Oud is a pear-shaped stringed instrument used in Middle Eastern music that descended from a common ancestor as the European lute. It is distinguished by its lack of frets and smaller neck. The ancient Turkic peoples had a similar instrument called the kopuz, which was thought to have magical powers and was used in military bands. Today's oud differs from old prototypes and the Turkish oud has a different playing style and shape than the Arabic oud, developed by a Greek luthier in Istanbul in the late 19th century.

1. Oud
Oud is a pear-shaped stringed instrument commonly used in Middle Eastern music. The modern
oud and the European lute both descend from a common ancestor via diverging evolutionary paths.
The oud is readily distinguished by its lack of frets and smaller neck.
The ancient Turkic peoples had a similar instrument called the kopuz. This instrument was thought to
have magical powers and was brought to wars and used in military bands. This is noted in the
Göktürk monument inscriptions, the military band was later used by other Turkic state's armies and
later by Europeans.[5] According to musicologist Çinuçen Tanrıkorur today's oud was derived from the
kopuz by Turks near Central Asia and additional strings were added by them.[6] Others trace the
oud to an early version of the Iranian barbat.
Today's oud is totally different from the old prototypes and the Turkish oud is different from the
Arabic oud in playing style and shape. The Turkish oud is derived from modifying the Arabic oud:
its development has been attributed to Manolis Venios, a well known Greek luthier who lived in
Constantinople (Istanbul) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[citation needed] In Greece and
Armenia musicians use the Turkish ouds and tunings.
Kudum
Kudüm is one of the most fundamental rhythm instruments in classical Turkish music. The person
playing it is called kudümzen. It is among ney, rebap, and halile as one of the four main
instruments in Mevlevi music. It consists of a pair of small, hemispherical drums. Traditionally kudüm
was played in religious ceremonies; in a secular context, like in mehter music, its slightly bigger
cousin nakkare is played.
The drums are some 28-30 cm. in diameter and about 16 cm high, growing narrower toward the
bottom like a half-sphere. They are made of beaten copper, and resemble two bowls, one larger
than the other. The difference in the thickness of the skin in the two bowls create a difference in
pitch: the high-pitched drum (tek) is placed on the left, the other (düm) on the right. The tek, with
its thinner skin, is slightly smaller than the düm. The tension in the skin can be adjusted to tune
the instrument according to the makam of the music being played. Camel's skin is usually preferred,
although sometimes cattle or llama is also used. The kudüm is played with two wooden sticks made
of soft wood known as zahme.