seepage, consolidation, and stability. Darcy's law describes water flow and relates flow rate to hydraulic conductivity, a soil-specific property that can vary significantly between soil types and even within a given soil deposit. The chapter reviews the physics of different flow types and coupled flows, and how flow rates relate to driving forces based on various flow laws. It also evaluates parameters that influence flow and their typical ranges of values.
This document summarizes a study that used a numerical model to predict sediment transport processes in the Nzoia River in Kenya. The model calculates bed load and suspended sediment transport rates along the river channel and determines changes in river bed elevation and particle size distribution of bed material. The model was applied to three gauging stations on the Nzoia River. Results showed bed aggradation occurred continuously downstream, with particles becoming finer. Field data is still needed to validate the model results.
This document discusses one-dimensional consolidation in layered soils. It presents four idealized soil profiles with two layers each to analyze how permeability and compressibility affect consolidation rates. The correct approach considers both parameters, while assuming a single coefficient of consolidation can mislead. Results show consolidation is fastest when the more compressible soil is by the drained boundary, and slowest when the less permeable soil overlies the more compressible layer, similar to how heat transfers in baked Alaska. Neglecting layer properties can significantly underestimate or overestimate settlement rates.
This document provides an overview of AVO (amplitude variation with offset) principles, processing, and inversion. It discusses the early theoretical work developing AVO analysis and various approximations of the Zoeppritz equations that relate seismic reflection amplitudes to rock properties. The document reviews principles of AVO analysis and describes several common approximations of the Zoeppritz equations, including those by Bortfeld, Aki-Richards-Frasier, Shuey, and Smith-Gidlow. It also discusses using AVO attributes and inversion to estimate changes in P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, and density.
The document discusses the backwater formulation for modeling river morphodynamics. It begins by defining the backwater length and explaining that beyond this length, normal flow assumptions break down and backwater effects must be considered. It then presents the key aspects of the backwater formulation, including conserved discharge, relationships between shear stress and velocity, and the full backwater equation used to calculate shear stress. Finally, it linearizes the governing equations to illustrate the difference between the normal flow formulation, which produces a nonlinear diffusion problem, and the backwater formulation, which results in a nonlinear advection-diffusion problem due to an additional advective term.
The document discusses using a geomechanical approach to obtain permeability coefficients (Cpx) from magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) data by relating Cpx to longitudinal seismic velocity (VL). Data from sites in Europe and Africa were used to develop a logarithmic relationship between Cpx and VL for confined aquifers. This approach needs further testing but shows promise as a robust method for hydrogeologists to estimate permeability when pumping tests are limited.
A Note on the Beavers and Joseph Condition for Flow over a Forchheimer Porous...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : In thiswork, an attemptis made to relate the slip parameter in the Beavers and Joseph condtionat the interface between a Darcy layer and a Navier-Stokes channel, to the slip parameter to beusedwhen the porous layer is a Forchheimer layer.
This document summarizes a numerical investigation into the effects of roughness on near-bed turbulence characteristics in oscillatory flows. Direct numerical simulations were performed for two particle sizes corresponding to large gravel and small sand particles. A double-averaging technique was used to study the wake field spatial inhomogeneities introduced by the roughness. Preliminary results showed additional production and transport terms in the double-averaged Reynolds stress budgets, indicating alternate turbulent energy transfer pathways. Budgets of normal Reynolds stress components revealed redistribution of energy from the streamwise to other components due to pressure work. The large gravel particles significantly modulated near-bed flow structures and isotropization, while elongated horseshoe structures formed for the sand case due to high shear. Redistribution of energy
EAGES Proceedings - K. V. Rozhdestvenskii 1Stephan Aubin
In 2001 Euroavia Toulouse organized a symposium on ground effect. We invited most of the Russian and German actors, and some experts from Holland, UK or France for a week of science around the subject of ekranoplans / flying boats. This was dedicated to students. A book was issued... and now that all copies have been sold for a while I am sharing this on LinkedIn for everyone.
Enjoy.
Stéphan AUBIN
Synthesis of Analytical and Field Data on Sediment Transport over an Active B...Advisian
This paper reports field measurements of bed and suspended load transport of marine sand measured in-situ on a bay shoal over several spring tides and relates these to analytical assessments of van Rijn. The synthesis of the field and analytical data aims to calibrate the analytical models, providing additional insight on bed-load transport thicknesses, bed load and suspended sediment concentrations.
This document discusses circular slope failures and provides information on:
- Conditions that lead to circular failure surfaces, such as soil composition and closely fractured rock.
- Assumptions and analysis procedures for circular failure, including homogeneous soil properties, shear strength relationships, and limit equilibrium analysis using slices.
- Groundwater flow assumptions and models used in the analysis, including phreatic surface positions.
- How to use the circular failure charts presented, which provide factor of safety values for different slope geometries and groundwater conditions.
- Examples of using the charts and determining critical failure surfaces and tension crack locations.
Field and Theoretical Analysis of Accelerated Consolidation Using Vertical Dr...inventionjournals
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region. Based on this, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
The laminar turbulent transition zone in the boundary layerParag Chaware
This document summarizes the laminar-turbulent transition zone in boundary layers. It begins with a brief history of understanding of transition, from Reynolds' early observations of "flashes" of turbulence to Emmons' proposal of "spots" or islands of turbulence. It discusses the importance of modeling the transition zone for applications involving heat transfer, such as on turbine blades and re-entry vehicles, where peak heat transfer rates occur in the transition region. The key variable during transition is intermittency, the fraction of time the flow is turbulent. The hypothesis of concentrated breakdown successfully explained observed intermittency distributions in terms of the probability of spot formation.
An Approximate Analysis Procedure for Piled Raft subjected to Vertical Loadingijsrd.com
Piled raft is a geotechnical composite construction consisting of three elements raft, piles and soil. Addition of piles in raft strategically improves ultimate load carrying capacity, decreases overall and differential settlement .The design of piled raft is complicated due to complex interaction between rafts, pile and soil. In recent years due to advent of multistory buildings there has been a significant rise in usage of piled raft in India. This paper presents a simplified method for analysis of piled raft with use of software SAFE considering all the interactions. In the scope of this paper, the design procedure for piled rafts is discussed and results are verified with that available from literature.
The document discusses numerical simulations of wave overtopping and propagation along coastal dikes. Two numerical models are constructed using different CFD codes - one accounting for air entrainment, the other not. The models simulate a Wave Overtopping Simulator and compare results to field data. Flow depths and velocities are computed for different overtopping volumes and compared between the models and empirical relationships.
The document summarizes a thesis on interpreting seismic data from the Dhodak gas field in Pakistan. It outlines objectives to interpret surface structure, horizons, and lithology from seismic data and well logs. Key interpretations included time and depth maps of formations, fault modeling, well correlations, and petrophysical analysis using cross plots. Conclusions indicated a north-south trending pop-up structure with low-throw faults typically under 100msec. Velocities were high from 4000-7000m/sec. Faults likely formed during the Eocene with deformation of the Chiltan formation.
This document describes a graphical language for representing reservoir systems using time-continuous Petri nets (TCPN).
Places in the TCPN represent water storages such as volumes of groundwater or energy/momentum contents. Transitions represent fluxes between storages. The TCPN uses colors to distinguish different types of quantities (mass, energy, etc.) and storages. Connections between places and transitions represent differential equations governing the system.
An example TCPN represents a system of three differential equations with three storages, inputs, and both linear and nonlinear fluxes. Additional information like parameter values can be provided in tables. Adjacency matrixes describe the connections between places and transitions. TCPNs provide an algebraic framework for conceptual
Calibrating a CFD canopy model with the EC1 vertical profiles of mean wind sp...Stephane Meteodyn
For some projects, applying the basic rules of EC1 is not sufficient, and it is required to get a more accurate estimation of the wind speed on the construction site. This can be done by using computational fluid dynamics codes which have the advantage, both to take into account of the terrain inhomogeneity and to calculate 3D orographic effects. In this way, the orography and roughness effects are coupled as they are in the real world. However, applying CFD computations must be in coherence with EC1 code. Then it is necessary to calibrate the ground friction for low roughness terrains as well as the drag force and turbulence production in case of high roughness lengths due to the presence of a canopy (forests or built areas). That is the condition for such methods to be commonly used and agreed by Building Control Officers. In this mind, TopoWind has been developed especially for wind design applications and can be a very useful, practical and objective tool for wind design engineers. The canopy model implemented in TopoWind has been calibrated in order to get the mean wind and turbulence profiles as defined in the EC1 for standard terrains. In this way, TopoWind computations satisfy the continuity between the EC1 values for homogeneous terrains and the more complex cases involving inhomogeneous roughness or orographic effects
Reservoir Geophysics : Brian Russell Lecture 1Ali Osman Öncel
This document provides an introduction to AVO and pre-stack inversion methods. It begins with a brief history of seismic interpretation, from purely structural interpretation to identifying "bright spots" to direct hydrocarbon detection using AVO and pre-stack inversion. It then discusses how AVO response is closely linked to rock physics properties like P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, and density. The key concepts of AVO modeling and attributes are introduced. Finally, it provides an overview of rock physics and fluid replacement modeling using equations like Biot-Gassmann to model velocity and density changes with fluid saturation.
Measuring Hydrualic Conductivity Using Petro Physical Measurements 2013 compa...Christopher Estevez
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses various methods for measuring hydraulic conductivity in soils more accurately in the field, including using gravitational methods for saturated soils and the Proportional Cylinder and Arya-Dierolf models for unsaturated soils. It analyzes modifying Darcy's law to account for centrifugal force when measuring saturated soils and how the Proportional Cylinder and Arya-Dierolf models can help determine unsaturated pore size and estimate hydraulic conductivity. Accurately measuring hydraulic conductivity is important for environmental cleanup efforts to more efficiently remove contaminants from lands.
This document summarizes a research paper that develops a mathematical model for analyzing the three-dimensional shape of a long twisted rod hanging under gravity, such as a pipeline being laid from a barge. The model uses the geometrically exact theory of linear elastic rods and formulates the problem as a boundary value problem that is solved using matched asymptotic expansions. The truncated analytical solution is compared to results from a numerical scheme and shows good agreement. The method is then applied to consider the near-catenary shape of a clamped pipeline during the laying process.
Applying the “abcd” monthly water balance model for some regions in the unite...Alexander Decker
This document describes applying the "abcd" monthly water balance model to three catchment regions in the United States to assess the model's feasibility in different climate regions. The model was able to adequately simulate streamflow for two catchments in warm, humid regions but was not able to simulate a catchment dominated by snowfall. Model parameters were calibrated for one catchment and applied successfully to another similar catchment, demonstrating potential for regionalization. However, the model requires modifications to account for snow dynamics to be effective in snow-dominated regions.
1. The document describes simulations of particle trajectories and impacts in vehicle aerodynamic flows to model soiling and stone chipping.
2. It details the modeling of particle motion accounting for drag, reflection from surfaces, and the transfer of momentum from moving surfaces like wheels.
3. High-speed camera footage was used to determine realistic initial conditions for stone ejection from wheels in terms of velocity, direction, and variation.
A review of mathematical models of river planform changes.pdfAmber Ford
This document reviews mathematical models of river planform changes. It discusses a two-dimensional depth-averaged morphological model, various meander models, and a model for the braided Brahmaputra-Jamuna River in Bangladesh. While the models help understand underlying processes, they cannot yet be considered generally valid prediction tools and require further research, particularly in bank accretion processes and validation against field data.
This paper illustrates that the flow resistance equations require further testing and development for gravel bed rivers. Such rivers are characterized by coarse bed materials, steeps slopes, and low depths. Comparison of data with the similar resistance equation relating the Darcy -Weisbach friction factor to the logarithm of relative submergence shows that the equation tends to overestimate the resistance in uniform flow. The main objective of this paper is review the current knowledge about flow resistance in gravel bed rivers.
Chapter_3.pptx on waste water treatment courseManamnoBeza1
This document provides an overview of preliminary and primary wastewater treatment methods. Preliminary treatment includes screening to remove solids, grit removal to take out sand and gravel, and oil/grease separation. Primary treatment involves sedimentation to allow solids to settle out of water. Sedimentation tanks are designed based on factors like particle size and settling velocity. Proper design is needed for continuous flow sedimentation to effectively reduce pollutants before discharging or further treating the water.
A Note on the Beavers and Joseph Condition for Flow over a Forchheimer Porous...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : In thiswork, an attemptis made to relate the slip parameter in the Beavers and Joseph condtionat the interface between a Darcy layer and a Navier-Stokes channel, to the slip parameter to beusedwhen the porous layer is a Forchheimer layer.
This document summarizes a numerical investigation into the effects of roughness on near-bed turbulence characteristics in oscillatory flows. Direct numerical simulations were performed for two particle sizes corresponding to large gravel and small sand particles. A double-averaging technique was used to study the wake field spatial inhomogeneities introduced by the roughness. Preliminary results showed additional production and transport terms in the double-averaged Reynolds stress budgets, indicating alternate turbulent energy transfer pathways. Budgets of normal Reynolds stress components revealed redistribution of energy from the streamwise to other components due to pressure work. The large gravel particles significantly modulated near-bed flow structures and isotropization, while elongated horseshoe structures formed for the sand case due to high shear. Redistribution of energy
EAGES Proceedings - K. V. Rozhdestvenskii 1Stephan Aubin
In 2001 Euroavia Toulouse organized a symposium on ground effect. We invited most of the Russian and German actors, and some experts from Holland, UK or France for a week of science around the subject of ekranoplans / flying boats. This was dedicated to students. A book was issued... and now that all copies have been sold for a while I am sharing this on LinkedIn for everyone.
Enjoy.
Stéphan AUBIN
Synthesis of Analytical and Field Data on Sediment Transport over an Active B...Advisian
This paper reports field measurements of bed and suspended load transport of marine sand measured in-situ on a bay shoal over several spring tides and relates these to analytical assessments of van Rijn. The synthesis of the field and analytical data aims to calibrate the analytical models, providing additional insight on bed-load transport thicknesses, bed load and suspended sediment concentrations.
This document discusses circular slope failures and provides information on:
- Conditions that lead to circular failure surfaces, such as soil composition and closely fractured rock.
- Assumptions and analysis procedures for circular failure, including homogeneous soil properties, shear strength relationships, and limit equilibrium analysis using slices.
- Groundwater flow assumptions and models used in the analysis, including phreatic surface positions.
- How to use the circular failure charts presented, which provide factor of safety values for different slope geometries and groundwater conditions.
- Examples of using the charts and determining critical failure surfaces and tension crack locations.
Field and Theoretical Analysis of Accelerated Consolidation Using Vertical Dr...inventionjournals
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region. Based on this, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.
The laminar turbulent transition zone in the boundary layerParag Chaware
This document summarizes the laminar-turbulent transition zone in boundary layers. It begins with a brief history of understanding of transition, from Reynolds' early observations of "flashes" of turbulence to Emmons' proposal of "spots" or islands of turbulence. It discusses the importance of modeling the transition zone for applications involving heat transfer, such as on turbine blades and re-entry vehicles, where peak heat transfer rates occur in the transition region. The key variable during transition is intermittency, the fraction of time the flow is turbulent. The hypothesis of concentrated breakdown successfully explained observed intermittency distributions in terms of the probability of spot formation.
An Approximate Analysis Procedure for Piled Raft subjected to Vertical Loadingijsrd.com
Piled raft is a geotechnical composite construction consisting of three elements raft, piles and soil. Addition of piles in raft strategically improves ultimate load carrying capacity, decreases overall and differential settlement .The design of piled raft is complicated due to complex interaction between rafts, pile and soil. In recent years due to advent of multistory buildings there has been a significant rise in usage of piled raft in India. This paper presents a simplified method for analysis of piled raft with use of software SAFE considering all the interactions. In the scope of this paper, the design procedure for piled rafts is discussed and results are verified with that available from literature.
The document discusses numerical simulations of wave overtopping and propagation along coastal dikes. Two numerical models are constructed using different CFD codes - one accounting for air entrainment, the other not. The models simulate a Wave Overtopping Simulator and compare results to field data. Flow depths and velocities are computed for different overtopping volumes and compared between the models and empirical relationships.
The document summarizes a thesis on interpreting seismic data from the Dhodak gas field in Pakistan. It outlines objectives to interpret surface structure, horizons, and lithology from seismic data and well logs. Key interpretations included time and depth maps of formations, fault modeling, well correlations, and petrophysical analysis using cross plots. Conclusions indicated a north-south trending pop-up structure with low-throw faults typically under 100msec. Velocities were high from 4000-7000m/sec. Faults likely formed during the Eocene with deformation of the Chiltan formation.
This document describes a graphical language for representing reservoir systems using time-continuous Petri nets (TCPN).
Places in the TCPN represent water storages such as volumes of groundwater or energy/momentum contents. Transitions represent fluxes between storages. The TCPN uses colors to distinguish different types of quantities (mass, energy, etc.) and storages. Connections between places and transitions represent differential equations governing the system.
An example TCPN represents a system of three differential equations with three storages, inputs, and both linear and nonlinear fluxes. Additional information like parameter values can be provided in tables. Adjacency matrixes describe the connections between places and transitions. TCPNs provide an algebraic framework for conceptual
Calibrating a CFD canopy model with the EC1 vertical profiles of mean wind sp...Stephane Meteodyn
For some projects, applying the basic rules of EC1 is not sufficient, and it is required to get a more accurate estimation of the wind speed on the construction site. This can be done by using computational fluid dynamics codes which have the advantage, both to take into account of the terrain inhomogeneity and to calculate 3D orographic effects. In this way, the orography and roughness effects are coupled as they are in the real world. However, applying CFD computations must be in coherence with EC1 code. Then it is necessary to calibrate the ground friction for low roughness terrains as well as the drag force and turbulence production in case of high roughness lengths due to the presence of a canopy (forests or built areas). That is the condition for such methods to be commonly used and agreed by Building Control Officers. In this mind, TopoWind has been developed especially for wind design applications and can be a very useful, practical and objective tool for wind design engineers. The canopy model implemented in TopoWind has been calibrated in order to get the mean wind and turbulence profiles as defined in the EC1 for standard terrains. In this way, TopoWind computations satisfy the continuity between the EC1 values for homogeneous terrains and the more complex cases involving inhomogeneous roughness or orographic effects
Reservoir Geophysics : Brian Russell Lecture 1Ali Osman Öncel
This document provides an introduction to AVO and pre-stack inversion methods. It begins with a brief history of seismic interpretation, from purely structural interpretation to identifying "bright spots" to direct hydrocarbon detection using AVO and pre-stack inversion. It then discusses how AVO response is closely linked to rock physics properties like P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, and density. The key concepts of AVO modeling and attributes are introduced. Finally, it provides an overview of rock physics and fluid replacement modeling using equations like Biot-Gassmann to model velocity and density changes with fluid saturation.
Measuring Hydrualic Conductivity Using Petro Physical Measurements 2013 compa...Christopher Estevez
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses various methods for measuring hydraulic conductivity in soils more accurately in the field, including using gravitational methods for saturated soils and the Proportional Cylinder and Arya-Dierolf models for unsaturated soils. It analyzes modifying Darcy's law to account for centrifugal force when measuring saturated soils and how the Proportional Cylinder and Arya-Dierolf models can help determine unsaturated pore size and estimate hydraulic conductivity. Accurately measuring hydraulic conductivity is important for environmental cleanup efforts to more efficiently remove contaminants from lands.
This document summarizes a research paper that develops a mathematical model for analyzing the three-dimensional shape of a long twisted rod hanging under gravity, such as a pipeline being laid from a barge. The model uses the geometrically exact theory of linear elastic rods and formulates the problem as a boundary value problem that is solved using matched asymptotic expansions. The truncated analytical solution is compared to results from a numerical scheme and shows good agreement. The method is then applied to consider the near-catenary shape of a clamped pipeline during the laying process.
Applying the “abcd” monthly water balance model for some regions in the unite...Alexander Decker
This document describes applying the "abcd" monthly water balance model to three catchment regions in the United States to assess the model's feasibility in different climate regions. The model was able to adequately simulate streamflow for two catchments in warm, humid regions but was not able to simulate a catchment dominated by snowfall. Model parameters were calibrated for one catchment and applied successfully to another similar catchment, demonstrating potential for regionalization. However, the model requires modifications to account for snow dynamics to be effective in snow-dominated regions.
1. The document describes simulations of particle trajectories and impacts in vehicle aerodynamic flows to model soiling and stone chipping.
2. It details the modeling of particle motion accounting for drag, reflection from surfaces, and the transfer of momentum from moving surfaces like wheels.
3. High-speed camera footage was used to determine realistic initial conditions for stone ejection from wheels in terms of velocity, direction, and variation.
A review of mathematical models of river planform changes.pdfAmber Ford
This document reviews mathematical models of river planform changes. It discusses a two-dimensional depth-averaged morphological model, various meander models, and a model for the braided Brahmaputra-Jamuna River in Bangladesh. While the models help understand underlying processes, they cannot yet be considered generally valid prediction tools and require further research, particularly in bank accretion processes and validation against field data.
This paper illustrates that the flow resistance equations require further testing and development for gravel bed rivers. Such rivers are characterized by coarse bed materials, steeps slopes, and low depths. Comparison of data with the similar resistance equation relating the Darcy -Weisbach friction factor to the logarithm of relative submergence shows that the equation tends to overestimate the resistance in uniform flow. The main objective of this paper is review the current knowledge about flow resistance in gravel bed rivers.
Chapter_3.pptx on waste water treatment courseManamnoBeza1
This document provides an overview of preliminary and primary wastewater treatment methods. Preliminary treatment includes screening to remove solids, grit removal to take out sand and gravel, and oil/grease separation. Primary treatment involves sedimentation to allow solids to settle out of water. Sedimentation tanks are designed based on factors like particle size and settling velocity. Proper design is needed for continuous flow sedimentation to effectively reduce pollutants before discharging or further treating the water.
Chapter one and two, Intoduction and Wastewater characteristics.PPt.pptxManamnoBeza1
The document provides information on the content of a presentation about wastewater treatment. It discusses the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of wastewater. It describes various wastewater contaminants and how they are measured, including through tests like BOD, COD, and total solids. It also outlines common wastewater treatment standards and provides flow sheets of typical wastewater treatment systems and their unit operations and processes.
- The document describes the characterization of sewage based on its physical, chemical, and biological properties.
- Key physical characteristics include turbidity, color, odor, and temperature. Chemical characteristics include solids, alkalinity, pH, nitrogen compounds, and phosphorus. Biological characteristics involve bacteria and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
- BOD measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms to break down organic matter. It is used to assess water quality, with higher BOD indicating more pollution. The document provides equations to model BOD over time based on temperature and other factors.
This document discusses boundary layer theory, including the momentum equation, streamline and turbulent portions of the boundary layer, applications to pipe flow and heat/mass transfer. It introduces boundary layers, examines the steady-state momentum balance and shear stress at surfaces, describes laminar sub-layers in turbulent boundary layers, and applies boundary layer theory to pipe flow and heat/mass transfer problems over plane surfaces with constant temperature or heat flux.
The document discusses key characteristics of river channels and watersheds. It describes how river channels convey water and sediment and flood during high flows. Watersheds are defined as the total area draining to a point, and their form is influenced by climate, geology, topography, soils and vegetation. Stream order is used to classify channels based on their hierarchy within the drainage network. The document also outlines three typical longitudinal zones along river channels from headwaters to mouth - the erosive upper zone, transfer zone with meandering patterns, and depositional lower zone where sediment is deposited.
This document discusses hydrostatic forces on surfaces, including:
1. Forces act perpendicular to surfaces submerged in fluid.
2. Forces on plane surfaces can be calculated based on pressure, area, and depth. Center of pressure is below the geometric center.
3. Forces on curved surfaces are resolved into horizontal and vertical components based on the surface orientation at each point.
This document discusses hydrostatic forces on surfaces. It defines total pressure and center of pressure, and covers hydrostatic forces on three types of surfaces:
1) Plane surfaces, including horizontally immersed, vertically immersed, and inclined surfaces. The center of pressure is below the centroid for vertical surfaces.
2) Curved surfaces, where forces must be resolved into horizontal and vertical components since the direction of force varies by point.
3) Concepts of translating and rotating fluid masses are also introduced.
This document defines key concepts in fluid dynamics and fluid flow analysis approaches. It describes fluid motion concepts like streamlines, pathlines and streaklines. It also defines laminar and turbulent flow and classifications like steady and unsteady flow. The document contrasts Lagrangian and Eulerian analysis approaches and introduces the Reynolds Transport Theorem, which allows applying conservation equations to a control volume by accounting for the transport of properties into and out of the control volume.
This document summarizes key concepts from Physics 211 Lecture 15:
1) The lecture covered the parallel axis theorem, torque, angular acceleration, and applying concepts like torque and moment of inertia to problems involving objects rolling up and down ramps.
2) Examples were worked through to demonstrate how to calculate moment of inertia for composite objects and determine which axis would have the smallest moment of inertia.
3) Relationships between torque, force, moment of inertia, and angular acceleration were reviewed, showing similarities to linear motion concepts. Forces of different magnitudes required to produce the same angular acceleration on objects with different radii were explored.
This document is a chapter outline from a fluid mechanics textbook covering hydrostatic forces on surfaces. It includes an introduction and sections on total pressure, center of pressure, and 40 solved problems related to hydrostatic forces acting on different surface configurations subjected to fluid pressure.
This document discusses various irrigation methods including surface, subsurface, and pressurized irrigation. Surface irrigation methods like basin, border, and furrow irrigation distribute water over the field surface through controlled flooding. Pressurized methods like sprinkler and drip irrigation apply water under pressure through pipes and emitters. The selection of an irrigation method depends on factors like soil type, slope, crop type, water availability, and climate. Land leveling is also discussed to create suitable field surfaces for water flow control.
This document discusses concepts in fluid statics including:
- Fluid statics deals with fluids at rest with no relative motion between layers.
- In fluid statics, only normal stresses exist and shear stresses are zero.
- Pascal's law states that pressure is transmitted undiminished in all directions in a confined fluid and pressure can be measured using various instruments like manometers.
- The forces on surfaces immersed in fluids depend on factors like the fluid properties, depth, and orientation of the surface.
Rivers naturally carry large amounts of water and sediment from mountains to plains and eventually to seas. They can be classified based on factors like flow patterns and location. As rivers flow from their origin, they typically pass through rocky, boulder, alluvial, and deltaic stages. In the alluvial stage, rivers can be aggrading, degrading, stable, or deltaic depending on sediment load and erosion patterns. Alluvial rivers tend to form straight reaches, bends, and eventually meandering patterns as centrifugal forces cause erosion on outer banks and deposition on inner banks of curves over time.
The document discusses key characteristics of river channels and watersheds. It describes how river channels convey water and sediment and flood during high flows. Watersheds are defined as the total area draining to a point, and their form is influenced by climate, geology, topography, soils and vegetation. Stream order is used to classify channels based on their hierarchy within the drainage network. The document also outlines three typical longitudinal zones along river channels - the headwaters erosion zone, middle transfer zone, and lower depositional zone.
Rivers naturally meander through plains, eroding outer banks and depositing sediment on inner banks. This forms alternating curves known as meanders. As meanders develop, the neck between curves narrows until the river cuts through and abandons the old channel, shortening its path. Rivers are classified based on flow patterns, including perennial, non-perennial, flashy, and more. They pass through different stages from mountains to deltas, including rocky, boulder, alluvial and deltaic. Alluvial rivers can be aggrading, degrading, stable or deltaic depending on sediment load and erosion/deposition.
Bridges are structures that support roadways and other access ways over water bodies without fully enclosing the channel. They include decks supported by abutments or piers. Bridges are used to carry traffic over surface waters and are defined as having a span of 20 feet or more. Bridge hydraulics must be studied to ensure bridges are properly sized to avoid flooding from overtopping during high flows. Economics often dictate the bridge design, but flood levels may still rise near or above the deck, so hydraulic analysis is needed to understand flooding impacts.
This document is a report on bridge and culvert hydraulics prepared by Abebe T. for the Water Technology Institute at Arba Minch University's Department of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering in March 2018. It provides information on bridge and culvert hydraulics for the university's department of hydraulic and water resources engineering. The report was prepared by Abebe T., an M.Sc. student or faculty member at the university.
This document outlines the course content for a River Engineering course. It covers 5 main topics: 1) Introduction to River Engineering which discusses catchment areas, river classifications, and morphology; 2) River Hydraulics; 3) Sediment Transport; 4) River Training and Flood Control; and 5) Preliminary Design of Bridges. The objectives are for students to understand river behavior and morphology, sediment transport, river training structures, and bridge hydraulics. Evaluation includes assignments, exams, and presentations. References for further reading are also provided.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.