This document discusses physical, motor, and brain development in children and adolescents. It covers early childhood development including communication skills, learning colors and math, and early reading. Middle childhood sees enjoyment of practicing motor and learning skills. Adolescence brings puberty changes like growth spurts. Factors like nutrition, genetics, exercise, and sleep affect growth. Physical disabilities, sensory impairments, learning disabilities, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are also examined.

1. Chapter 2
Physical and Motor
Development of
Children and
Adolescents

2. I. Physical and Motor
Development.

3. Children from higher socio-economic groups
tend to be better nourished, and receive
better prenatal and postnatal care, variations
in height, weight and muscular dev’t are in
their favor.

4. EARLY CHILDHOOD
He will begin to communicate by
making noises and imitating
sounds.
Learning colors , basic math
concepts and socialization skills as
he plays with other persons.
Beginning to develop early reading
skills.

5. MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Enjoys practicing both motor and learning skills
to improve his abilities.
GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
The large scale body movement skills such as
walking and running.
Boys develop these skills slightly faster than do
girls, except for skills involving balance &
precise movements.
Girls to tend to develop fine motor skills
slightly faster than boys.

6. Adolescence
The early signs of maturation is the adolescent
growth spurt or a noticeable increase in height
& weight.
Female: usually begins bet. ages 10 and 14 and
ends by age 18.
Male: usually begins bet. Ages 10 and 16, and
ends with 18.

7. MENARCHE- onset menstruation among girls
NOCTURNAL EMISSIONS- (wet dreams)
experience by the teen age boys a
harmless release of semen during sleep.

8. II. Brain Development.

9. A. Early childhood
Brain continues develop after birth. It
doubles in weight after 6mos. at which
time it weighs about half that of the
adult brain.

10. B. Middle childhood
95% of brain growth is reached by the
time a child reaches the age of 9.
The demand of the growth processes
give way to changes in the brain
metabolism.

11. C. Adolescence.
Teenaged years , there are two major brain
growth spurts (1) occurring bet. ages 13 to
15. and the (2) beginning around age 17
and w/c continues into early childhood.

12. Environmental influences of
dev’t of the brain.
 chronic malnutrition.
Bad environments.
Lateralization.
- The corpus collosum , grows , and matures
during the early childhood years at faster
rate than in any other period of life.

13. III. Factors affecting
development:
1. Maternal Nutrition.
2. Child Nutrition.
3. Early Nutrition.

14. Factors that Affect Growth
1. Genetic
 The role of DNA- inherited trait.
- Use as a fairly accurate predictor
of height.
 Predicting a child’s Height- the
height of a child’s parents in
inches can be used to predict
height as an adult.

15.  Delayed Growth Patterns- the
problem maybe delayed born aged.
-Constitutional growth delay.
Other factors affecting growth- a
deficiency of growth hormones.

16. 2. Nutrition.
-contributes to good health
throughout all phases in life.
Carbohydrates- are the preferred
source of energy for the body.
Protein- important for appropriate
growth as well as immune function
and mentainance of muscle.

17. Healthy Fats- is often given a bad rap.
Breakfast- is the most important meal of
the day.
Dairy- is an essential mineral for bone
development.
B vitamins

18. 3. Medical condition- kids and teens
grow and go through puberty at
different times.

19. 4. Exercise- influences statural,
hypertrophic and reparative growth.

20. 5. Sleep- growth hormone is
secreted during the night during
specific sleep stages.

21. 6. Emotional well-being.
The key to a happy and healthy life.

22. IV. Exceptional Development:
A. PHYSICAL DISABILITIES..
The physically handicapped have impairments that are temporary
or permanent such as: paralysis, stiffness or lack of motor
coordination of bones, muscles or joints so that they need special
equipment or help in moving about
Crippling disabilities include the following:
Impairment of the bone and muscle systems which affects
mobility and manual dexterity difficult and impossible as in the
case of the amputees and those with severe fractures;
Impairment of the nerve and muscle systems making mobility
awkward and uncoordinated as in cerebral palsy; and
Deformities or absence of body organs and systems necessary for
mobility like in the case of the club-foot and paraplegics.
It is evident that growth is affected by physical disabilities like
orthopedic handicaps, disfunction of the neuro-muscular system ,
and congenital deformities. These are contributory factors in the
making of the group of exceptional children called the crippled.

23. Causes of Handicaps
A number of factors have been identified as cause of
crippling handicaps, impairments, and disabilities.
These are :

24. 1. Prenatal factors . These are factors that affect
normal development before and after conception
virtually rasting up to the first trimester or the third
trimester of life . Specially these include the following:
A. Genetic or chromosomal aberrations. This results
from blood incompatibility of the husband and wife.
There is a transfer of defective genes from parent to
offspring.
B. Prematurity. Birth of the fetus is usually earlier than
the ninth month of pregnancy.
C. Infection. This is caused by bacteria or virus on the
fetus in the womb of the mother, the germs usually
come from highly communicable diseases like rubella
and veneral diseases. The neonatal sepsis is caused by
infection either directly from the mother or the
outside environment like poorly sanitized delivery
room, infected hospital gadgets, and many others.

25. D. Malnutritions. Insufficient intake of food nutrients
necessary to sustain growth and development of the fetus and
the mother.
E.Irradiation. Pertains to the exposure of the pregnant mother
to radioactive elements like x-ray. Exposure of the mother also
affects the fetus.

26. F. Metabolic disturbances. Inability of
the mother or the fetus to make use of
food intake.
G. Drug abuse. Entry of large quantities
of medicines into the body thus
effecting the fetus. Thalidomide used by
mothers has affected thousands of
babies who were born without limbs
and other extremities

27. 2. Perinatal factors. These are factors causing
crippling conditions during the period of birth.
a .birth injury. These are injuries suffered by the
newborn baby. Injury to the spine will cause
paralysis kernicterus.
b. difficult labor. Hard and prolonged labor
before the actual birth which interrupts the
oxygen intake of the mother to uterus.
c. hemorrhage. Profuse bleeding of the mother
during birth which might be caused by damage
of the uterus.

28. 3. Postnatal factors. These are factors
causing crippling conditions after birth.
a. infections. These are caused by illness like
diphtheria, typhoid, meningitis,
encephalomyclitis, and rickets in infants.
b. tumor and abscess in the brain. They
destroy the brain cells connected with
movement thus impairing mobility.
c. fractures and dislocations. These are
destructions of mobility organs either
through falls and other accidents causing
bone fractures or dislocation.

29. d. tuberculosis of the bones. TB germs are likely to
attack the bones of the very young causing crippling
conditions.
e. cerebrovascular injuries. These are injuries in the
head region enough to cause brain damage.
f. post-seizure or post-surgical complications. These
are convulsions after the delivery of the baby which
cause crippling conditions.
g. arthritis, rheumatism. These are diseases affecting
the spinal column and muscles of locomotion at the
back.

30. B. SENSORY IMPAIREMENTS
1. Visual impairement.
2. Blindness is the inability of the
person to see anything.

31. CAUSES OF DEAFNESS:
1. Prenatal causes:
a. Toxic conditions.
b. Viral causes
c. Congenital defects

32. 2. Perinatal causes.
a. Injury sustained during delivery.
b. Anoxia or lack of oxygen due to
prolonged labor.
c. Heavy sedation due to overdose of
anesthesia in twilight deliveries.
d. Blockage of the infant’s respiratory
passage.

33. 3. Postnatal causes.
a. Diseases , ailments and ther
conditions.
b. Accidents/trauma falls, head
bumps , overexposure to high
frequency sounds and extremely
loud explosions.

34. 4. Other causes.
a. heredity.
b. Prematurity.
c. Malnutrition.
d. Rh factor- blood incompatibility of
parents.
e. Overdosage of medecine.

35. Classification of Hearing
Impaired Children.
1. Acc. to age at onset of deafness.
a. Congenitally deaf
b. Adventitiously deaf.

36. 2. acc. to language development.
a. Prelingually deaf
b. Postilingual deaf

37. 3. Acc. to place of impairement.
a. Conductive hearing loss.
b. Sensory neutral hearing loss.
c. Mixed hearing loss.

38. 4. acc. to degree of hearing loss.
a. slight.
b. Mild .
c. Moderate .
d. Severe .
e. Profound.

39. C. Learning Disabilities.
The inability to listen well, process
information readily, and inability to talk,
read, write, spell, and even add numbers.
Also referred to as perceptual handicaps,
brain injury, brain dysfunction and the like.

40. The different types learning disabilities
are:
1. Dyslexia – reading
2. Dysgraphia- writing
3. Visual agnosia- sight
4. Motor aphasia- speaking
5. Dysathria- sttutering
6. Auditory agnosia- hearing
7. Olfactory agnosia- smelling
8. Dyscalcula -math

41. D. Attention Deficit Hyperacivity Disorder
(ADHD)
Refers to a chronic biobehavioral that
initially manifests in childhood & is
characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity,
and or inattention.

42. Symptoms:
Inattention:
Fails to give close attention to details
or makes careless mistakes in
schoolwork.
Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks
or play activities.
Often forgetful in daily activities.

43. Hyperactivity:
Often talks excessively .
Often has difficulty playing or
engaging in leisure activities quietly.

44. Impulsivity:
Often blurts out answers before
questions have been completed
Often has difficulty awaiting in
his/her turn
Often interrupts or intrudes on
others

45. 3 Principles of behavior therapy are:
1. Set specific goals.
2. Provide rewards & consenquences.
3. Keep using the rewards and
consequences.

46. THANK YOU..!