Role of computers_Dr. Vinay.pptxugoihlihk

Role of Computers in
Modern Management

Conduct Protocol
 Introduction
 What is an Information System ?
 Role of computers in Healthcare
 HIT
 HMIS
 PHI
 Use of IT in Medical Education
 EMR
 CPOE
 Disease Surveillance
 Telemedicine
 GIS
 Bioengineering
 PACS
 DICOM
 Inventory Management Systems
 Data Management Systems
 MIS
 Customer Relationship Management
 Electronic Commerce
 Electronic Data Interchange
 Clinical Data Repository
 Barcode technology
 Conclusion

Introduction
 The most exciting thing about computers is the continual
change in technology, management use of the technology,
and the impact on business success
 New businesses and industries appear, old ones decline, and
successful firms are those that learn how to use the new
technologies

Introduction
 Presently, computers play a crucial role by providing care in all
aspects of health
 Apart from the formation and maintenance of patient's records, they
play a judicious role in public health surveillance
 On one hand, computers are the key functionaries of health
management information system and on the other hand, they are
key handlers of geographic information system, electronic medical
records, bioengineering, education and research
 They are also being used in statistical analysis of various data and
hence, play an innovative role in leveraging the quality standards of
public health professionals and workers

What is an Information System?
 An information system can be defined technically as a set of
interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process,
store and distribute information to support decision making
and control in an organization
 In addition to supporting decision making, coordination, and
control, information systems may also help managers and
workers analyze problems, visualize complex subjects and
create new products

Contd…
 Information technology (IT) consists of all the hardware and
software that a firm needs to use in order to achieve its
business objectives
 This includes not only computer machines, storage devices
and handheld mobile devices, but also software, such as the
Windows or Linux operating systems, the Microsoft Office
desktop productivity suite, and the many thousands of
computer programs that can be found in a typical large firm

Role of computers in Healthcare
 Storage, retrieval and reduction of data
 Medical Education
 Public health
 Disease surveillance
 Telemedicine
 HMIS
 GIS
 EMR
 Bio Engineering

Contd…
 Virtual endoscopy
 Medical Equipment
 PACS, DICOM
 Inventory Management Systems
 Data Management Systems
 MIS
 Customer Relationship Management
 Electronic Commerce
 Electronic Data Interchange
 Clinical Data Repository
 Barcode technology

Health Information Technology (HIT)
 Today information technology is used in wide range of fields
and one of the upcoming fields is of Medical Science, which is
known as Health Information Technology (HIT)
 HIT is the application of information processing involving both
computer hardware and software that deals with the storage,
retrieval, sharing and use of health care information, data and
knowledge for communication and decision making
 HIT, technology represents computers and communications
attributes that can be networked to build systems for moving
health information

Health Information Technology (HIT)
contd…
 Worldwide use of computer technology in medicine began in
the early 1950s with the rise of the computers
 In 1949, Gustav Wagner established the first professional
organization for health informatics in Germany

Health Informatics
 Health informatics also called Health Information Systems is a
discipline at the intersection of information science, computer
science and health care
 It concerns with the resources, devices and methods required
for optimizing the acquisition, storage, retrieval and use of
information in health and biomedicine
 Health informatics uses the data available through health
information technology to secure, organize and evaluate data
related to patient care

Health Informatics contd…
 Health informatics tools include computers, clinical guidelines,
formal medical terminologies, and information and
communication systems
 It is applied to the areas of nursing, clinical care, dentistry,
pharmacy, public health, occupational therapy and bio
medical research

Public Health Informatics
 It has been defined as the systematic application of
information and computer science and technology to public
health practice, research and learning
 Public Health Informatics is a branch and profession that
applies mathematics, engineering, information science, and
related social sciences (e.g., decision analysis) for analysis
and management of important public health problems and
processes

Public Health Informatics contd…
 It is one of the branches of the larger field known as
biomedical or health informatics
 Public Health Informatics supports public health decisions by
providing timely, relevant and high-quality information
 Public Health Informatics professionals work to disperse
advice on public health goals faster, better, or at a lower cost
by using computer science and IT

Health Management Information System
(HMIS)
 HMIS is the key component of any health program and is
defined as a tool that helps in gathering, aggregating,
analyzing and using the information generated for taking
actions to improve performance of health systems
 Web-based HMIS helps in easy aggregation of data, reduces
workload on field staff, strengthens decentralization

Health Management Information System
(HMIS) contd…
 At the national level, it is primarily a tool of policy-and
strategy-making
 At the state and district level, it helps in program monitoring
and management
 At the sub-district level (block, primary health centre, and sub-
centre), it facilitates effective registering and collation of data,
provision of data analysis tools, generation of reports and
development of indicators for comparison

Use of IT in Medical Education
 With the development in IT, there has been a significant
change in medical education all over the world.
 New information on medical topics is readily accessible via
the Internet and handheld computers
 Information Technology can assist medical education in
various ways such as in college networks and internet
 Computer-assisted learning (CAL), Virtual reality (VR),
Human patient simulators are some options

Use of IT in Medical Education Contd…
 With the help of college networks and Internet, the medical
students as well as the teachers may stay in contact even
when they are off college
 Rapid communication can be established with the help of e-
mails and course details, handouts, and feedbacks can be
circulated easily
 Many medical schools these days use online programs such
"student central" to coordinate their courses

 Such programs allow speedy access to information and quick
turnaround of evaluation and messaging, and allow all tutors,
assessors, and students at any site to look at the curricular context
of their own particular contribution
 Similarly, the Internet provides opportunities to gain up-to-date
information on different aspects of health and disease and to
discuss with colleagues in different continents via net conferencing
 Free access to Medline, various medical journals, online textbooks
and the latest information on new development in medicine also
encourages learning and research

 CAL is considered as an enjoyable medium of learning and
very suitable for conceptually difficult topics. Interactive digital
materials for study of histopathology, anatomy and heart
sounds are used widely
 Development of anatomical three dimensional atlases of
various internal organs using computed tomography and
magnetic resonance imaging are very illustrative and help the
students to understand the subject matter clearly

 Another development is of "Advanced Life Support" (ACLS)
simulators and Haptics “the science of touch" simulators are
used in medical education to develop various clinical skills
such as ECG interpretation, appropriate intervention such as
drugs, injections, defibrillation without working on a real
patient
 These days, highly sophisticated simulators "virtual reality"
with highly advanced medical simulation technologies and
medical databases are available in the advanced medical
schools that expose the medical students to the vast range of
complex medical situations

 It can match various clinical procedures such as
catheterization, laparoscopy, bronchoscopy etc.
 With new technology, the students can virtually go inside each
and every organ and see how they actually look like from
outside as well as from inside

Electronic Medical Records (EMR)
 Paper-based medical record system had many weaknesses
including illegible handwriting, incomplete data, unsafe and
non-confidential, and poor availability whereas use of
Electronic Medical Records (EMR) is a secure and
confidential method of keeping records
 With an aim to modernize the health system by inculcating
and promoting the use of health information technology, it
helps in collecting complete information about individual
patients including registration, clinical record, laboratory and
imaging

Electronic Medical Records (EMR) contd…
 In recent years, computerization of patient records has
increased at a high rate, and this trend is likely to continue
 Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS) is one of the most
recent examples of use of Electronic Health Record System
implemented as part of the Janani Suraksha Yojna Scheme
for providing incentives to mothers who deliver in hospitals

 EMR also allows tracking of patients requiring follow up e.g.,
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients
 It also allows management of diseases requiring long
treatments e.g., multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) or
extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).
 Apart from this, it also helps clinicians and public health
professionals and workers to provide comprehensive care to
individuals because of the strong search and record-keeping
ability of this system

 This technology can convert medical information into a single
database
 Not only does this technology reduce paper costs, it allows
healthcare providers to access pertinent patient information
such as medical history, medications, insurance information,
etc. with just the click of a mouse

 EMRs hold great promise in the clinical arena. The ability to
care for patients with a record that is integrated with
laboratory and pharmacy information, and provides point of
service information regarding preventive services, diagnosis,
treatment, and follow up represents a dramatic advance in
patient care
 Improving and measuring quality would be instantly improved
if all clinicians used EMRs

Computerized Physician Order Entry
(CPOE) systems
 It is a process of electronic entry of medical practitioner instructions
for the treatment of patients under his or her care
 The entered orders are communicated over a computer network to
the medical staff or to the departments (pharmacy, laboratory, or
radiology) responsible for fulfilling the order
 CPOE reduces the time it takes to distribute and complete orders,
while increasing efficiency by reducing transcription errors including
preventing duplicate order entry, while simplifying inventory
management and billing
 In fact, computer based clinical support as part of an EMR has
been shown to improve physician performance and patient
outcomes

(CPOE) systems contd…
 Reducing medical errors has become a priority all over the
world. Specifically adverse drug events are an important
source of injuries in hospitalized patients
 In response to the need to improve patient safety,
computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems have
become increasingly more common
 These systems have the capacity to verify that written orders
are correct, that is, based on a patient profile, they can
automatically check the dose and contraindications of a
specific drug

(CPOE) systems contd…
 In addition to electronic prescribing, a standardized bar code
system for dispensing drugs could prevent a quarter of drug
errors
 They have been shown to dramatically reduce serious
medication errors

Disease surveillance
 Disease surveillance projects are computer-based
surveillance systems, which are used for rapid transmission
and analysis of morbidity data
 These are used to monitor the progress of ongoing disease
control programs at national level
 These aimed to detect early warning signals of impending
outbreaks and help initiate an effective response in a timely
manner

Telemedicine
 The World Health Organization (WHO) defines telemedicine
as “The delivery of healthcare services, where distance is
a critical factor, by all healthcare professionals using
information and communication technologies for the
exchange of valid information for diagnosis, treatment
and prevention of disease and injuries, research and
evaluation and for the continuing education of healthcare
providers, all in the interests of advancing the health of
individuals and their communities.”

Telemedicine contd…
 Telemedicine system consists of telemedicine platform
(computer/ laptop/ palmtop/ personal digital assistant/
mobile), telemedicine software (for capturing of images/
video) at both patient's and doctor's end along with availability
of communication media, which can be terrestrial or mobile
connectivity
 Most commonly, telemedicine allows real-time live video
communication between patient and specialist but at times,
when health providers are not available, images and videos
can be stored and forwarded to them

 Telemedicine has reduced distance and the extra strain for
rural population to travel to super specialty hospitals in the
cities
 Apart from saving time, it has also reduced the cost of
treatment and prognosis due to access to standard treatment
 Critical care monitoring, where it is not possible to transfer the
patient, can also be done with the help of telemedicine

 It also helps in remote training of medical students/
paramedical staff by experts in the field, provides updated
health information to health care workers and patients,
decreases response time for the management of an epidemic/
outbreak or a disaster, and helps in transmission of medical
images for diagnosis, exchanging health services, or live
education via videoconference
 National Task Force on Telemedicine was constituted in
September 2005

 Presently, Satellite Telemedicine Network is working in India
through Indian Satellite System (INSAT)in 439 nodes across
the country through 17 Mobile vans
 Telemedicine services are being used in various reputed
institutes all over India for telediagnosis, teleconsultation,
telefollowups, expert's opinion, public awareness programs,
guest lectures, teleconferences, national workshops, clinical
society meetings, live surgeries, and tele-education

Geographical Information System (GIS)
 GIS is a computer-based information system that is used to
digitally represent and analyze the geographic features
present on the Earth's surface and the events (non-spatial
attributes linked to the geography under study) that are taking
place on it
 GIS has been defined as “automated systems of software
and hardware for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis,
and display of spatial & non-spatial data”

Contd…
 GIS looks into social factors, biodiversity, engineering, land
use, and environmental considerations as a whole by using
many aspects such as cartography, statistical analysis, and
database technology
 Sources of geographical data are digital maps, surveys using
global positioning system, routine health information system
data, census data, survey data, and data from other sectors

Contd…
 With the help of GIS, we can find out :
 geographical distribution and variation of diseases
 analyze spatial and temporal trends
 map populations at risk and stratify risk factors
 document healthcare needs of a community and assess
resource allocations
 forecast epidemics
 identify gaps in immunizations; plan and target interventions

Contd…
 monitor diseases and interventions over time
 manage patient care environments, materials, supplies, and
human resources
 monitor the utilization of health centers
 route health workers, equipment and supplies to service
locations
 publish health information using maps on the internet
 locate the nearest health facility

Contd…
 Apart from this, we can easily draw maps and visualize spatial
distributions, edit and alter existing data, accurately measure
distances and areas and overlay maps of different areas
 In India, GIS is being used in National Vector Borne Disease
Control Program, Integrated Disease Surveillance Project,
National Leprosy Eradication Program and National Rural
Health Mission

Bioengineering
 Bioengineering is a discipline that advances knowledge in
engineering, biology, and medicine and improves human
health through cross-disciplinary activities that integrate the
engineering sciences with the biomedical sciences and
clinical practice
 It is helpful in designing computer systems to monitor patients

Contd…
 Bioengineering is a relatively new engineering discipline when
compared to the long-standing traditions of other fields of
engineering
 It uses traditional engineering skills and tools to analyze and
solve problems in biology and medicine
 Bioengineering is used in computerized analyzer for blood
sample analysis and in ambulances for use in rural areas

Contd…
 Medical imaging systems and rehabilitative tools such as
prosthetics, artificial limbs, etc. also make use of
bioengineering for the welfare of public health
 Crisis management in remote settings is particularly
complicated, so in this perspective, it is important to provide
improved management of large-scale disasters through
investment in biomedical engineering (WHO, 2011)

Contd…
 An important application of bioengineering is analysis and to
provide cost effective solutions to the problems of human
health
 It plays an essential role in healthcare delivery system and is
employed by multidisciplinary clinical and research teams

PACS (Picture Archiving and
Communication System)
 A PACS is a medical imaging technology which provides
economical storage and convenient access to images from
multiple modalities (source machine types)
 Electronic images and reports are transmitted digitally via
PACS; this eliminates the need to manually file, retrieve, or
transport film jackets, the folders used to store and protect X-
ray film
 PACSs handle images from various medical imaging
instruments, including ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance
(MR), Nuclear Medicine imaging, positron emission
tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), endoscopy
(ES), mammograms (MG)

Contd…
 Combined with available and emerging web technology,
PACS has the ability to deliver timely and efficient access to
images, interpretations, and related data

DICOM (Digital Imaging and
Communications in Medicine)
 DICOM s the standard for the communication and
management of medical imaging information and related data
 DICOM is most commonly used for storing and transmitting
medical images enabling the integration of medical imaging
devices such as scanners, servers, workstations, printers,
network hardware, and picture archiving and communication
systems (PACS) from multiple manufacturers
 It has been widely adopted by hospitals, and is making
inroads into smaller applications like dentists' and doctors'
offices

Artificial intelligence (AI)
 Artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is
intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural
intelligence displayed by humans
 Microsoft has developed AI to help doctors find the right treatments
for cancer
 Microsoft is working on a project to develop a machine called
"Hanover". Its goal is to memorize all the papers necessary to
cancer and help predict which combinations of drugs will be most
effective for each patient
 One project that is being worked on at the moment is fighting
myeloid leukemia

Inventory Management Systems
 When it comes to managing inventory, organizations need to
maintain enough stock to meet demand without investing in more
than they require
 Inventory management systems track the quantity of each item a
company maintains, triggering an order of additional stock when the
quantities fall below a pre-determined amount
 These systems are best used when the inventory management
system is connected to the point-of-sale (POS) system
 The POS system ensures that each time an item is sold, one of that
item is removed from the inventory count, creating a closed
information loop between all departments

Data Management Systems
 The days of large file rooms, rows of filing cabinets and the
mailing of documents is fading fast
 Most companies store digital versions of documents on
servers and storage devices
 These documents become instantly available to everyone in
the company, regardless of their geographical location
 Organizations are able to store and maintain a tremendous
amount of historical data economically, and employees benefit
from immediate access to the documents they need

Management Information Systems
 Storing data is only a benefit if that data can be used
effectively
 Progressive organizations use that data as part of their
strategic planning process as well as the execution of that
strategy
 Management Information Systems (MIS) enable companies to
track sales data, expenses and productivity levels
 The information can be used to track profitability over time,
maximize return on investment and identify areas of
improvement

Contd…
 Useful for estimating:
 Morbidity Rates
 Mortality Rate
 Level of staff training and efficiency
 Level of functioning of various areas of hospital like Labs, X-
ray, Blood Bank, CSSD, Sanitation etc.
 Admission, Discharge and Death
 ALS, Bed occupancy, Bed turn over rate
 Resource planning and control

Customer Relationship Management
 Companies are using IT to improve the way they design and
manage customer relationships
 An area in which CRM technology is being implemented in a
more traditional fashion is in the marketing and selling specific
programs such as joint replacement, smoking cessation or
weight loss

Contd…
 Large caregivers apply CRM capabilities mostly in patient
outreach and population health to:
 Handle preventive care email marketing campaigns
 Inform patients about cancer trials
 Create a single repository to gather and sync PHI across
multiple facilities
 Provide patients with post-discharge follow-ups
 Improves overall security by encrypting sensitive data and
allowing backups to restore it after a malicious attack

Electronic Commerce
 It is the term used to describe the wide range of tools and
techniques utilized to conduct business in a paperless
environment
 Electronic commerce therefore includes electronic data
interchange, e-mail, electronic fund transfers, electronic
publishing, image processing, electronic bulletin boards,
shared databases and magnetic/optical data capture
 Companies are able to automate the process of moving
documents electronically between suppliers and customers

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) refers to computer-to-
computer exchange of business documents in a standard
format
 EDI describe both the capability and practice of
communicating information between two organizations
electronically instead of traditional form of mail, courier & fax

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Contd…
 The benefits of EDI are:
 Quick process to information
 Better customer service
 Reduced paper work
 Increased productivity
 Improved tracing and expediting
 Cost efficiency

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Contd…
 Competitive advantage
 Improved billing
 Though the use of EDI supply chain partners can overcome
the distortions and exaggeration in supply and demand
information by improving technologies to facilitate real time
sharing of actual demand and supply information

Barcode technology
 Barcode technology in healthcare is the use of optical
machine-readable representation of data in a hospital or
healthcare settingDrug Identification & Medication
Management, Specimen Collection and Blood Infusion Safety,
Surgical Instrument Identification & Sterilization and Patient
Identification
 This code specifies name of product and its manufacturer
 Other applications are tracking the moving items such as
components in PC assembly operations, automobiles in
assembly plants

Contd…
 Barcode System For Bio-medical Waste collection, for common bio-
medical waste treatment facility operator like:
 Incinerator parameter printer and server data logging device.
(Incinerator parameters like Primary temperature, secondary
temperature)
 Online energy monitoring and recording system for each equipment
 Barcode system Controller : inbuild GPS tracking system
 Barcode system weight platform
 Barcode scanner for barcode system
 Barcode label printer for barcode system

Clinical Data Repository
 A Clinical Data Repository (CDR) or Clinical Data Warehouse
(CDW) is a real time database that consolidates data from a variety
of clinical sources to present a unified view of a single patient
 It is optimized to allow clinicians to retrieve data for a single patient
rather than to identify a population of patients with common
characteristics or to facilitate the management of a specific clinical
department
 Typical data types which are often found within a CDR include:
clinical laboratory test results, patient demographics, pharmacy
information, radiology reports and images, pathology reports,
hospital admission, discharge and transfer dates, discharge
summaries and progress note

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)tools
 Many companies now view ERP system (e.g. Baan, SAP,
People soft, etc.) as the core of their IT infrastructure
 ERP system have become enterprise wide transaction
processing tools which capture the data and reduce the
manual activities and task associated with processing
financial, inventory and customer order information

Central Data Storage Hub
 Since the business world of today is obsessed with eco-
friendly solutions, computers have an important part in saving
the environment
 Hard disks, both internal and external ones, everything
needed can be stored on computer
 The proactive businesses of today are moving to cloud
storage services, which offer even more useful storage
options

Conclusion
 The computers can store huge amounts of medical data
 One can use computers in many applications such as Medical
images, Digital x-ray images, Digital microscope image,
Electronic medical records, Clinical decision support systems,
Hospital administration and to refine laparoscopic surgery
 The computer technology has revolutionized the field of
medicine

Role of computers_Dr. Vinay.pptxugoihlihk

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