Veliki ruski i svetski pisac, Fjodor Dostojevski, rođen je na današnji dan 1821. godine. Njegovo delo, iako je nastalo u 19. veku, još uvek je predmet značajnih proučavanja, polemika, analiza, rasprava, raznih komparacija... Citati iz dela Dostojevskog često se koriste onako kako ne bi trebalo - citira se nešto što u delu kaže književni junak, a onda se ispod potpiše Dostojevski kao da je to njegova misao. To ne doprinosi pravom otkrivanju identiteta ovog velikog pisca. Često tome ne doprinose ni njegove izjave istrgnute iz konteksta, pre svega vremena i okolnosti u kojima je živeo.
Fjodor Mihajlovič Dostojevski, Zločin i kaznaDanijela Mikadi
Dostojevski, Fjodor Mihajlovič: Zločin i kazna (ruski realizam, moderni psihološki roman, (epika), elementi monološko-asocijativnog tipa romana, socijalnog (društvenog) romana, kriminalističkog romana, romana ideja (filozofskog romana), 1866. g.)
Robert Koch was a German physician who made groundbreaking discoveries in microbiology. He isolated the bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera. Koch developed Koch's postulates, a set of criteria for establishing causation between a microorganism and a disease. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his tuberculosis findings. Koch helped establish the field of microbiology and inspired other major figures through his research methods.
Robert Koch fue un médico alemán que enunció los famosos postulados de Koch para establecer una relación causal entre un microorganismo y una enfermedad. Sus postulados requerían que el patógeno se aislara del enfermo, cultivara de forma pura, causara la enfermedad al inocularlo a un animal sano, y volver a aislarse del animal enfermo. Aunque se han descrito excepciones, los postulados de Koch siguen siendo fundamentales para la identificación de nuevos patógenos y el estudio de enfer
Veliki ruski i svetski pisac, Fjodor Dostojevski, rođen je na današnji dan 1821. godine. Njegovo delo, iako je nastalo u 19. veku, još uvek je predmet značajnih proučavanja, polemika, analiza, rasprava, raznih komparacija... Citati iz dela Dostojevskog često se koriste onako kako ne bi trebalo - citira se nešto što u delu kaže književni junak, a onda se ispod potpiše Dostojevski kao da je to njegova misao. To ne doprinosi pravom otkrivanju identiteta ovog velikog pisca. Često tome ne doprinose ni njegove izjave istrgnute iz konteksta, pre svega vremena i okolnosti u kojima je živeo.
Fjodor Mihajlovič Dostojevski, Zločin i kaznaDanijela Mikadi
Dostojevski, Fjodor Mihajlovič: Zločin i kazna (ruski realizam, moderni psihološki roman, (epika), elementi monološko-asocijativnog tipa romana, socijalnog (društvenog) romana, kriminalističkog romana, romana ideja (filozofskog romana), 1866. g.)
Robert Koch was a German physician who made groundbreaking discoveries in microbiology. He isolated the bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera. Koch developed Koch's postulates, a set of criteria for establishing causation between a microorganism and a disease. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his tuberculosis findings. Koch helped establish the field of microbiology and inspired other major figures through his research methods.
Robert Koch fue un médico alemán que enunció los famosos postulados de Koch para establecer una relación causal entre un microorganismo y una enfermedad. Sus postulados requerían que el patógeno se aislara del enfermo, cultivara de forma pura, causara la enfermedad al inocularlo a un animal sano, y volver a aislarse del animal enfermo. Aunque se han descrito excepciones, los postulados de Koch siguen siendo fundamentales para la identificación de nuevos patógenos y el estudio de enfer
Robert Koch was a German scientist in the late 19th century who made breakthroughs in understanding deadly diseases like cholera and tuberculosis. Through careful microscopic study using stains and photography, he discovered that specific microbes caused specific diseases, identifying the bacteria that caused tuberculosis in 1882 and cholera in 1883. His scientific evidence that microbes spread disease helped reform public health and prevention efforts, establishing the new field of modern bacteriology.
Los postulados de Koch establecen criterios para determinar la relación causal entre un microorganismo y una enfermedad específica. Robert Koch formuló estos postulados después de descubrir las bacterias que causan el carbunco, la tuberculosis y el cólera. Los postulados requieren que el agente esté presente en cada caso de la enfermedad y ausente en personas sanas, que pueda aislarse del cuerpo y cultivarse puro, y que provoque la enfermedad al inocularse en un animal.
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist in the 19th century who performed experiments that supported the germ theory of disease, showing that microorganisms in the air cause fermentation and putrefaction. His work led Robert Koch to prove that specific diseases are caused by specific pathogens, establishing the field of microbiology. Koch developed methods to isolate and grow bacteria, discover the microbes that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera, and prove that each disease is caused by a unique microbe, known as Koch's postulates.
Este documento describe un experimento para demostrar los postulados de Koch usando el hongo Penicillium digitatum y naranjas. Se aísla el hongo de una naranja infectada en un cultivo puro, luego se inocula en una naranja sana causando infección, verificando que el hongo causa la enfermedad. Esto demuestra los primeros tres postulados de Koch. Finalmente, se vuelve a aislar el hongo de la naranja infectada experimentalmente, completando la demostración de los cuatro postulados.
Robert Koch descubrió el bacilo de la tuberculosis y es considerado el fundador de la bacteriología. En sus investigaciones sobre el carbunco bacteridiano, una enfermedad transmitida de animales a humanos, Koch descubrió que el patógeno se encontraba en la sangre de animales enfermos y podía transmitir la enfermedad a otros animales e incluso cultivarse en el laboratorio sin perder su capacidad patogénica. A partir de estas investigaciones, propuso sus famosos postulados sobre la presencia del agente en los enfermos
In Sciences, my 7th graders were asked to present a PPt on "My Scientist". Each chose a different scientist and then their teacher of English took it one step further and asked them to do the same in English! Here is the result :) Robert Kock, by João
Plant pathology is the study of diseases that affect plants. It examines the microorganisms and environmental factors that cause plant diseases, as well as methods for preventing and controlling diseases. Plant pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and other microbes that infect plants and cause damage. A key goal of plant pathology is minimizing crop losses from diseases, which globally account for 36.5% of annual losses. Understanding plant diseases and their causes is crucial for improving global food security.
Los principales investigadores de las enfermedades infecciosas incluyen a Antonio van Leeuwenhoek, quien inventó el microscopio y observó microorganismos por primera vez, a Luis Pasteur, quien desarrolló vacunas para la rabia y la fiebre carbunclosa y refutó la teoría de la generación espontánea, y a Robert Koch y Ronald Ross, quienes descubrieron los agentes causales de la tuberculosis y la malaria respectivamente.
Plant pathogens can survive in several ways, including through specialized structures, as saprophytes, in association with living plants, nematodes, fungi, insects, and agricultural materials. Some bacteria and fungi pathogens can survive for months on dried plant materials, machinery, and containers. Controlling insects that transmit pathogens can help manage disease. Water can transmit pathogens through bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes. Managing pathogens in water involves resistant varieties, water treatment, drainage, and chemicals like fungicides.
Sexual Reproduction In Fungi (Basidiospore)guest1ca9bf7
Sexual reproduction in fungi involves the formation of basidiospores. Two fungi mate and their hyphae fuse together, forming a structure called a basidium. Meiosis then occurs within the basidium and basidiospores are formed, which can grow into new fungi if they land in suitable conditions.
This article describes an inexpensive and safe experiment using citrus fruit to demonstrate Koch's Postulates. Citrus fruit purchased from grocery stores can be experimentally infected with Penicillium digitatum, a common mold found on citrus. Students isolate the mold from naturally infected fruit into a pure culture, then reintroduce it to uninfected fruit. The mold can then be recovered, completing all four steps of Koch's Postulates. This exercise allows students to associate a disease with its causal agent and practice sterile technique. It has been performed by hundreds of students without allergic reactions, making it a very safe demonstration for high school and college biology labs.
El documento presenta una introducción a los primeros cazadores de microbios, Antonio van Leeuwenhoek, Lázaro Spallanzani y Louis Pasteur. Leeuwenhoek fue el primero en observar microorganismos usando un microscopio simple que él mismo construyó. Spallanzani demostró que los microbios no se generan espontáneamente y que solo se reproducen a partir de otros microbios. Finalmente, Pasteur descubrió que los microbios pueden causar enfermedades y fermentaciones, sentando las bases de la microbiología moderna.
MOST ACCEPTED CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT DISEASE BY SOMBIR KASHYAP Sombir Kashyap
This document defines plant disease and discusses various ways plant diseases can be classified. It provides definitions for infectious and non-infectious diseases and discusses classification based on cause, occurrence, perpetuation/mode of infection, symptoms, organ affected, host plant, extent associated with the plant, and pathogen generations. Examples are provided for different types of diseases like rust, smut, wilts, rots, and powdery/downy mildews. Common plant pathogens discussed include fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes.
Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. It deals with the causes and mechanisms of disease development, plant-pathogen interactions, and disease management methods. Some key events in the history of plant pathology include the first use of microscopy to observe fungi and bacteria in the 16th-17th centuries, the 19th century discoveries of the fungal causes of late blight and anthrax, and the early 20th century discoveries of viral and other non-fungal pathogens. Modern plant pathology incorporates genetics, microbiology, and other fields to understand and address important diseases.
This document discusses various ways that plant diseases can be classified, including by:
- Extent of infection in the plant (localized vs. systemic)
- Mode of infection and perpetuation (soil-borne, air-borne, seed-borne)
- Symptoms exhibited (rusts, smuts, rots, blights, etc.)
- Host plant affected (cereal, vegetable, fruit, forest, ornamental crops)
- Crop affected (wheat diseases, maize diseases, etc.)
- Plant organ attacked (roots, shoots, fruits, foliage)
- Pattern of occurrence and distribution (endemic, epidemic, sporadic, pandemic)
- Pathogen life cycle and
El documento proporciona información sobre bacteriostáticos y antibióticos como la tetraciclina y el cloranfenicol. La tetraciclina inhibe la síntesis proteica bacteriana y se usa para tratar infecciones de la piel, tejidos blandos, gastrointestinales y respiratorias. El cloranfenicol también inhibe la síntesis proteica bacteriana y se utiliza para tratar infecciones graves causadas por bacterias sensibles a este antibiótico. Ambos antibióticos pueden causar efectos adversos leves como erupciones cutáne
10 lecture 1 principles of disease managmentZulfa Ulinnuha
1. The document discusses principles of plant disease management, including strategies to exclude pathogens before infection or treat plants after infection occurs.
2. It describes concepts like disease cycles, epidemiology, and the disease triangle that influence management approaches. Polycyclic diseases require reducing infection rate while monocyclic diseases focus on reducing initial inoculum.
3. Successful management combines strategies like sanitation, resistant varieties, and fungicides to manipulate the disease triangle and limit disease development over time.
This document discusses plant pathogens and the diseases they cause. It covers the main types of pathogens - fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes - and examples of diseases caused by each. It describes how pathogens can damage and infect plants, affect their growth and appearance, and reduce crop yields. Control methods discussed include fungicides, antibiotics, resistant plant varieties, and cultural practices like crop rotation.
2. Robert Koch Bakteriolog i liječnik. Jedan je od osnivača medicinske mikrobiologije. Rođen je 1843. godine u gradu Clausthalu. Umro je 1910. godine u gradu Baden – Baden u Njemačkoj. Pohađao je gimnaziju, gdjeje pokazao interes za biologiju i kao i njegov otac, jaki nagon za putovanje. 1862. godine, Koch je otišao na Sveučilištu u Göttingenu na studij medicine.
3. Otkriće roberta kocha Koch je otkrio spore bacila rebrenice, razradio metodiku istraživanja uzročnika gnojenja, a godine 1882. otkriva bacil tuberkuloze te dijagnostičko sredstvo za te bolesti. U prošlom je stoljeću tuberkuloza bila jedna od najrasprostranjenijih bolesti čovječanstva. Izvor slike
4. TUBERKULOZA Tuberkuloza je bila bolest pretežito siromašnih ljudi. Egzistirala je u vlažnim nečistim prostorima i napadala osobe čiji su prirodni obrambeni mehanizmi bili oslabljeni lošom prehranom, iscrpljenošću od teškog rada i neizliječenošću od gripe, ospica, rahitisa i sličnih bolesti.
6. Kochov bacil Godine 1882. u Fiziološkom društvu u Berlinu, Koch je iznio vlastitu spoznaju o uzročniku tuberkuloze, patogenom mikroorganizmu štapićastog oblika, koji je po njemu nazvan Kochovim bacilom. Bilo je to revolucionarno otkriće u borbi protiv najopasnije bolesti 19. stoljeća. Također je pronašao uzročnike kolere, ispitivao malarijui afričku bolest spavanja, te uveo liječenje kininom. Godine 1905. dobio je Nobelovu nagradu za medicinu. Izvor slike
7. Kochov laboratorij Koch, iako nije imao bogatu znanstvenu opremu i bio je potpuno odsječeni od knjižnica i kontakta s drugim znanstvenim radnicima, krenuo je na proučavanje bolesti. Njegov laboratorij je bio 4-sobni stan koji je i njegov dom. Izvor slike
9. anegdota Bakteriologa i liječnika Roberta Kocha netko je htio u društvu poniziti te ga upita: - Da li ste vi liječnik za stoku? Koch živahno odgovori: - Da, a što vas boli? Izvor slike