The document discusses the doina, a type of folk music from Romania. It describes the doina as a lyrical and solemn chant that is improvised and can be sung solo or with accompaniment. The doina expresses a wide range of emotions and has regional variations. It plays an important role in Romanian culture and folklore but is threatened today due to fewer people learning and performing it. The document also provides background on two famous Romanian musicians, Maria Tanase and Ion Voicu, who helped popularize Romanian folk music.
The document discusses the 14th century musical style known as Ars Nova and Guillame de Machaut, one of its most famous composers. The Ars Nova developed after periods of war and plague weakened the church's influence, allowing secular music to surpass sacred music. It featured new rhythmic patterns and notation. Machaut was a renowned composer and poet who served royalty, composing beautifully illustrated songs of courtly love. One of his works, Puis qu'en Oubli, contains eight lines in an ABAAABAB form for four voices. His Notre Dame Mass was the first known polyphonic setting of the mass ordinary.
This document provides an overview of 20th century music styles and focuses on Impressionism. It discusses key Impressionist composers Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel. Debussy is described as the primary exponent of Impressionism, changing musical development by dissolving traditional rules. His works included Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun and La Mer. Ravel was also an important Impressionist composer, influenced by Debussy. The document examines Debussy's life and musical style characterized by unique approaches to elements like form and harmony.
This document categorizes different musical genres including vocal, instrumental, vocal and instrumental combined, religious, profane, functional, cinematographic, theatre, publicity, dance, and jazz genres. Vocal music involves singing with or without instruments. Instrumental music uses only instruments. Religious music is for religious services and can be liturgical or non-liturgical. Profane genres are for entertainment and include popular folk music and cultured light music. Functional music provides backdrops for events. Cinematographic music enhances films. Theatre music accompanies plays and performances. Publicity music is used in advertisements. Dance music facilitates dancing in various styles. Jazz originated in the United States and incorporates different international influences.
Merengue Típico is the oldest style of merengue music originating in the 1840s/1850s in the northern Cibao valley region of the Dominican Republic. It is played using European, Indigenous Taíno, and African instruments like the accordion, güira scraper, and tambora drum. Merengue Típico features a call-and-response structure with a straightforward first section introducing the song and a more complex second section dominated by improvisation between instruments. Notable artists who helped popularize the genre include Nico Lora, Rafael Trujillo, and current performer El Prodigio.
History of Music (Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque)Mary Lin
This document provides an overview of the history of European classical music divided into periods from the Medieval era to the 20th century. It describes the defining musical styles of each period including characteristics like texture, melody, harmony, form, and prominent composers. Key periods mentioned include the Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, and Romantic eras.
The document discusses the characteristics and features of Romantic period music from 1820-1900. It describes the Romantic period as emphasizing extreme emotions and expressions, compositional freedom, and expanded orchestras. Key characteristics included lyrical melodies focused on love, nature, religion and nationalism. Composers also sought to elicit emotional reactions from audiences. Nationalism and exoticism influenced compositions through native and foreign musical influences respectively. The document outlines Romantic musical traits such as chromatic harmony, compound rhythms, and dramatic dynamics. Important genres that emerged were the art song and symphonic poem, while instruments like the piano and newer woodwind and brass instruments enlarged the orchestra.
The document discusses various elements and genres of music. It defines elements such as pitch, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, texture, and tempo. It then provides lists of example artists in genres like alternative rock, pop, R&B, jazz, and hip hop.
Slovak and Hungarian folk music have important regional traditions. Folk songs and dances vary between regions and celebrate local culture and history. Traditional instruments like the fujara pipe and dulcimer remain an important part of folk music performances. Folk costumes also distinguish the unique traditions of different areas. Annual festivals help preserve and spread folk music traditions throughout Slovakia and Hungary.
The document discusses the 14th century musical style known as Ars Nova and Guillame de Machaut, one of its most famous composers. The Ars Nova developed after periods of war and plague weakened the church's influence, allowing secular music to surpass sacred music. It featured new rhythmic patterns and notation. Machaut was a renowned composer and poet who served royalty, composing beautifully illustrated songs of courtly love. One of his works, Puis qu'en Oubli, contains eight lines in an ABAAABAB form for four voices. His Notre Dame Mass was the first known polyphonic setting of the mass ordinary.
This document provides an overview of 20th century music styles and focuses on Impressionism. It discusses key Impressionist composers Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel. Debussy is described as the primary exponent of Impressionism, changing musical development by dissolving traditional rules. His works included Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun and La Mer. Ravel was also an important Impressionist composer, influenced by Debussy. The document examines Debussy's life and musical style characterized by unique approaches to elements like form and harmony.
This document categorizes different musical genres including vocal, instrumental, vocal and instrumental combined, religious, profane, functional, cinematographic, theatre, publicity, dance, and jazz genres. Vocal music involves singing with or without instruments. Instrumental music uses only instruments. Religious music is for religious services and can be liturgical or non-liturgical. Profane genres are for entertainment and include popular folk music and cultured light music. Functional music provides backdrops for events. Cinematographic music enhances films. Theatre music accompanies plays and performances. Publicity music is used in advertisements. Dance music facilitates dancing in various styles. Jazz originated in the United States and incorporates different international influences.
Merengue Típico is the oldest style of merengue music originating in the 1840s/1850s in the northern Cibao valley region of the Dominican Republic. It is played using European, Indigenous Taíno, and African instruments like the accordion, güira scraper, and tambora drum. Merengue Típico features a call-and-response structure with a straightforward first section introducing the song and a more complex second section dominated by improvisation between instruments. Notable artists who helped popularize the genre include Nico Lora, Rafael Trujillo, and current performer El Prodigio.
History of Music (Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque)Mary Lin
This document provides an overview of the history of European classical music divided into periods from the Medieval era to the 20th century. It describes the defining musical styles of each period including characteristics like texture, melody, harmony, form, and prominent composers. Key periods mentioned include the Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, and Romantic eras.
The document discusses the characteristics and features of Romantic period music from 1820-1900. It describes the Romantic period as emphasizing extreme emotions and expressions, compositional freedom, and expanded orchestras. Key characteristics included lyrical melodies focused on love, nature, religion and nationalism. Composers also sought to elicit emotional reactions from audiences. Nationalism and exoticism influenced compositions through native and foreign musical influences respectively. The document outlines Romantic musical traits such as chromatic harmony, compound rhythms, and dramatic dynamics. Important genres that emerged were the art song and symphonic poem, while instruments like the piano and newer woodwind and brass instruments enlarged the orchestra.
The document discusses various elements and genres of music. It defines elements such as pitch, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, texture, and tempo. It then provides lists of example artists in genres like alternative rock, pop, R&B, jazz, and hip hop.
Slovak and Hungarian folk music have important regional traditions. Folk songs and dances vary between regions and celebrate local culture and history. Traditional instruments like the fujara pipe and dulcimer remain an important part of folk music performances. Folk costumes also distinguish the unique traditions of different areas. Annual festivals help preserve and spread folk music traditions throughout Slovakia and Hungary.
The document discusses different music genres including vocal, instrumental, religious, profane, functional, cinematographic, and advertising genres. Vocal genres feature sung lyrics while instrumental genres do not use voice. Religious genres are used for worship while profane genres are secular. Functional music serves as background for events. Cinematographic music enhances films and advertising music promotes products.
1) Program music originated during the Romantic period as a way for composers to musically represent non-musical themes, stories, and scenes.
2) There are four main types of program music for orchestra: program symphonies, concert overtures, symphonic poems, and incidental music.
3) Hector Berlioz was a famous French composer known for his program symphony Symphonie Fantastique, which musically depicts his feelings of love and views of life through five distinct movements with descriptive titles.
The video uses various camera angles and lighting techniques to highlight Lana Del Rey's emotions and showcase her as the main focus. Close-ups are used to clearly show her facial expressions matching the sentimental song. As she becomes more emotional, the camera shifts to a high angle, depicting her as fragile. Long shots show the large orchestra supporting the song in the background. Changing light colors represent shifts in mood throughout the lyrics. Shots of Rey alone in large settings convey her feelings of isolation. The ending implies themes of death and escapism as she walks toward a bright light.
The Xavier College Chorus (XCC) of St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai in collaboration with
Gandhi Ashram School Orchestra (GAS), a Jesuit mission school, in Kalimpong,
Darjeeling, is organizing a music concert titled ‘Strings'. The concert aims at showcasing
music as a vehicle for positive transformation for the poorest of the poor.
Music of the Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque musicMariyah Ayoniv
The document summarizes the history of Western classical music from the Medieval period to the Baroque period. It describes Gregorian chants as the dominant sacred music of the Medieval era, characterized by monophonic, free meter and modal styles. Secular Troubadour music originated in France, usually monophonic with stories of love and chivalry. The Renaissance saw the rise of polyphonic styles like masses and madrigals. Famous composers of this time included Palestrina, known for church music, and Thomas Morley, a writer of madrigals. The Baroque period featured elaborate instrumental music and ornamentation. Major composers highlighted are Bach, known for organ and choral works, Vivaldi and
Ewa Farna is a Polish pop singer born in 1993 in the Czech city of Trinec. She began her music career at a young age, releasing her first album at age 13. Throughout her career she has released several popular albums mainly appealing to younger audiences. She is known for her amateur musical recordings published online that gained her popularity.
This document classifies different music genres based on their characteristics. It discusses instrumental genres like pure music played solely with instruments and descriptive music that presents extra-musical contexts. Vocal and instrumental genres combine voice and instruments. Religious genres include liturgical music for ceremonies and non-liturgical music for religious purposes. Functional genres provide backdrops for important events. Cinematographic genres reinforce films' messages. Theatre genres are used in staged artistic expressions. Advertising genres employ music similarly to films.
This document outlines the content standards, performance standards, and learning competencies for music students in the first quarter. It covers three historical periods of music: the Medieval period from 700-1400 AD, including Gregorian chants and troubadour music; the Renaissance period from 1400-1600 AD, including masses and madrigals; and the Baroque period from 1685-1750 AD, including concerto grosso and oratorio forms. Students will learn about the cultural backgrounds of these eras and perform songs, describe musical elements, and relate the music to history. They will also explore other arts from these time periods and improvise accompaniments.
There are many ways to classify music genres. Genres can be defined by the instruments used, whether vocals are included, the purpose of the music such as religious or secular, the intended audience, and other attributes. Some key genres discussed include vocal music, instrumental music, religious music, folk music, popular music, and music composed for films or advertisements. Genres are not mutually exclusive and one piece can fall into several categories.
This document provides an overview of music from the Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque periods. It describes the characteristics and major genres of each period. The Medieval period saw the development of Gregorian chants and music performed by troubadours. The Renaissance was a time of polyphonic vocal music like the mass and madrigal. The Baroque period featured elaborate, ornamental styles and genres including the concerto, fugue, and oratorio. Major composers highlighted include Palestrina, Morley, Bach, Vivaldi, and Handel.
This document discusses different musical genres. It defines a musical genre as a category that identifies pieces of music belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions. It then outlines several genres including vocal music, instrumental music, genres that combine vocal and instrumental music, secular or profane music, functional music used for events, cinematographic music for films, theatre music for stage productions, and advertising music for television and radio.
Baroque music, composed between 1600 and 1750 CE in western Europe, is characterized by its focus on artistic expression and ornamentation through a single musical voice supported by a harmonic structure. Baroque composers believed this style was most effective at communicating emotion, as it allowed for dramatic dynamic shifts, rhetorical themes, and rhythmic continuity throughout a piece.
Music in the Middle Ages developed significantly from the 5th to 15th centuries. Sacred music like Gregorian chant was preserved primarily in monasteries and used single melodic lines. Polyphony emerged with composers adding additional voices above a sustained chant. Major figures like Leoninus, Perotinus, and Machaut advanced polyphony. Secular music also grew, including troubadour songs and instrumental dances at royal courts. Various instruments and styles of music flourished despite many challenges of the Middle Ages.
The document provides an overview of music vocabulary and concepts to review for a final exam. It defines key terms related to musical notation, intervals, chords, forms, textures, and time periods. Specifically, it discusses the staff, clefs, intervals, chords, note values, dynamics, forms like sonata form and fugue, textures like monophony and homophony, and styles from ancient Greece to the Romantic period. Composers are named for each major era as well.
Music education has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations. In classical times, the Greeks considered music vital for shaping character and included it in their education system centered on music and gymnastics. During the Middle Ages, music education was carried out through churches, courts, and schools. The Renaissance saw music instruction become standard in court and parish schools. Modern music education systems have roots in these traditions but have broadened over time, with an emphasis on musical literacy, appreciation of different styles and cultures, and the overall value of music.
There are several music genres described in the document. The main genres include vocal, instrumental, vocal and instrumental, religious, profane, functional, cinematographic, theatre, and advertising genres. Vocal genre involves solo or unaccompanied singing, while instrumental refers to music without vocals. Religious genre is composed for religious contexts and ceremonies. Profane genre has no religious purpose and includes popular folk music and cultured music.
This document defines and provides examples of different music genres:
Vocal genres include a cappella music performed without instruments, such as choirs. Instrumental genres consist of pure music meant solely for listening, like symphonies, or descriptive music that represents non-musical contexts. Vocal and instrumental genres combine voices and instruments, like rock bands.
Religious genres are divided into liturgical music that is part of religious ceremonies, and non-liturgical music for religious purposes but not ceremonies, like Christmas carols. Profane genres are not religious and include popular folk music and light mainstream music for leisure, as well as cultured classical music.
Functional genres provide backdrops for events like ceremonies and
Merengue originated in the 1920s in the Dominican Republic and was promoted as the country's national music and dance by dictator Rafael Trujillo. It is played using instruments like tambora, marimba, güiro and accordion and is danced at festivals, parties and celebrations. While there is no specific traditional dress, bright colors and items like sandals, blouses and skirts are commonly worn. Popular merengue artists include Elvis Crespo, Celines and Melina León.
During the Middle Ages, music was monophonic with a single melodic line like Gregorian chants. Later, polyphonic texture with multiple melodic lines was introduced. In the Renaissance, harmony became more developed. The church modes provided scales for medieval music composition but were replaced later. Troubadours, trouvères, and minstrels composed and sang love songs and stories during this period. Madrigals were short lyric poems set to music for multiple voices. Chansons were French songs that evolved from troubadour songs and reached their height in the 16th century.
1) "Desteapta-te Romane!" is the national anthem of Romania. The lyrics were written during the 1848 revolution to inspire nationalism.
2) Hora is a traditional Romanian folk dance where dancers hold hands in a circle and spin counterclockwise while following a three step forward, one step back pattern, often accompanied by instruments like the cymbalom and accordion.
3) Calusarii were a community that practiced an acrobatic ritual dance called the calus, known for creating the illusion of flying.
The document discusses different music genres including vocal, instrumental, religious, profane, functional, cinematographic, and advertising genres. Vocal genres feature sung lyrics while instrumental genres do not use voice. Religious genres are used for worship while profane genres are secular. Functional music serves as background for events. Cinematographic music enhances films and advertising music promotes products.
1) Program music originated during the Romantic period as a way for composers to musically represent non-musical themes, stories, and scenes.
2) There are four main types of program music for orchestra: program symphonies, concert overtures, symphonic poems, and incidental music.
3) Hector Berlioz was a famous French composer known for his program symphony Symphonie Fantastique, which musically depicts his feelings of love and views of life through five distinct movements with descriptive titles.
The video uses various camera angles and lighting techniques to highlight Lana Del Rey's emotions and showcase her as the main focus. Close-ups are used to clearly show her facial expressions matching the sentimental song. As she becomes more emotional, the camera shifts to a high angle, depicting her as fragile. Long shots show the large orchestra supporting the song in the background. Changing light colors represent shifts in mood throughout the lyrics. Shots of Rey alone in large settings convey her feelings of isolation. The ending implies themes of death and escapism as she walks toward a bright light.
The Xavier College Chorus (XCC) of St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai in collaboration with
Gandhi Ashram School Orchestra (GAS), a Jesuit mission school, in Kalimpong,
Darjeeling, is organizing a music concert titled ‘Strings'. The concert aims at showcasing
music as a vehicle for positive transformation for the poorest of the poor.
Music of the Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque musicMariyah Ayoniv
The document summarizes the history of Western classical music from the Medieval period to the Baroque period. It describes Gregorian chants as the dominant sacred music of the Medieval era, characterized by monophonic, free meter and modal styles. Secular Troubadour music originated in France, usually monophonic with stories of love and chivalry. The Renaissance saw the rise of polyphonic styles like masses and madrigals. Famous composers of this time included Palestrina, known for church music, and Thomas Morley, a writer of madrigals. The Baroque period featured elaborate instrumental music and ornamentation. Major composers highlighted are Bach, known for organ and choral works, Vivaldi and
Ewa Farna is a Polish pop singer born in 1993 in the Czech city of Trinec. She began her music career at a young age, releasing her first album at age 13. Throughout her career she has released several popular albums mainly appealing to younger audiences. She is known for her amateur musical recordings published online that gained her popularity.
This document classifies different music genres based on their characteristics. It discusses instrumental genres like pure music played solely with instruments and descriptive music that presents extra-musical contexts. Vocal and instrumental genres combine voice and instruments. Religious genres include liturgical music for ceremonies and non-liturgical music for religious purposes. Functional genres provide backdrops for important events. Cinematographic genres reinforce films' messages. Theatre genres are used in staged artistic expressions. Advertising genres employ music similarly to films.
This document outlines the content standards, performance standards, and learning competencies for music students in the first quarter. It covers three historical periods of music: the Medieval period from 700-1400 AD, including Gregorian chants and troubadour music; the Renaissance period from 1400-1600 AD, including masses and madrigals; and the Baroque period from 1685-1750 AD, including concerto grosso and oratorio forms. Students will learn about the cultural backgrounds of these eras and perform songs, describe musical elements, and relate the music to history. They will also explore other arts from these time periods and improvise accompaniments.
There are many ways to classify music genres. Genres can be defined by the instruments used, whether vocals are included, the purpose of the music such as religious or secular, the intended audience, and other attributes. Some key genres discussed include vocal music, instrumental music, religious music, folk music, popular music, and music composed for films or advertisements. Genres are not mutually exclusive and one piece can fall into several categories.
This document provides an overview of music from the Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque periods. It describes the characteristics and major genres of each period. The Medieval period saw the development of Gregorian chants and music performed by troubadours. The Renaissance was a time of polyphonic vocal music like the mass and madrigal. The Baroque period featured elaborate, ornamental styles and genres including the concerto, fugue, and oratorio. Major composers highlighted include Palestrina, Morley, Bach, Vivaldi, and Handel.
This document discusses different musical genres. It defines a musical genre as a category that identifies pieces of music belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions. It then outlines several genres including vocal music, instrumental music, genres that combine vocal and instrumental music, secular or profane music, functional music used for events, cinematographic music for films, theatre music for stage productions, and advertising music for television and radio.
Baroque music, composed between 1600 and 1750 CE in western Europe, is characterized by its focus on artistic expression and ornamentation through a single musical voice supported by a harmonic structure. Baroque composers believed this style was most effective at communicating emotion, as it allowed for dramatic dynamic shifts, rhetorical themes, and rhythmic continuity throughout a piece.
Music in the Middle Ages developed significantly from the 5th to 15th centuries. Sacred music like Gregorian chant was preserved primarily in monasteries and used single melodic lines. Polyphony emerged with composers adding additional voices above a sustained chant. Major figures like Leoninus, Perotinus, and Machaut advanced polyphony. Secular music also grew, including troubadour songs and instrumental dances at royal courts. Various instruments and styles of music flourished despite many challenges of the Middle Ages.
The document provides an overview of music vocabulary and concepts to review for a final exam. It defines key terms related to musical notation, intervals, chords, forms, textures, and time periods. Specifically, it discusses the staff, clefs, intervals, chords, note values, dynamics, forms like sonata form and fugue, textures like monophony and homophony, and styles from ancient Greece to the Romantic period. Composers are named for each major era as well.
Music education has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations. In classical times, the Greeks considered music vital for shaping character and included it in their education system centered on music and gymnastics. During the Middle Ages, music education was carried out through churches, courts, and schools. The Renaissance saw music instruction become standard in court and parish schools. Modern music education systems have roots in these traditions but have broadened over time, with an emphasis on musical literacy, appreciation of different styles and cultures, and the overall value of music.
There are several music genres described in the document. The main genres include vocal, instrumental, vocal and instrumental, religious, profane, functional, cinematographic, theatre, and advertising genres. Vocal genre involves solo or unaccompanied singing, while instrumental refers to music without vocals. Religious genre is composed for religious contexts and ceremonies. Profane genre has no religious purpose and includes popular folk music and cultured music.
This document defines and provides examples of different music genres:
Vocal genres include a cappella music performed without instruments, such as choirs. Instrumental genres consist of pure music meant solely for listening, like symphonies, or descriptive music that represents non-musical contexts. Vocal and instrumental genres combine voices and instruments, like rock bands.
Religious genres are divided into liturgical music that is part of religious ceremonies, and non-liturgical music for religious purposes but not ceremonies, like Christmas carols. Profane genres are not religious and include popular folk music and light mainstream music for leisure, as well as cultured classical music.
Functional genres provide backdrops for events like ceremonies and
Merengue originated in the 1920s in the Dominican Republic and was promoted as the country's national music and dance by dictator Rafael Trujillo. It is played using instruments like tambora, marimba, güiro and accordion and is danced at festivals, parties and celebrations. While there is no specific traditional dress, bright colors and items like sandals, blouses and skirts are commonly worn. Popular merengue artists include Elvis Crespo, Celines and Melina León.
During the Middle Ages, music was monophonic with a single melodic line like Gregorian chants. Later, polyphonic texture with multiple melodic lines was introduced. In the Renaissance, harmony became more developed. The church modes provided scales for medieval music composition but were replaced later. Troubadours, trouvères, and minstrels composed and sang love songs and stories during this period. Madrigals were short lyric poems set to music for multiple voices. Chansons were French songs that evolved from troubadour songs and reached their height in the 16th century.
1) "Desteapta-te Romane!" is the national anthem of Romania. The lyrics were written during the 1848 revolution to inspire nationalism.
2) Hora is a traditional Romanian folk dance where dancers hold hands in a circle and spin counterclockwise while following a three step forward, one step back pattern, often accompanied by instruments like the cymbalom and accordion.
3) Calusarii were a community that practiced an acrobatic ritual dance called the calus, known for creating the illusion of flying.
The bucium is a wind instrument used by shepherds in Romania for communication. It resembles an Alpenhorn but produces distinct sounds. Traditionally made of wood, it can reach lengths of 1.5 to 3 meters. While mostly used by men, some women in the Apuseni Mountains also play the bucium to call loved ones or for practical signaling. Different regions use the bucium at various times of day and for diverse purposes, such as herding sheep or leading funerals. The tube is crafted from seasoned wood and in northern Romania sometimes incorporates metal. Groups of female bucium players from the Apuseni Mountains were brought to folk music shows in Bucharest, contrasting with modern performers through their simplicity and
There are six main folklore regions in Bulgaria, each with distinctive musical styles and costumes. The Dobrudja region features two folklore styles and harvest songs accompanied by gadulka, kaval and gayda. The Moesia region has a wealth of folk dances played on local instruments. The Pirin region features varied songs from past migrations and harvest festivals, along with the Macedonian horo dance. The Rhodopes region is known for slow, emotional songs and dances performed gracefully with few instruments. The Thracian region has powerful and natural songs, especially Christmas carols. The Sofia region features various styles and the lively Shopi dance.
The document discusses the characteristics of Romantic period music from 1820-1900. It summarizes that Romantic music continued classical forms but with more emotional intensity, a closer link to literature, and an emphasis on expressing feelings through melodies, nature themes, and evoking emotion in audiences. It describes expanded orchestras and the rise of musical nationalism and exoticism as composers incorporated styles from their native countries or other lands.
The document discusses the characteristics of Romantic period music from 1820-1900. It summarizes that Romantic music continued classical forms but with more emotional intensity, a closer link to literature, and an emphasis on expressing feelings through melodies, nature themes, and evoking emotion in audiences. It describes expanded orchestras and the rise of musical nationalism and exoticism as composers incorporated styles from their native countries or other lands.
Art Appreciation specifically in Music. This is will cover the history of music from pre-historic until the modern music. Also, the elements and types of music.
The document provides an overview of medieval music in Europe from approximately the 6th to 15th centuries. It discusses the main characteristics and genres of early, high, and late medieval music, including liturgical chant, polyphony, and the emergence of secular forms like the motet and virelai. Specific composers and works are mentioned for the Ars Antiqua and Ars Nova periods as representative of the major developments in musical style that occurred during the Middle Ages.
Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884) was a Czech composer best known for his opera The Bartered Bride and his symphonic cycle Má Vlast which includes the famous tone poem "The Moldau". He was born in Bohemia and showed early musical talent, giving his first public performance at age 6. Throughout his life he composed pieces celebrating Czech national identity and culture. His most famous work "The Moldau" depicts the river from its two sources through the countryside and cities, increasing in intensity through rapids before flowing majestically into the distance. Smetana struggled for recognition but is now regarded as the founder of Czech national music and an important figure in the development of program music.
Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884) was a Czech composer best known for his opera The Bartered Bride and his symphonic cycle Má Vlast which includes the famous tone poem "The Moldau". He was born in Bohemia and showed early musical talent, giving his first public performance at age 6. Throughout his life he composed pieces celebrating Czech national identity and culture. His most famous work "The Moldau" depicts the river from its two sources through the countryside and cities, increasing in intensity through rapids before flowing majestically on. Smetana struggled for recognition in life but is now regarded as the foremost Czech composer of the 19th century.
This document summarizes traditional musical instruments and songs from Romania. It describes various woodwind, string, and reed instruments including the fluier flute, caval pipe, nai panpipes, cobza lute, violin, taragot woodwind instrument, and accordion. It also discusses traditional vocal styles like the free-form doina song and rhythmic shouting verses called strigături that accompany folk dances. The document provides information on the origins, regional variations, and playing techniques of these important elements of Romania's musical heritage.
The document summarizes the characteristics of Romantic period music from 1820-1900. It describes how Romantic music continued using classical forms but with more emotional intensity. Key characteristics included an emphasis on lyricism, emotion, nature themes, and nationalism in composition. Composers also expanded the orchestra and used extreme dynamics, chromatic harmony, and rubato for emotional expression. Popular forms during this period included art songs and symphonic poems.
The Medieval period lasted from 500AD to the rise of the Ottoman Empire, and was also known as the Dark Ages due to constant warfare. Music during this time was primarily monophonic sacred music like Gregorian chants. Secular music also began to emerge in the 12th-13th centuries in the form of songs performed by minstrels, jongleurs, and poet musicians called troubadours, trouveres, and minnesingers who sang about courtly love and historical events. Notable Medieval musicians included Hildegard of Bingen, a German nun and composer of Gregorian chants, and Adam de la Halle, a French trouvere and innovator of early secular theater.
The document discusses several types of traditional Filipino music used in courtship rituals:
- The Kundiman is a traditional Filipino love song genre characterized by smooth, flowing melodies typically written in Tagalog.
- The Harana is an old tradition where a man would serenade a woman outside her home by playing music and singing love songs, usually accompanied by friends.
- Both the Kundiman and Harana date back to the Spanish period and were commonly used in courtship.
The document provides information about Romantic period music from the late 18th to 19th century. It discusses key characteristics of Romantic music including a focus on emotion, imagination, and nationalism. It introduces several major composers from the period like Chopin, Liszt, Schumann, Berlioz, and Tchaikovsky. The document also explains musical forms and genres that were popular during this era such as program music, piano music like ballades and etudes, and orchestral works like symphonies. It concludes with a quiz testing knowledge of composers and statements about Romantic music.
Moroccan folklore music encompasses four main varieties: Berber music of the Atlas Mountains, Gharnati music of eastern Morocco originating from Andalusia, mystical Gnawa music of southern Morocco brought by Africans, and trance music of Jajouka village in northern Morocco influenced by Sufism and linked to ancient Greek rites of Pan. Each variety has distinct origins, styles of performance, and instruments but together depict Morocco's diverse cultural influences and promote cultural understanding in the country.
This document discusses French-Canadian folk music. It begins by defining folk music and its characteristics, such as oral transmission, functional nature, and variation across cultures. It then provides context about the origins of French-Canadian folk music from French settlers in the 17th-19th centuries. Key characteristics of this folk music genre are discussed, including adaptation, transmission through variation, and compositional patterns. Specific musical instruments, dance styles, and songs are described as examples. The influences of French, English, and Gaelic cultures on French-Canadian folk music are also summarized.
Moroccan folklore music has four main varieties: [1] Berber music of the Atlas Mountains features village dances accompanied by flutes and drums, as well as ritual music performed by professional musicians; [2] Gharnati music originated in Al-Andalus and is preserved in cities like Oujda, influenced by Granada; [3] Gnawa mystical music was brought by Africans and incorporates trance rituals and chants; [4] Jajouka music from a village in the Rif Mountains attracted Western writers and musicians in the 1950s-60s with its Sufi trance traditions and festivals celebrating ancient rites.
The document provides information about 20th century musical styles from the Philippines Department of Education curriculum for 10th grade music. It covers impressionism, the main composers of this style Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel, and gives examples of their most famous works. Key points discussed are the characteristics of impressionist music, how it differed from previous romantic styles in its focus on mood and suggestion over drama, and innovations in harmony and form introduced by Debussy and Ravel.
Live Music Now was founded to use music to transform lives and bring live music to those who don't have access to it. They bring professional musicians into communities to perform for 3,000+ workshops annually, serving groups like those with special needs, in healthcare, justice systems, and early childhood programs. Their goals are to provide high quality musical experiences and support young musicians' careers through training and performances.
Some instrumente traditionale romanesti-enBaris Ekici
This document provides information on traditional musical instruments from Romania. It describes various woodwind and brass instruments that are integral parts of Romanian folk music traditions, including panpipes (nai), flutes (fluier, caval), bagpipes (cimpoi), and alpine horns (bucium). The document discusses the origins and regional variations of these instruments and how they are used to accompany traditional dances and shepherding calls. It also notes the cultural influences from surrounding regions like Turkey and how certain instruments like the panpipes were reintroduced via the Ottoman Empire.
This thesis analyzes 40 Turkish art music songs from 4 randomly selected maqams using fractal dimension. The songs are restricted to the sofyan rhythmic form to check statistical significance. The fractal dimensions of the songs are calculated using two different methods and scattering diagrams. Standard deviation and mean fractal dimensions are also calculated to check the relationship between fractal dimension and maqam. Statistical tests are applied to analyze the results. The study finds that fractal dimension can provide information about the nonlinear dynamical nature of the songs. It also finds that maqams may have distinct fractal dimensions at low resolutions but similar dimensions at high resolutions.
This document provides an overview of the contents of a book about Turkish art music. It includes a table of contents that lists 8 chapters covering topics like the historical context and evolution of Turkish notation, the classical tradition in contemporary practice, intervalic structure, tonal centers and their sequence, modulation between musical modes, and stereotyped motives and phrases. The introduction gives a brief historical background on Turkish art music and discusses how it draws from a rich Ottoman musical tradition but also faces ideological opposition from those who reject Ottoman culture.
Turkey has a rich musical heritage that includes both classical and folk traditions. Turkish classical music developed from the musical traditions of neighboring regions and is based on melodic modes and human voices. It uses various instruments and can be divided into religious and non-religious styles. The history of Turkish music spans different periods starting from the Ottoman Empire and includes the modernization efforts of the early Turkish Republic. Today, Turkish music blends classical, folk, Ottoman and Western influences and remains an integral part of Turkish culture.
This document summarizes the activities of the Romanian Cultural Association Horizon Cultural T, founded in 2006. It organizes cultural events and educational programs with the goals of promoting European cultural values, fighting social disadvantage, and raising awareness of issues in the EU. Some of its projects include ones focused on audiovisual languages for young adults, intergenerational solidarity in Portugal, and integrating adults through music in Turkey. It involves learners of all ages in programs about European citizenship, cultural diversity, and developing international connections. Horizon Cultural T also participates in the Comenius Regio network through the Dolj County Council in Romania.
This document summarizes projects undertaken by the Romanian Cultural Association Horizon Cultural T between 2006-2012. It was involved in several European Commission funded programs focused on culture, education, and social inclusion. Key projects included developing intergenerational learning activities, promoting cultural heritage and diversity, and addressing issues like marginalization. The association organized cultural events, workshops, and exchanges with other countries to pursue its goals of social inclusion and recognizing Europe's shared cultural values.
Turkish art music has developed in two areas: classical and folk music. It originated from Ottoman court music which was influenced by Arabic, Persian, and Turkish styles and based on modes and human voices. There are approximately 24 unequal intervals and over 200 musical modes in Turkish music. Many traditional instruments are used like the ud, tanbur, kemence, ney, kanun, and kudum. Turkish music is also categorized into religious, military, mosque, and mystical styles. The history of Turkish art music spans from the 9th century to today and progressed through pre-classical, classical, romantic, and contemporary periods as musical notation was introduced.
The document lists various locations throughout Portugal including cities, regions, and tourist attractions. Some of the places mentioned include Viana do Castelo, Guimarães, Braga, Porto, Aveiro, Coimbra, Sintra, Lisbon, Évora, the Algarve region, the Azores Islands, Madeira Island, and various cultural sites throughout the country. It provides a high-level overview of tourism destinations in Portugal in a brief listing format.
Associação de cultura musical de lousada (4)Baris Ekici
The Associação de Cultura Musical de Lousada was founded in 1975 to manage the Wind Band created in 1855. It oversees the Banda de Música with 58 musicians under 25, the Conservatório do Vale do Sousa music school founded in 1994 which now has 418 students and 40 teachers, and newer groups like the Lousada Big Band formed in 2009 and ballet started in 2005.
Tanburi Cemil Bey was an influential Turkish musician born in 1873 in Istanbul who greatly contributed to the taksim genre of Ottoman classical music. He was a virtuoso of multiple string instruments including the tanbur, kemençe, and lavta. He reformed the playing technique of the tanbur and was also the inventor of the bowed tanbur. Though a sensitive person, he suffered from alcoholism later in life. Many of his compositions were preserved in his recordings.
Münir Nurettin Selçuk was a renowned Turkish classical musician and tenor singer born in 1900 in Istanbul. He studied music in Hungary as a youth before returning to Turkey to become a musician. Selçuk furthered his musical education in Paris in 1927 and later worked at the Istanbul Conservatory, where he served as director for sixteen years. He is remembered as establishing the role of lead singer in Turkish music and for his two musically talented sons before passing away in 1981.
Dede Efendi (1778-1846) was a renowned Turkish composer of classical music who studied under Mehmed Emin Efendi and Ali Nutki Dede. He composed hundreds of songs and Mevlevi rituals, mastering all forms of Turkish music and developing new musical modes. Considered one of Turkey's greatest composers, over 200 of his compositions survive today.
Haci Arif Bey (1831-1885) was a prolific Turkish composer known for şarkı compositions. He studied under Dede Efendi and taught at the Imperial Military Music School. He fell in love with and had children with concubines in the sultan's harem
The document discusses two traditional Turkish musical instruments:
The tambur is a fretted string instrument that is played with a plectrum or bow. It has a semi-spherical wooden body made of strips of wood joined together.
The ney is an end-blown flute that is prominent in Middle Eastern music. It is made of hollow cane or reed with finger and thumb holes. The ney is considered one of the oldest instruments still in use today.
Oud is a pear-shaped stringed instrument used in Middle Eastern music that descended from a common ancestor as the European lute. It is distinguished by its lack of frets and smaller neck. The ancient Turkic peoples had a similar instrument called the kopuz, which was thought to have magical powers and was used in military bands. Today's oud differs from old prototypes and the Turkish oud has a different playing style and shape than the Arabic oud, developed by a Greek luthier in Istanbul in the late 19th century.
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Leonardo DiCaprio is synonymous with Hollywood stardom and acclaimed performances. has a unique connection with one of America's most beloved sports events—the Super Bowl. The "Leonardo DiCaprio Super Bowl" phenomenon combines the worlds of cinema and sports. drawing attention from fans of both domains. This article delves into the multifaceted relationship between DiCaprio and the Super Bowl. exploring his appearances at the event, His involvement in Super Bowl advertisements. and his cultural impact that bridges the gap between these two massive entertainment industries.
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Leonardo DiCaprio: The Hollywood Icon
Early Life and Career Beginnings
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio was born in Los Angeles, California, on November 11, 1974. His journey to stardom began at a young age with roles in television commercials and educational programs. DiCaprio's breakthrough came with his portrayal of Luke Brower in the sitcom "Growing Pains" and later as Tobias Wolff in "This Boy's Life" (1993). where he starred alongside Robert De Niro.
Rise to Stardom
DiCaprio's career skyrocketed with his performance in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993). earning him his first Academy Award nomination. He continued to gain acclaim with roles in "Romeo + Juliet" (1996) and "Titanic" (1997). the latter of which cemented his status as a global superstar. Over the years, DiCaprio has showcased his versatility in films like "The Aviator" (2004). "Start" (2010), and "The Revenant" (2015), for which he finally won an Academy Award for Best Actor.
Environmental Activism
Beyond his film career, DiCaprio is also renowned for his environmental activism. He established the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation in 1998, focusing on global conservation efforts. His commitment to ecological issues often intersects with his public appearances. including those related to the Super Bowl.
The Super Bowl: An American Institution
History and Significance
The Super Bowl is the National Football League (NFL) championship game. is one of the most-watched sporting events in the world. First played in 1967, the Super Bowl has evolved into a cultural phenomenon. featuring high-profile halftime shows, memorable advertisements, and significant media coverage. The event attracts a diverse audience, from avid sports fans to casual viewers. making it a prime platform for celebrities to appear.
Entertainment and Advertisements
The Super Bowl is not only about football but also about entertainment. The halftime show features performances by some of the biggest names in the music industry. while the commercials are often as anticipated as the game itself. Companies invest millions in Super Bowl ads. creating iconic and sometimes controversial commercials that capture public attention.
Leonardo DiCaprio's Super Bowl Appearances
A Celebrity Among the Fans
Leonardo DiCaprio's presence at the Super Bowl has noted several times. As a high-profile celebrity. DiCaprio attracts
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Tom Cruise is a name that resonates with global audiences for his iconic roles in blockbuster films and his dynamic presence in Hollywood. But, beyond his illustrious career, Tom Cruise's personal life. especially his relationship with his daughter has been a subject of public fascination and media scrutiny. This article delves deep into the life of Tom Cruise daughter, Suri Cruise. Exploring her upbringing, the influence of her parents, and her current life.
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Introduction: The Fame Surrounding Tom Cruise Daughter
Suri Cruise, the daughter of Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes, has been in the public eye since her birth on April 18, 2006. Thanks to the media's relentless coverage, the world watched her grow up. As the daughter of one of Hollywood's most renowned actors. Suri has had a unique upbringing marked by privilege and scrutiny. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Suri Cruise's life. Her relationship with her parents, and her journey so far.
Early Life of Tom Cruise Daughter
Birth and Immediate Fame
Suri Cruise was born in Santa Monica, California. and from the moment she came into the world, she was thrust into the limelight. Her parents, Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes. Were one of Hollywood's most talked-about couples at the time. The birth of their daughter was a anticipated event. and Suri's first public appearance in Vanity Fair magazine set the tone for her life in the public eye.
The Impact of Celebrity Parents
Having celebrity parents like Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes comes with its own set of challenges and privileges. Suri Cruise's early life marked by a whirlwind of media attention. paparazzi, and public interest. Despite the constant spotlight. Her parents tried to provide her with an upbringing that was as normal as possible.
The Influence of Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes
Tom Cruise's Parenting Style
Tom Cruise known for his dedication and passion in both his professional and personal life. As a father, Cruise has described as loving and protective. His involvement in the Church of Scientology, but, has been a point of contention and has influenced his relationship with Suri. Cruise's commitment to Scientology has reported to be a significant factor in his and Holmes' divorce and his limited public interactions with Suri.
Katie Holmes' Role in Suri's Life
Katie Holmes has been Suri's primary caregiver since her separation from Tom Cruise in 2012. Holmes has provided a stable and grounded environment for her daughter. She moved to New York City with Suri to start a new chapter in their lives away from the intense scrutiny of Hollywood.
Suri Cruise: Growing Up in the Spotlight
Media Attention and Public Interest
From stylish outfits to everyday activities. Suri Cruise has been a favorite subject for tabloids and entertainment news. The constant media attention has shaped her childhood. Despite this, Suri has managed to maintain a level of normalcy, thanks to her mother's efforts.
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The cats, Sunny and Rishi, are brothers who live with their sister, Jessica, and their grandmother, Susie. They work as cleaners but wish to seek other kinds of employment that are better than their current jobs. New career adventures await Sunny and Rishi!
The Future of Independent Filmmaking Trends and Job OpportunitiesLetsFAME
The landscape of independent filmmaking is evolving at an unprecedented pace. Technological advancements, changing consumer preferences, and new distribution models are reshaping the industry, creating new opportunities and challenges for filmmakers and film industry jobs. This article explores the future of independent filmmaking, highlighting key trends and emerging job opportunities.
The Evolution and Impact of Tom Cruise Long Hairgreendigital
Tom Cruise is one of Hollywood's most iconic figures, known for his versatility, charisma, and dedication to his craft. Over the decades, his appearance has been almost as dynamic as his filmography, with one aspect often drawing significant attention: his hair. In particular, Tom Cruise long hair has become a defining feature in various phases of his career. symbolizing different roles and adding layers to his on-screen characters. This article delves into the evolution of Tom Cruise long hair, its impact on his roles. and its influence on popular culture.
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Introduction
Tom Cruise long hair has often been more than a style choice. it has been a significant element of his persona both on and off the screen. From the tousled locks of the rebellious Maverick in "Top Gun" to the sleek, sophisticated mane in "Mission: Impossible II." Cruise's hair has played a pivotal role in shaping his image and the characters he portrays. This article explores the various stages of Tom Cruise long hair. Examining how this iconic look has evolved and influenced his career and broader fashion trends.
Early Days: The Emergence of a Style Icon
The 1980s: The Birth of a Star
In the early stages of his career during the 1980s, Tom Cruise sported a range of hairstyles. but in "Top Gun" (1986), his hair began to gain significant attention. Though not long by later standards, his hair in this film was longer than the military crew cuts associated with fighter pilots. adding a rebellious edge to his character, Pete "Maverick" Mitchell.
Risky Business: The Transition Begins
In "Risky Business" (1983). Tom Cruise's hair was short but longer than the clean-cut styles dominant at the time. This look complemented his role as a high school student stepping into adulthood. embodying a sense of youthful freedom and experimentation. It was a precursor to the more dramatic hair transformations in his career.
The 1990s: Experimentation and Iconic Roles
Far and Away: Embracing Length
One of the first films in which Tom Cruise embraced long hair was "Far and Away" (1992). Playing the role of Joseph. an Irish immigrant in 1890s America, Cruise's long, hair added authenticity to his character's rugged and determined persona. This look was a stark departure from his earlier. more polished styles and marked the beginning of a more adventurous phase in his hairstyle choices.
Interview with the Vampire: Gothic Elegance
In "Interview with the Vampire" (1994). Tom Cruise long hair reached new lengths of sophistication and elegance. Portraying the vampire Lestat. Cruise's flowing blonde locks were integral to the character's ethereal and timeless allure. This hairstyle not only suited the gothic aesthetic of the film but also showcased Cruise's ability to transform his appearance for a role.
Mission: Impossible II: The Pinnacle of Long Hair
One of the most memorable instances of Tom Cruise long hair came in "Mission: Impossible II" (2000). His character, Ethan
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Brian Peck Leonardo DiCaprio: A Unique Intersection of Lives and Legaciesgreendigital
Introduction
The world of Hollywood is vast and interconnected. filled with countless stories of collaboration, friendship, and influence. Among these tales are the notable narratives of Brian Peck and Leonardo DiCaprio. The keyword "Brian Peck Leonardo DiCaprio" might not immediately ring a bell for everyone. but the connection between these two figures in the entertainment industry is intriguing and significant. This article delves deep into their lives, careers, and the moments where their paths intersect. providing a comprehensive look at how their stories intertwine.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
Brian Peck: The Early Years
Brian Peck was born in New York City on July 29, 1960. From a young age, Peck exhibited a passion for the performing arts. He attended the Professional Children's School. which has a history of nurturing young talent in the arts. Peck's early career marked by a series of roles in television and film that showcased his versatility as an actor.
Peck's breakthrough came with his role in the cult classic "The Return of the Living Dead" (1985). His performance as Scuz, one of the punk rockers who releases a toxic gas that reanimates the dead. earned him a place in the annals of horror cinema. This role opened doors for Peck. allowing him to explore various facets of the entertainment industry. including writing and directing.
Leonardo DiCaprio: From Child Star to Hollywood Icon
Leonardo DiCaprio was born in Los Angeles, California, on November 11, 1974. His career began at a young age with appearances in television commercials and educational films. DiCaprio's big break came when he joined the cast of the popular sitcom "Growing Pains" (1985-1992). where he played the character Luke Brower.
DiCaprio's transition from television to film was seamless. He gained recognition for his role in "This Boy's Life" (1993) alongside Robert De Niro. This performance began a series of acclaimed roles. establishing DiCaprio as one of the most talented actors of his generation. His portrayal of Jack Dawson in James Cameron's "Titanic" (1997) catapulted him to global stardom. solidifying his status as a Hollywood icon.
Brian Peck Leonardo DiCaprio: Their Paths Cross
Collaborations and Connections
The keyword "Brian Peck Leonardo DiCaprio" signifies more than two names; it represents a fascinating connection in Hollywood. While their careers took different trajectories, their paths crossed in the 1990s. Brian Peck worked with DiCaprio on the set of the 1990s sitcom "Growing Pains." where DiCaprio had a recurring role. Peck appeared in a few episodes. contributing to the comedic and dynamic environment of the show.
Their professional relationship extended beyond "Growing Pains." Peck directed DiCaprio in several educational videos for the "Disneyland Fun" series. where DiCaprio's youthful charm and energy were evident. These early collaborations offered DiCaprio valuable experience in front of the camera. he
Brian Peck Leonardo DiCaprio: A Unique Intersection of Lives and Legacies
Romanian traditional music
1. MUSIC
Doina – „known by various names throughout Romania, the doina is a lyrical, solemn
chant that is improvised and spontaneous. As the essence of Romanian folklore, until 1900 it
was the only musical genre in many regions of the country. Technically, the doina can be
sung in any context (outdoors, at home, at work or during wakes), and is always performed
solo, with or without instrumental accompaniment (which might include the traditional
straight flute, bagpipes and even improvised instruments). There are several regional
variants. The doina has a wide‐ranging expressive and thematic palette that spans joy,
sadness, solitude, social conflicts, brigand attacks, love and so on. Expressing as it does the
personal qualities, emotions and virtuosity of the creator‐performer, the doina also plays an
important social role by providing a cathartic outlet that strengthens solidarity. It has also
given rise to other artistic genres (dances). Today, the doina is under threat locally because
of a break in the line of transmission from parent to child. Although some fifteen people
have been identified as representatives of the various types of doina, an environment
conducive to performance and transmission must be restored in order to ensure that this
important feature of Romania’s intangible cultural heritage continues to flourish.”1
Doina is widespread throughout most of Romania. It may be related to and may even
have its origins in the cântec de leagăn, or lullaby. The doina is always sung in free rhythm
with varying degrees of embellishment and melisma. There are a number of tune types used
for these semi‐improvised performances of the doina.
There is no other form of musical expression which in the minds of the general
population of Romania conjures up so clearly the essence of all its music, and, indeed, the
best of the entire artistic expression of the culture as does the doina. This free lyrical song
form is widespread in the folk traditions of many regions of the country where it remains
strong. Doina is played by bands of professional musicians and it is even frequently used by
Romanian composers using the Western European Classical tradition.
The doina survives in Romania today as a very widespread folk form. It appears most
frequently in the regions of Moldavia, Muntenia and Dobrogea. Distinctive regional
differences can be noted in different areas of the country. In the Maramureș, region of
Northern Transylvania there is a song form called hora lungă, horea lungă, or cântec lung, all
meaning long song and referring to a song form clearly related to the doina. In this instance
1
Doina, at www.unesco.org visited at 11 july 2011.
2. the word hora does not refer to the well‐known dance form hora. The hora lungă of
Maramureș derives instead from horea, the Romanian word meaning „oration”.
Since the doina is an expressive song form in free rhythm, highly ornamented and
one which offers the singer great scope for individual expression, the possibilities for
influence from other music styles is great. Some Romanian scholars suggest that the doina
may have its origins in the cântec de leagăn, or lullaby. While there is some merit to this
argument it is also true that the cântec de leagăn, being also a free form performed in
personal and unstructured context may have equally been influenced by the doina itself.
A more significant argument is raised by the Romanian musicologist, Gheorghe
Ciobanu, who notes that there are notable parallels between the Muntenian doina of the
subcarpathian region and that of the hora lungă of Maramureș, from which he infers the
possibility that the form of the doina may originate in a very ancient Daco‐Thracian strata
dating back to a time when the tribes of what is now the North and South of Romania were
united.
In actuality, the term doina includes a number of subtypes, the hora lungă of
Maramureș, being one of the most distinctive. In addition there are other variant types
called haiducești, de codru, de jale and ca pe luncă, for example.
Of these the type, ca pe luncă is of particular interest. As it name implies it is a form
associated with the Danube plains region – from the word luncă, meaning the plains. The
region thus identified includes the Danube regions of the provinces (județ) of Dobrogea,
Muntenia and Oltenia. This special form of the doina has an expressive quality and a
particular melodic style which is generally associated with the performances by musicians
from that region. While the melody of the ca pe luncă is characteristically in free rhythm, its
accompaniment can be in the slow halting pattern of the Danubian plains șchioapa, or in a
fast even pulse which allows the melody to float freely. It is significant that also from this
same region comes another form, the cântec de dragoste, or doina de dragoste. This is
recognized as a newer and somewhat more popular form derived from the doina of
Muntenia and Oltenia.
The cântec de dragoste is a song in free rhythm with a high degree of ornamentation,
like the doina itself. While the doina itself regularly deals with the subject of love and longing
in its texts, in the cântec de dragoste this becomes the identifying focus of all the songs in
the genre. The emphasis is on a somewhat more direct and lighter level of expression than is
3. common with the doina. Its appeal is considered much more immediate than the more rustic
yet often more profound doina. One other distinctive characteristic of the cântec de
dragoste is that it is usually accompanied by an instrumental ensemble and its
accompaniment is set in a fixed regular rhythm, in spite of the fact that the melodic line
itself, that is, the vocal or instrumental setting of the melody, remains in the free rhythmic
style of the doina.
Maria Tănase was a
renowned Romanian singer of
Romanian folkloric music. Born
in the Bucharest suburb of
Cărămidari, Maria Tănase
studied at Primary School nr.
11 Tăbăcari, making her stage
debut in Cărămidarii de Jos, on
the stage of the Ion Heliade
Rădulescu High School. In
1934, she joined the Cărăbuş
Theatre of Constantin Tănase
on the advice of newspaper writer Sandu Eliad, who, at the time was her domestic partner.
Her debut took place on June 2, 1937 with the stage name of Mary Atanasiu in the musical
hall theatres, Alhambra and Gioconda. She represented Romania at the International
Exhibition in Paris in 1937, as well as at the 1939 New York World's Fair. During World War II,
together with George Enescu, George Vraca and Constantin Tănase, she performed in a
series of shows for soldiers injured on the battlefield.
On February 20, 1938 she made her radio debut. Fame came shortly afterwards, as,
during the same year, she made her first recordings for the Romanian Radio Society. These
early recordings were destroyed by the authorities during the first months of the National
Legionary State, at a time when Maria Tănase had also been banned from performing in
public.
In December 1943, she sang at the Christmas festivities at the Royal Cavalry
Regiment, where King Michael I of Romania, Ion Antonescu, Mihai Antonescu and all the
members of the government were present as guests. After World War II, she performed in
4. the Review Ensemble and the Satirical and Musical Theatre Constantin Tănase. She had parts
in the plays The Living Corpse by Leo Tolstoy in 1945, and Horia by Mihai Davidoglu in 1956.
In 1944 Maria Tănase sang in Edmond Audran's operetta Mascota (The Mascot). In 1946 she
held the main part in the musical comedy The Hollywood Sphinx, by Ralph Benatzky. She
sang in the movie Romania in 1947, and in 1958 she performed in both Ciulinii Bărăganului
(The Thistles of the Bărăgan), and the short‐reel film Amintiri din Bucureşti (Memories from
Bucharest). In 1952, Maria Tănase was offered a position at the Music School No. 1 in
Bucharest, in the newly created folk song department; 1962 found her guiding Taraful
Gorjului (The Gorj Folk Music Band) in Târgu Jiu and the artists there, at her own request. On
May 1, 1963, after a concert in Hunedoara, she had to leave the long tour of the famous folk
ensemble, because of illness.
In 1955, she received the State Prize and in 1957 she was honored with the medals
Ordinul Muncii (The Order for Activity), Premiul de Stat (The State Award), and the title
Artistă Emerită (Honoured Artist of the Republic) for her contributions to the arts.
She toured many times in the last 15 years of her life, including over forty trips to
New York City. She died of cancer on June 22, 1963 and is buried at the Bellu cemetery in
Bucharest, Romania.
Ion Voicu (October 8, 1923
February 24, 1997) was a Romanian
violinist and orchestral conductor of
Romani ethnicity. In 1969 he founded
the award‐winning Bucharest Chamber
Orchestra, which is now conducted by
his son Mădălin Voicu.
Voicu was born in Bucharest,
into a family of professional musicians.
At age 6, he had his first music lessons
with Constantin Niculescu. At age 14,
he entered the Royal Academy of
Music in Bucharest, where he studied with George Enocovici. After graduating in 1940, he
became violinist with the National Radio Orchestra of Romania, where he was noticed by the
conductor, Willem Mengelberg; Voicu made his debut as a soloist with the orchestra soon
5. after. In 1946, he won the first prize at a musical competition organized in Bucharest by
George Enescu and Yehudi Menuhin.
In 1949, Voicu first appeared as a soloist with the George Enescu Philharmonic
Orchestra under George Georgescu, and he achieved great acclaim as a participant in their
1957 tour of Belgrade; from 1972 to 1982, he was the director of the Philharmonic.
Dumitru Fărcaş (May 12, 1938,
Groşii Băii Mari, Maramureş County,
Romania) is a Romanian tárogató player.
He played the instrument on all major
stages in the world and made the tárogató
known all over the world.
He was born in the Groşi village.
His father played the pipe, and his older
brothers played the clarinet. He studied
the oboe at the Gheorghe Dima Music
Academy in Cluj‐Napoca.
He is the leader of the Mărțişorul
orchestra from 1962, with which he won
many national and international awards.
He was made Honorary citizen of the cities Cluj‐Napoca, Bucharest, Reşița and Baia
Mare, as well as Pyongyang.
In 2008 he was awarded Doctor honoris causa by the Gheorghe Dima Music
Academy.
6. Gheorghe
Zamfir (born April 6,
1941) is a Romanian
pan flute musician.
Zamfir is known for
playing an
expanded version of
the traditional
Romanian‐style pan
flute (nai) of 20
pipes to 22, 25, 28
and 30 pipes to
increase its range, and obtaining as many as eight overtones (additionally to the
fundamental tone) from each pipe by changing the embouchure. He is known as The Master
of the Pan Flute.
Zamfir was born in Găeşti, Romania. Although initially interested in becoming an
accordionist, at the age of 14 he began his pan flute studies with Fănică Luca at the Special
Musical School no. 1 in Bucharest. Later he attended the Ciprian Porumbescu Conservatory.
He currently resides and teaches pan flute in Bucharest. He has a son, Emmanuel Teodor
who resides in Montreal, Canada also a drummer/musician.
Zamfir came to the public eye when he was „discovered” by Swiss ethnomusicologist
Marcel Cellier who extensively researched Romanian folk music in the 1960s. Brought for the
first time with his pan flute to western European countries in 1972 by the composer Vladimir
Cosma as soloist in Cosma's original music for the movie Le grand blond avec une chaussure
noire and made a big success, since then, he has been used as soloist in movie soundtracks
by composers Francis Lai, Ennio Morricone and many others. Largely through television
commercials where he was billed as „Zamfir, Master of the pan Flute”, he introduced the
folk instrument to a modern audience and revived it from obscurity. In the United States his
commercials were widely seen on CNN in the 1980s.]
Zamfir's big break in the English‐speaking world came when the BBC religious
television programme „The Light of Experience” adopted his recording of Doina De Jale, a
traditional Romanian funeral song, as its theme. Popular demand forced Epic Records to
7. release the tune as a single in 1976, and it climbed to number four on the UK charts. It would
prove to be his only hit single, but it helped pave the way for a consistent stream of album
sales in Britain.
After nearly a decade‐long absence, Romanian pan flute virtuoso Gheorghe Zamfir
returns to Canada in January 2006 for a seven‐city tour with TRAFFIC STRINGS quintet. In the
program was include a world premiere: Vivaldi's Four Seasons for PanFlute and string
quintet arranged by Lucian Moraru , jazz standards, and well‐known favourites.
Most recently, Zamfir has been sampled by Animal Collective in the song Graze on
their EP Fall Be Kind.
One of his most notable contributions was to the soundtrack for the classic Australian
film Picnic at Hanging Rock. His first appearance in 1972 as soloist interpreter in a movie
soundtrack was in Vladimir Cosma's Le grand blond avec une chaussure noire with a very
famous and successful melody known all over the world. His music has also been heard on
the soundtracks of many Hollywood movies. He was asked by Ennio Morricone to perform
the pieces Childhood Memories and Cockeye's Song for the soundtrack of Sergio Leone's
1984 gangster film Once Upon A Time In America. His music is heard throughout the 1984
film The Karate Kid, and his piece The Lonely Shepherd, recorded with the James Last
Orchestra, is featured in Quentin Tarantino's film Kill Bill Vol. 1. The melody The lonely
shepherd was written by James Last and first released on his album Memories from Russia,
released 1977 (Polydor Germany 2371 856). The panflute was played by Gheorghe Zamfir,
who had a contract with the Philips record company. An agreement was made that Philips
could release The lonely shepherd as a single (45 rpm) on the Philips label.
Although Zamfir is considered the most important person to popularize the pan flute
worldwide, he has also received significant criticism, mostly for his propinquity with easy
listening and kitsch. His personality often put him in disputes with other pan flute players
such as Dalila Cernătescu, Simion Stanciu or Damian Drăghici.
Another line of criticism came from his promotion of Romanian popular music as
opposed to the genuine traditional music.