Food safety is important to prevent foodborne illness that can harm individuals and communities. Following the four steps of clean, separate, cook, and chill can help reduce foodborne illness. Clean means washing hands and surfaces thoroughly. Separate means avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods. Cook means ensuring foods reach a safe internal temperature. Chill means refrigerating foods promptly and keeping refrigerators at 40°F or below. Together these steps play a key role in food safety.

1. RISK MANAGEMENT AS APPLIED TO
SAFETY, SECURITY AND
SANITATION
WHY FOOD SAFETY MATTERS?
LESSON 3

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
EXPLAINWHYFOODSAFETYMATTERS
IDENTIFYTHEDANGERSBROUGHTBYFOODBORNE
ILLNESSTOINDIVIDUAL,ESTABLISHMENT,COMMUNITYANDECONOMICCOST
IDENTIFYTHESTEPSTOFOODSAFETYGUIDE
1.
2.
3.
4.

3. Everydayineverycountrypeoplefallillfromthefood
theyhaveeaten.Thesefoodborne illnessesarecausedby
dangerousmicro-organismsand/ortoxicchemicals.Even
though governmentsthroughouttheworlddotheirutmost
toimprovethesafetyandqualityof food,thehigh
numberoffoodborneillnessesisamajorpublichealth
issueforallcountries.

4. Foodsafety-
isascientificdisciplinedescribinghandling,preparation,and
storageoffoodinwaysthatpreventfood-borneillness.The
occurrenceoftwoormorecasesofasimilarillnesses
resultingfromtheingestionofacommonfoodisknownasa
food-bornediseaseoutbreak

5. Food–borneillness
-iscausedbyconsumingcontaminatedfoodsorbeverages.Most
food-bornediseasesareinfectionscausedbybacteria,virusesand
parasites. Otheriscausedbyharmfulbacteria

6. Mostofusconsiderfoodbornediseasesmildascomparedother
medicalconditions.Westillcannotseethewholeimpactofthisuntil
weseethechronicandmoreseriousconditionsandcomplicationsthat
wouldaffectour organsandothersystem(Buzby&Roberts,2009).

7. WorldHealthOrganizationestimatesmorethan2millionpeopledie
becauseoffoodborneillnessbroughtbyeatinganddrinking
contaminatedfoodsandbeverage.Healthisanessentialelementin
humanproductivitythatwouldgreatlyaffecteconomicdevelopmentof
acountry.

8. COSTOFFOODBORNEILLNESS
AccordingtonewstudypublishedinJournalofFoodProtection,FBI
estimates77.7billiondollarseconomicburdensannuallyinU.S.
3000deaths
28,000hospitalized
AccordingtoWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)Newfoodcontaining
harmfulmicroorganisms,parasitesorchemicalsarenowcontributing
tomorethan200diseases.

9. CASESINTERACTINGFACTORS
thegrowingnumberofoperatorswhointerveneinthefoodchainbetweentheprimary
producerandtheconsumer
thegrowingnumberofoperatorswhointerveneinthefoodchainbetweentheprimary
producerandtheconsumer;
achangeinthewayfoodispreparedandconsumed:shortercookingtimes,more
consumptionofrawproductseitherfortasteortosavetime,lesscanningandmore
freezing,morefermentedproducts,cold-smokedfish,andsoon;

10. CASESINTERACTINGFACTORS
moreconsumptionoutsidethehomeinrestaurants,canteens,etc.;
morepreparationoffood,ready-to-cookorreadytoeat;
greatersensitivityofproductstospoilage(e.g.:lesssaltorsugarused);
increaseddemandformeatorfish,whicharemorepronetocontamination;
longerfoodpreservationperiodsduetothecomplexityofthefoodchainand
greaterdistancebetweenthefieldandtheconsumer'stable;

11. CASESINTERACTINGFACTORS
alargerquantityoffoodinvolvedasaresultofindustrialisationofthe
agrifoodchain andcentralizationofdistributionsystems;
moreinternationaltrade,moretransportandstorage,whichoffersfewer
guaranteesthatthecoldchainhasbeenmaintained;
betterdetectionofbacterialcontamination(morecasesarereported);
moreexoticproductsinthediet;
lessrespectforgrowingseasons

12. MainFactorsleadingtofoodborneillness
outbreak
Contaminationofrawmaterials -54%
Non-respectforthecoldchainduringmealpreparation-40%
Errorinthepreparationprocess -35%
Toomuchtimebetweenpreparationandconsumption- 25%
Contaminationbyequipment-21%
Contaminationbyemployees-17%
Non-respectforthehotchain-14%

13. MaintainGuestSafety
Toavoidthelossesofbusinesses
ToavoidLawSuits
toMaintaintheguesttrust
toMaintainqualityStandards
reasonswhywestudyFoodSafety

14. CONTAMINANT
Asubstancethatmaybeharmfulthathasaccidentallygottenintofood.
MICROORGANISM
Alivingsubstancesosmallitcanbeseenonlyunderamicroscope.
ManycontaminatedfoodsDONOTlookorsmellspoiled,buttheycanstill
causeillness.

15. BACTERIA
Asingle-celledornon-cellularmicroorganism.Theylivealmost
everywhere.Theyarenotallharmful;sometypesofharmless
bacteriaarenormallyfoundinfoods.
Foodcanbecomecontaminatedwithharmfulbacteriaatanypoint
fromfarmtothetable.

16. FOODSAFETYGUIDE
followingthese4simplestepstohelpreduceFood-BorneIllnesses
CLEAN
SEPARATE
COOK
CHILL
1.
2.
3.
4.

17. CLEAN
Before,duringandafteryou
preparefood,washyourhands
withsoapandwaterforatleast
20seconds.
Keepworkareaclean.

18. CLEAN
Washutensils,cuttingboards,andcounter
topswithhotsoapywater.
Afterhandlingrawmeat,fish,poultry,oreggs,
washhandsthoroughlybeforetouchingother
foods.

19. CLEAN
Rinsefreshfruitsandvegetablesunderrunning
waterbeforeeatingorcutting
Removedirtyutensilsfromyourworkarea
beforeproceedingtothenexttask.
Neverstoresacksofonionsorpotatoes,canned
goods,etc.undersink.
Usepapertowelstowipeupjuicesfromraw
meatandpoultry.

20. CLEAN
Ifyouhaveanopensoreorcutonyourhand,put
onglovesbeforehandlingfood.
Designatethekitchenasanonsmokingarea.
Covercoughs/sneezeswithdisposabletissue.Wash
handsimmediately.
Disposeofgarbageproperlyandpromptly.

21. SEPARATE
Separatecookedandready-to-eatfoodsfromrawfoods.
Cross-contamination-occurswhenharmfulbacteriafrom
onefoodaretransferredtoanotherfood.
Putrawpoultry,meat,andseafoodinseparateplasticbags
beforeplacingtheminyourshoppingcart.

22. SEPARATE
Storerawpoultry,meat,andseafoodincontainerstokeep
themseparatefromotherfoodsintherefrigerator.
Donottasteandcookwiththesamespoon.
Usecleanutensilsandcontainers.
Neveruseahandtoweltowipethedishes.
Useseparatecuttingboards,platesandkniveswhen
preparingmeat

23. SEPARATE
cHOPPINGBOARDCOLOR
CODING

24. Nevertasteanyfoodthatlooksorsmells
questionable.*Whenindoubt-throwitout.
Storenon-perishablesintightlysealedcontainerstokeep
themfreshandfreefrominsectsandrodents.
SEPARATE

25. Useameatthermometertoensurefood iscookedtoasafe
internaltemperaturebeforeconsuming
Rawmeat,poultry,seafood,andeggscancontainharmful
bacteria.
Disposeanybulging,leaking,orotherwisedamagedcontainer
offood.
COOK

26. Donoteatrawcookiedoughortastepartiallycookeddishes
containingmeat,poultry,fish,oreggs.
Useonlyclean,fresh,unbrokeneggsforeggnog,custard,and
othereggdishes.
Boillow-acid,home-cannedfoodsfor10-20minutesbefore
tasting.
COOK

27. Donoteatrawcookiedoughortastepartiallycookeddishes
containingmeat,poultry,fish,oreggs.
Useonlyclean,fresh,unbrokeneggsforeggnog,custard,and
othereggdishes.
Boillow-acid,home-cannedfoodsfor10-20minutesbefore
tasting.
COOK

28. COOK

29. Chillingfoodspromptlyafterbuyingorservingthem
willkeepharmfulbacteriafrommultiplying.
Keepcoldfoodscold–below40degrees.
Bacteriamultiplyfastestattemperaturesbetween
60and126degrees.*Neverallowfoodtositout
morethantwohours.
Refrigerateleftoverspromptly
CHILL

30. Thawfoodintherefrigeratororinthemicrowave
ovenimmediatelybeforecooking.-Donotthawon
thekitchencounterortable.
Keeprefrigeratorandfreezerclean.
Packagerefrigeratorandfrozenfoodsproperly.
(Moistureandvaporproof)
CHILL

31. CHILL
Useshallowcontainersforrefrigeratorstorageto
helpfoodsreachsafe,cool,temperaturesfaster.
Donotrefreezefoodsunlesstheystillcontainice
crystals.
Putperishableitemsinyourshoppingcartlast.

32. toreinforceandcontinuallyupdatetheregulatoryframeworktoreflect
technical changesandtheresultsofriskanalyses;
foroperatorstoorganiseself-evaluationandriskcontrolsystemsbasedon
HACCP principles;
toidentifythedatatoberecordedtoensureproducttraceability:tobeable
totracethehistory,destinationororiginofaproduct;
toguaranteeapplicationofthesemeasuresthroughinspections,monitoring
plans,andinternalandexternalaudits.
Toensurethatfoodisharmlessandrestoreconsumers'confidenceandsenseof
security,itisnecessary:

33. Confidencecanonlyberestoredwhen:
1.Foodhygieneisguaranteed(bytakingmeasuresand
organisingtheconditionsto preventhazardsandensurethat
foodproductsaresuitableforconsumption).
2.Foodsafetyisguaranteed(byusingproductionmodesthat
assurethatthefoodisnotharmfultohealth:goodpractices
andqualitystrategies).

34. 3. Effortsaretakentoprovidecorrectinformationtoall
stakeholdersandthepopulationingeneral(information,
traceability,withdrawalandrecallprocedures).
4.Allactorsinthefoodchainadoptanapproachtowards
foodsafetythatentailsa continuityofresponsibility
throughthewholelifecycleoftheproduct,inother
wordsfrom farmtofork