1. Wildlife conservation areas managed by local communities, known as Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs), play an important role in conservation by providing additional protected lands and buffer zones around national parks, as well as dispersal areas and migratory routes for species. 2. WMAs are becoming an important part of Tanzania's tourism sector, attracting investments that benefit local communities economically. However, human-wildlife conflicts still occur and sometimes result in retaliatory killings of threatened species like lions by villagers defending their livestock. 3. For conservation efforts to be successful, local communities who live near protected areas need to receive clear benefits from conservation. Revenue retention schemes in other countries allot a higher percentage of tourism

1. By
George Wambura – CEO
COMMUNITY WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS CONSORTIUM (CWMAC)-TANZANIA

2. IMPORTANCE OF WILDLIFE USER RIGHTS TO LAND AND
RESOURCES
2
1. Wildlife Conservation
 Additional Land : [38 WMA
==aprx 50,000sqkm== 13%]
22 WMAs== 36,238 sq km > 3%
Buffer zone:- Example. SGR:- 8
CWMAs; SENAPA: 3 WMAs
TAWIRI: Time spent out of the PA
by Elephant in TNPs: 75%
Corridors: Selous-Niassa
Corridor:- 5 WMAs
Dispersal Area, breeding site
and Migratory Route:- Great
Wildebeest Migration:- Ikona
WMA
Enduimet WMA:-5 years of
ZERO Elephant Poaching
2. Tourism Sector
Worldbank Group
Report (2015): Tanzania
Tourism Potential: 8 X
from the current state
Worldbank Group
Report (2015) WMAs are
the Next Tourism
Frontiers
 2013 – 2018: 12 WMAs
signed Investment
Contract=>4.3 Million USD
 Jan – August 2018: 8
investment contract –approx
...Tsh. 8 Billions
3. Sustainable
Livelihoods
70% of Tanzanian
live in rural Areas
21 WMAs==148
Villages==500,000
households benefit
directly
38 WMAs==More
than 168
Villages==More that
1,000,000 households
benefit directly

3. 3
HWC Vs IWT
2016/17
635 Ha destroyed
46 Deaths
516 Livestock killed
55 Animals killed-PAC

4. HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICTS Vs BENEFITS
4
7 lions were killed
At villagers
Allegedly to have
killed a donkey in
2016
 Retribution killing for HWC is among the causes of
decline of Elephant & Lions (Schipper et al., 2008)
 Beside poaching, most of the lion killings are due
to defence of human life and livestock and habitat
loss ( Bauer et al., 2015)

5. REVENUE RETENTION SCHEME – SADC&EAC
NAMIBIA&
KENYA
Communal
conservancies
100%
5
TANZANIA
Wildlife
Management
Areas
Block fee (WMA-
75% ; GVT 25%)
Game fee (WMA
55%; GVT 45%)
Conservation
fee(WMA-45%; GVT
55%)
Observers fees
(WMA-60%; GVT-
40%)
Permit Fees (WMA-
30%; 70%)
Photographic
Tourism fees
(WMA-65%; GVT
35%)
ZAMBIA
Game
Management
Trophy Fees:
Communities-
50%; GVT-50%)
Concession fees:
(Communities-
20%; GVT-80%)
ZIMBABWE
CAMPFIRE
Program
All Game fees
(Communities
-55%; GVT
41%,
CAMPFIRE
Assoc-4%)
MOZAMBIQUE
No National
Program
Tchuma
Tchato
Community
Program:
Communities-
33%; TT
Progamme
functioning-
32%
- GVT- 35%

6. COMMUNITIES BENEFITS FROM
CONSERVATION
6
 Gaining jobs as guides, game
guards, wildlife managers and
 Tourism related employment
 Trophy hunting employment
 Gaining access to meat;
Support improved community
services like
 water infrastructure,
 schools and health clinics;
Revenue for re-investment at
the sources (anti-poaching
efforts)
There is a NEED to
redefine Community
Development Projects?
Vs
Government
Responsibilities
EFFECTIVE BENEFICIATION
Tourism revenue: communities
owned income generating activities
 The multiplier effect: improve
household incomes & sustainable
livelihood to the respective
communities

7. NATIONAL ANTI-POACHING STRATEGIES Vs IPLCS
EFFORTS TO CURB IWT
7
NTAP-III
TCGs -II
PAs - I

8. NATIONAL ANTI-POACHING STRATEGIES Vs
EFFORTS TO CURB BY IPLCs
 No recognition,
 No integration & defined coordination,
 Reward schemes
 No sufficient efforts & commitment to
enhance their efforts—
(financing/subsidization mechanisms)
 Not represented in the Taskforces
IPLCs are NOT at the Centre of National
Anti-poaching strategies8

9. ENDUIMET
WMA
Revenue:
$100k
Protection
$210k
9090%%

10. RUAHA
national park
Revenue:
$0.9m
Operations
$3.4m
Protection
$2.5m
7373%%

11. SERENGETI
national park
Revenue:
$27m
Operations
$10m
Protection
$6m
6363%%

12. 12
SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS
 Working together with the IPLCs, organizations and governments
in developing action plan & roadmap in implementing
commitments
 Need for bidding commitment between IPLCs, organization and
respective government - implementing commitments (E.I. MoU)
 Increased incentives to attract more private sector in partnering
with IPLCs—more benefits
 Recognizing, trusting, appreciating and rewarding IPLCs will
motivate them for effective engagement in dealing with IWT
 Integrating communities efforts into National Anti-poaching
Strategy
 Sustainable financing mechanisms (i.e. subsidization, trust funds)
 Effective compensation schemes

13. 13