The document discusses risk and hazard analysis for deep water marine systems. It introduces the topic and outlines some related accidents that demonstrate the need for such analysis. The document then reviews some key studies and literature on risk assessment methods, separating them into categories of major references, best practices, considerations of human error, and data and processes used. Finally, it provides an overview of the qualitative analysis process, outlining typical methods like case studies, interviews, and data analysis techniques like HAZOP and expert rating. The document proposes using such techniques to systematically identify and address hazards associated with deep water marine systems.
The document provides background information on the Piper Alpha oil production platform disaster that occurred in 1988, killing 167 people. It discusses the platform's management and operations, industrial processes, and identifies multiple causes of the accident. The primary initiating event was an explosion caused by a condensate pump startup during maintenance, which allowed gas to leak and ignite. This led to secondary and tertiary explosions as fires spread and structures collapsed. Root causes included failures in the company's management of safety systems like permit-to-work and a lack of emergency response training and authority. Human errors also contributed through improper maintenance procedures and sign-offs.
Piper Alpha was an oil production platform located in the North Sea that produced natural gas, LPG, and crude oil. On July 6, 1988, an explosion occurred on the platform due to a leak from a safety valve that was under maintenance but mistakenly connected to a pump that was put into use. This caused a chain reaction of explosions and fire that ultimately destroyed the platform, killing 167 workers. The disaster was caused by poor documentation and separation of paperwork regarding maintenance and safety procedures for pumps and valves. In response, the oil industry implemented new safety measures, permit systems, and formal assessments.
Risk cost benefit analysis of colision aversion model 74 f493Oladokun Sulaiman
This document summarizes a research article that presents a collision aversion model and cost benefit analysis for inland water transportation.
The key points are:
1. The model analyzes collision risk for inland waterways by estimating collision probability and quantifying consequences like damage, loss of life, and economic losses.
2. It applies the model to Langat River in Malaysia to estimate historical collision rates and predictive costs for implementing collision avoidance measures.
3. The cost benefit analysis compares costs of safety measures to reduced risks and economic benefits to evaluate options for improving safety and environmental protection for sustainable inland water transportation.
This document summarizes a research article that presents a collision aversion model and cost benefit analysis for inland water transportation.
The key points are:
1. The model analyzes collision risk for inland waterways by estimating collision probability and quantifying consequences like damage, loss of life, and economic losses.
2. It applies the model to Langat River in Malaysia to estimate historical collision rates and predictive costs for implementing collision avoidance measures.
3. The cost benefit analysis compares costs of safety measures to reduced risks and economic benefits to evaluate options for improving safety and environmental protection for sustainable inland water transportation.
This document summarizes a research article about developing a collision aversion cost-benefit analysis model for inland water transportation.
The key points are:
1) Collision is a major risk for inland water transportation that can have severe consequences like loss of life, environmental damage, and economic losses. However, developing collision avoidance systems also requires considering economic sustainability.
2) The study develops a predictive cost-benefit analysis model for collision risk aversion on the Langat River in Malaysia to support decision-making for risk mitigation options.
3) The model considers factors like vessel size, traffic patterns, channel characteristics, and historical accident data to estimate collision probabilities and consequences in order to analyze the costs and benefits of
Risk cost benefit analysis of colision aversion model 74 f493Oladokun Sulaiman
This document summarizes a research article that proposes a collision aversion cost-benefit analysis model for inland water transportation.
The model aims to analyze collision occurrence scenarios and consequences to reliably and sustainably design collision avoidance systems. Collision is a major risk for inland water transport that can cause environmental damage, injuries, and disruptions. However, collision avoidance systems also require economic sustainability.
The study applies this model to Langat River in Malaysia, collecting data on historical accidents, vessel traffic, and environmental conditions. It then discusses using the model to predict costs for collision aversion and support risk control decisions to develop the waterway in a sustainable manner.
This document summarizes a research article that presents a collision aversion model and cost benefit analysis for inland water transportation.
The key points are:
1. The model analyzes collision risk for inland waterways by estimating collision probability and quantifying consequences like damage, loss of life, and economic losses.
2. It applies the model to Langat River in Malaysia to estimate historical collision rates and predictive costs for implementing collision avoidance measures.
3. The cost benefit analysis compares costs of safety measures to reduced risks and economic benefits to evaluate options for improving safety and environmental protection for sustainable inland water transportation.
This thesis studied risks, safety climate, safety management practices, and situation awareness in offshore environments. It had four main objectives: 1) assess risks of offshore drilling and production platforms, 2) evaluate safety climate and safety management practices, 3) identify root causes of offshore accidents, and 4) examine safety and situation awareness of offshore crews. Various methods were used, including risk assessment techniques, a safety climate assessment toolkit, an accident root cause model, and interviews with offshore personnel. Key findings included identifying major hazards for offshore platforms, assessing the current safety climate and practices of companies, determining root causes of accidents, and factors affecting crew situation awareness. The study provided recommendations to improve offshore safety and risk management.
The document provides background information on the Piper Alpha oil production platform disaster that occurred in 1988, killing 167 people. It discusses the platform's management and operations, industrial processes, and identifies multiple causes of the accident. The primary initiating event was an explosion caused by a condensate pump startup during maintenance, which allowed gas to leak and ignite. This led to secondary and tertiary explosions as fires spread and structures collapsed. Root causes included failures in the company's management of safety systems like permit-to-work and a lack of emergency response training and authority. Human errors also contributed through improper maintenance procedures and sign-offs.
Piper Alpha was an oil production platform located in the North Sea that produced natural gas, LPG, and crude oil. On July 6, 1988, an explosion occurred on the platform due to a leak from a safety valve that was under maintenance but mistakenly connected to a pump that was put into use. This caused a chain reaction of explosions and fire that ultimately destroyed the platform, killing 167 workers. The disaster was caused by poor documentation and separation of paperwork regarding maintenance and safety procedures for pumps and valves. In response, the oil industry implemented new safety measures, permit systems, and formal assessments.
Risk cost benefit analysis of colision aversion model 74 f493Oladokun Sulaiman
This document summarizes a research article that presents a collision aversion model and cost benefit analysis for inland water transportation.
The key points are:
1. The model analyzes collision risk for inland waterways by estimating collision probability and quantifying consequences like damage, loss of life, and economic losses.
2. It applies the model to Langat River in Malaysia to estimate historical collision rates and predictive costs for implementing collision avoidance measures.
3. The cost benefit analysis compares costs of safety measures to reduced risks and economic benefits to evaluate options for improving safety and environmental protection for sustainable inland water transportation.
This document summarizes a research article that presents a collision aversion model and cost benefit analysis for inland water transportation.
The key points are:
1. The model analyzes collision risk for inland waterways by estimating collision probability and quantifying consequences like damage, loss of life, and economic losses.
2. It applies the model to Langat River in Malaysia to estimate historical collision rates and predictive costs for implementing collision avoidance measures.
3. The cost benefit analysis compares costs of safety measures to reduced risks and economic benefits to evaluate options for improving safety and environmental protection for sustainable inland water transportation.
This document summarizes a research article about developing a collision aversion cost-benefit analysis model for inland water transportation.
The key points are:
1) Collision is a major risk for inland water transportation that can have severe consequences like loss of life, environmental damage, and economic losses. However, developing collision avoidance systems also requires considering economic sustainability.
2) The study develops a predictive cost-benefit analysis model for collision risk aversion on the Langat River in Malaysia to support decision-making for risk mitigation options.
3) The model considers factors like vessel size, traffic patterns, channel characteristics, and historical accident data to estimate collision probabilities and consequences in order to analyze the costs and benefits of
Risk cost benefit analysis of colision aversion model 74 f493Oladokun Sulaiman
This document summarizes a research article that proposes a collision aversion cost-benefit analysis model for inland water transportation.
The model aims to analyze collision occurrence scenarios and consequences to reliably and sustainably design collision avoidance systems. Collision is a major risk for inland water transport that can cause environmental damage, injuries, and disruptions. However, collision avoidance systems also require economic sustainability.
The study applies this model to Langat River in Malaysia, collecting data on historical accidents, vessel traffic, and environmental conditions. It then discusses using the model to predict costs for collision aversion and support risk control decisions to develop the waterway in a sustainable manner.
This document summarizes a research article that presents a collision aversion model and cost benefit analysis for inland water transportation.
The key points are:
1. The model analyzes collision risk for inland waterways by estimating collision probability and quantifying consequences like damage, loss of life, and economic losses.
2. It applies the model to Langat River in Malaysia to estimate historical collision rates and predictive costs for implementing collision avoidance measures.
3. The cost benefit analysis compares costs of safety measures to reduced risks and economic benefits to evaluate options for improving safety and environmental protection for sustainable inland water transportation.
This thesis studied risks, safety climate, safety management practices, and situation awareness in offshore environments. It had four main objectives: 1) assess risks of offshore drilling and production platforms, 2) evaluate safety climate and safety management practices, 3) identify root causes of offshore accidents, and 4) examine safety and situation awareness of offshore crews. Various methods were used, including risk assessment techniques, a safety climate assessment toolkit, an accident root cause model, and interviews with offshore personnel. Key findings included identifying major hazards for offshore platforms, assessing the current safety climate and practices of companies, determining root causes of accidents, and factors affecting crew situation awareness. The study provided recommendations to improve offshore safety and risk management.
The document discusses risk and hazard analysis processes for deep water marine systems. It begins by introducing the growing need for reliable deep water operations due to environmental concerns and the expansion of offshore activities.
It then discusses the requirements for modeling risk and reliability, including examining system functionality, environmental factors, and life cycle considerations. A key part of the process involves proactively identifying risks through analysis, ranking risks, and generating options to mitigate safety and environmental risks.
The document also outlines how risk assessment has been used in related industries and by regulatory bodies to support decision making. It emphasizes using probabilistic and scenario-based assessments that consider broader impacts. Sensitivity and contingency analyses can also help address uncertainty. Overall, the risk-
The vast resources of the world’s oceans need
to be fully utilized to benefit human activities
in a sustainable manner. The maritime
industry has made use of the ocean in a very
responsible way, but inland water resources
have been much more underutilized and under-
maintained, especially for transportation.
In an age so dire to find ways to mitigate the
challenge of climate change and its associated
impacts, recent research has indicated
that inland water transportation represents
the cleanest mode of transportation. This
indicates the potential for an increase in usage
of inland waterways for transportation.
The use of inland water transportation is
forecast to rise because of the potential for
short sea shipping, expanding deep-sea operations,
and alternative mitigation options for
climate change. Coastal water transportation
is associated with low probability, high
consequence accidents, which makes reliability
requirements for the design and operation
for safety and environmental protection very
necessary. Collision represents the largest
percentage of accident risk scenarios among
water transportation risk factors. This paper
discusses recent work in risk and reliabilitybased
design, and safe and efficient vessel
operation in coastal waters. This includes
systems based approach that covers proactive
risk as well as holistic, multiple-criteria
assessment of waterways variables required
to develop mitigation options and decision
support for preventive, protective and control
measures for various collision accident
scenarios within inland waterways.
Keywords: Inland transportation, accidents, risk assessment,
vessel safety, collisions, climate change,
marine pollution, navigation
This document provides an evaluation of road safety television advertising campaigns conducted by the Transport Accident Commission (TAC) in Victoria between 1989-1992. It finds:
1) TAC advertising supporting speed and alcohol enforcement programs is linked to reductions in casualty crashes, with estimated benefits in reduced costs 3.9-7.9 times advertising costs.
2) Advertising with "concentration" themes may increase awareness but its effects on crashes involving young drivers are unclear.
3) Investments of 540 average monthly advertising targets for speed/concentration themes and 800 for drink-driving are estimated to reduce crashes cost-effectively. Higher investments provide diminishing returns.
4) The impacts of advertising without enforcement links
This document presents the Dual Image Grooved Sign (DIGS) design for improving runway safety. DIGS are pavement signs embedded in taxiways and runways that can display two information signs when viewed from different angles, providing guidance information to pilots on both sides of the centerline. This increases pilot situational awareness and reduces the risk of runway incursions. The design was informed by research on current signage systems and input from aviation industry experts. Analysis suggests DIGS could effectively enhance safety while lowering costs compared to alternatives like runway status lights.
The automatic identification system of maritime accident risk using rule-base...Bilal IDIRI
Présentation lors de la conférence IEEE SOSE 2012.
Current maritime traffic monitoring systems are not sufficiently adapted to the identification of maritime accident risk. It is very difficult for operators responsible for monitoring traffic to identify which vessels are at risk among all the shipping traffic displayed on their screen. They are overwhelmed by huge amount of kinematic ship data to be decoded. To improve this situation, this paper proposes a system for the automatic identification of maritime accident risk. The system consists of two modules. The first automates expert knowledge acquisition through the computerized exploration of historical maritime data, and the second provides a rule-based reasoning mechanism.
Jerzy Jurewicz & Boulos_Analysis of safety aspects associated with the plasma...Ne3LS_Network
This document discusses the safety aspects of handling nanopowders in industrial production. It presents Tekna Advanced Materials, which produces advanced materials using plasma technology. Risk management is key, following international standards. Design considerations aim to minimize hazards through passivation, encapsulation or wet collection. Hazard evaluation focuses on exposure probability, guided design. Barriers seek to prevent, control or mitigate accidents through multiple levels of protection.
This document discusses developing a risk and reliability model for inland water transportation systems to improve safety and environmental protection. Collision is a major risk that can cause high-consequence accidents, so reliability is important for vessel and waterway design. The paper covers a systems approach to proactively assess risk factors like waterways variables and develop mitigation options to prevent and control collision scenarios. The goal is to optimize existing practices and support decision making for sustainable coastal transportation.
This document discusses modeling process for safety and environmental risk and reliability of inland water transportation systems. Collision represents a major risk scenario and consequence accidents involving inland waterways require reliable design and operations for safety and environmental protection. The paper discusses recent work in risk and reliability-based design and vessel operation in coastal waters, including a systems-based approach covering proactive risk assessment and holistic evaluation of waterway variables to develop mitigation options and support decision making.
This document discusses modeling collision risk frequency for inland waterways. It proposes a safety, environmental risk, and reliability model for collision accident frequency that considers factors like vessel characteristics, traffic characteristics, environmental conditions, operator skill, and quality of information available to operators. The probability of collision per year predicted by the model is acceptable in maritime industries but may be high for waterways with less traffic. Providing measures like traffic separation and vessel traffic management could help maximize sustainable use of the waterway by restoring safety. The goal is to develop a fundamental, sustainable transit risk model to support decision-making around reliable and sustainable inland water transportation development and regulation.
This document presents a 7-stage framework for analyzing and improving near-miss management programs in the chemical process industry. Near-misses are unplanned incidents that do not result in injury or damage but have the potential to. The framework involves identifying near-misses, reporting them, analyzing causes, determining and disseminating solutions, and ensuring resolutions. Effective near-miss programs encourage employee involvement and can improve safety by addressing accident precursors before harm occurs.
How human resources can improve employee safetysee54
The document summarizes five major industrial disasters between 1988 and 2010 involving oil and gas companies. It discusses common factors like an emphasis on occupational safety over process safety and how human errors are often caused by organizational failures. The document recommends implementing safety cases, process safety management programs, and training to encourage open communication to address these issues and prevent future disasters.
- The document describes a 3D software wreckage reconstruction system (3D-SWRPS) used to assist in investigating the 2002 crash of China Airlines Flight CI611.
- The 3D-SWRPS utilizes 3D modeling of wreckage recovered from the site, laser scanning, and a reference Boeing 747-200 model to reconstruct wreckage pieces in 3D.
- Over 160 wreckage pieces were scanned and reconstructed in 3D to determine fracture patterns and the aircraft breakup sequence.
Impact Of Extreme Events On Nuclear Facilities, Charles Shepherdjasbircra
Presentation entitled \'Impact Of Extreme Events On Nuclear Facilities\', delivered by Charles Shepherd of CRA at the 2011 PSA/HFA Forum.
To download this presentation and others delivered at the event, please visit: http://www.corporateriskassociates.com/psa-hfa-annual-forum/
Linking Safety Culture & Safety Performance In Marine TransportationStephanie Camay
This document summarizes a presentation on linking safety culture and safety performance in marine transportation. It discusses how safety culture can be measured at the individual, team and organizational levels using safety factors and metrics. Interviews and surveys are used to measure safety culture characteristics which are then linked to safety performance data on accidents, incidents and injuries. Initial results showed relationships between organizational and vessel-level safety factors and performance. Further analysis found efficacy moderates the relationship between safety culture and team performance, and implications are that networks of safety culture influences vary across organizational levels.
This document provides a status update on GM-VV, a generic methodology for the verification and validation of modeling and simulation. It discusses the structure, objectives, and key concepts of GM-VV. GM-VV is designed to improve the quality and efficiency of VV&A processes. It aims to provide a common basis for understanding VV&A and a generally applicable yet tailorable methodology. The document outlines GM-VV's three-volume structure and discusses its customer-oriented and generic nature. The overarching goal of GM-VV is to demonstrate with sufficient confidence that a model or simulation fits its intended use.
This document summarizes a presentation on robustness efforts in the offshore industry. It discusses:
1) The concept of robustness as the ability of a system to accommodate variability without disproportionate loss of functionality. Early reliability efforts focused on defining safety factors for variable loads.
2) The development of limit state design and risk-based standards in the 1960s-1980s to quantify failure probabilities, though practical challenges remained regarding data needs, sensitivity, and reconciling designs with failure rates.
3) Key concepts like hazard curves that relate variability, bias, and probability of failure. Observations are made around reliability for fixed platforms and expanding offshore infrastructure in changing conditions like climate.
Article in Current World Environment-Issue December 21st Kamran Aliyev
This document presents a knowledge-based system for environmental monitoring of contract areas in the Caspian Sea. The system allows differentiation of impacts caused by the operator's activities from impacts of external pollution sources. It uses benthic communities as impact indicators. The system establishes a background polygon and impact polygon network of monitoring stations. It then designs a differentiator function to map changes in benthic community indicators over time and attribute them to the operator or external sources based on their spatial distribution and expert knowledge about the Caspian Sea environment. The system was developed through expert discussions and aims to improve environmental impact assessment in the complex conditions of the Caspian Sea.
The FMEA relates to a very broad spectrum on how effective this tool can be utilized as solver aid in dealing with the histories/pattern of failure in the product.
And how well can it be hierarchically deal with analysis the root cause of the problem.
This methodology is widely adopted in almost all manufacturing branch industries, due to its efficiency is tracking down all the possibilities occurrence in failure with the severity, occurrence, etc and other parameters to define the intensity of the failure being occurred.
To understand the tools usage a bit further, I have enumerated a case study via a example in this slides.
This document outlines an arrangement of cooperation between the Faculty of Maritime Studies & Marine Science at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and two private companies, Technip Geoproduction (M) Sdn. Bhd and Bureau Veritas. The agreement involves collaborative activities taking place in Surabaya, Indonesia.
Port development work involves laborious activities and sub sequential use of large amount of
energy. Modular construction has facilitate labour require, energy usage, hence carbon footage has
gain approval of efficient product development in recent year. The use of such mobile equipments
equally gives advantage to port to reduce port traffic, safety preservation of environment reduction in
maintenance and berth allocation. Heavy seaborne traffic in port leads to the requirement of port
terminal development or improvement. Port terminal involved problem related to traffic and high cost.
The use of mobile floating protection facilities can offset this problem. The study involved design and
modeling of a safe loading and unloading facilities to ensure the smooth flow of the work and
reduction in the work delay. The berthing facility is moveable, floating structure that act as a protection
for ships berthing in port. The modeling involve design of that determine the safe berthing velocity and
, the berthing energy, environmental load (wind and current) and material which are the important
parameters for fender selection and to ensure that it is safe to carry out its function as loading and
unloading facilities. By using light weight less energy can be employ to build berth, and to conduct
berthing operation, and by providing safety the system can be provided discount for environmental
conservation. The result of this study hoped to improve safety and efficiency of the port operation in
handling of the ships entering and leaving the port. The model is designed for prototyping physical
system that can be use for experiments and commercialization.
Keywords: Mobile, Floating, Berthing Facilities, Berthing Energy, Port, Modular, Mobile, Port,
Safety, Light Weight
The document discusses risk and hazard analysis processes for deep water marine systems. It begins by introducing the growing need for reliable deep water operations due to environmental concerns and the expansion of offshore activities.
It then discusses the requirements for modeling risk and reliability, including examining system functionality, environmental factors, and life cycle considerations. A key part of the process involves proactively identifying risks through analysis, ranking risks, and generating options to mitigate safety and environmental risks.
The document also outlines how risk assessment has been used in related industries and by regulatory bodies to support decision making. It emphasizes using probabilistic and scenario-based assessments that consider broader impacts. Sensitivity and contingency analyses can also help address uncertainty. Overall, the risk-
The vast resources of the world’s oceans need
to be fully utilized to benefit human activities
in a sustainable manner. The maritime
industry has made use of the ocean in a very
responsible way, but inland water resources
have been much more underutilized and under-
maintained, especially for transportation.
In an age so dire to find ways to mitigate the
challenge of climate change and its associated
impacts, recent research has indicated
that inland water transportation represents
the cleanest mode of transportation. This
indicates the potential for an increase in usage
of inland waterways for transportation.
The use of inland water transportation is
forecast to rise because of the potential for
short sea shipping, expanding deep-sea operations,
and alternative mitigation options for
climate change. Coastal water transportation
is associated with low probability, high
consequence accidents, which makes reliability
requirements for the design and operation
for safety and environmental protection very
necessary. Collision represents the largest
percentage of accident risk scenarios among
water transportation risk factors. This paper
discusses recent work in risk and reliabilitybased
design, and safe and efficient vessel
operation in coastal waters. This includes
systems based approach that covers proactive
risk as well as holistic, multiple-criteria
assessment of waterways variables required
to develop mitigation options and decision
support for preventive, protective and control
measures for various collision accident
scenarios within inland waterways.
Keywords: Inland transportation, accidents, risk assessment,
vessel safety, collisions, climate change,
marine pollution, navigation
This document provides an evaluation of road safety television advertising campaigns conducted by the Transport Accident Commission (TAC) in Victoria between 1989-1992. It finds:
1) TAC advertising supporting speed and alcohol enforcement programs is linked to reductions in casualty crashes, with estimated benefits in reduced costs 3.9-7.9 times advertising costs.
2) Advertising with "concentration" themes may increase awareness but its effects on crashes involving young drivers are unclear.
3) Investments of 540 average monthly advertising targets for speed/concentration themes and 800 for drink-driving are estimated to reduce crashes cost-effectively. Higher investments provide diminishing returns.
4) The impacts of advertising without enforcement links
This document presents the Dual Image Grooved Sign (DIGS) design for improving runway safety. DIGS are pavement signs embedded in taxiways and runways that can display two information signs when viewed from different angles, providing guidance information to pilots on both sides of the centerline. This increases pilot situational awareness and reduces the risk of runway incursions. The design was informed by research on current signage systems and input from aviation industry experts. Analysis suggests DIGS could effectively enhance safety while lowering costs compared to alternatives like runway status lights.
The automatic identification system of maritime accident risk using rule-base...Bilal IDIRI
Présentation lors de la conférence IEEE SOSE 2012.
Current maritime traffic monitoring systems are not sufficiently adapted to the identification of maritime accident risk. It is very difficult for operators responsible for monitoring traffic to identify which vessels are at risk among all the shipping traffic displayed on their screen. They are overwhelmed by huge amount of kinematic ship data to be decoded. To improve this situation, this paper proposes a system for the automatic identification of maritime accident risk. The system consists of two modules. The first automates expert knowledge acquisition through the computerized exploration of historical maritime data, and the second provides a rule-based reasoning mechanism.
Jerzy Jurewicz & Boulos_Analysis of safety aspects associated with the plasma...Ne3LS_Network
This document discusses the safety aspects of handling nanopowders in industrial production. It presents Tekna Advanced Materials, which produces advanced materials using plasma technology. Risk management is key, following international standards. Design considerations aim to minimize hazards through passivation, encapsulation or wet collection. Hazard evaluation focuses on exposure probability, guided design. Barriers seek to prevent, control or mitigate accidents through multiple levels of protection.
This document discusses developing a risk and reliability model for inland water transportation systems to improve safety and environmental protection. Collision is a major risk that can cause high-consequence accidents, so reliability is important for vessel and waterway design. The paper covers a systems approach to proactively assess risk factors like waterways variables and develop mitigation options to prevent and control collision scenarios. The goal is to optimize existing practices and support decision making for sustainable coastal transportation.
This document discusses modeling process for safety and environmental risk and reliability of inland water transportation systems. Collision represents a major risk scenario and consequence accidents involving inland waterways require reliable design and operations for safety and environmental protection. The paper discusses recent work in risk and reliability-based design and vessel operation in coastal waters, including a systems-based approach covering proactive risk assessment and holistic evaluation of waterway variables to develop mitigation options and support decision making.
This document discusses modeling collision risk frequency for inland waterways. It proposes a safety, environmental risk, and reliability model for collision accident frequency that considers factors like vessel characteristics, traffic characteristics, environmental conditions, operator skill, and quality of information available to operators. The probability of collision per year predicted by the model is acceptable in maritime industries but may be high for waterways with less traffic. Providing measures like traffic separation and vessel traffic management could help maximize sustainable use of the waterway by restoring safety. The goal is to develop a fundamental, sustainable transit risk model to support decision-making around reliable and sustainable inland water transportation development and regulation.
This document presents a 7-stage framework for analyzing and improving near-miss management programs in the chemical process industry. Near-misses are unplanned incidents that do not result in injury or damage but have the potential to. The framework involves identifying near-misses, reporting them, analyzing causes, determining and disseminating solutions, and ensuring resolutions. Effective near-miss programs encourage employee involvement and can improve safety by addressing accident precursors before harm occurs.
How human resources can improve employee safetysee54
The document summarizes five major industrial disasters between 1988 and 2010 involving oil and gas companies. It discusses common factors like an emphasis on occupational safety over process safety and how human errors are often caused by organizational failures. The document recommends implementing safety cases, process safety management programs, and training to encourage open communication to address these issues and prevent future disasters.
- The document describes a 3D software wreckage reconstruction system (3D-SWRPS) used to assist in investigating the 2002 crash of China Airlines Flight CI611.
- The 3D-SWRPS utilizes 3D modeling of wreckage recovered from the site, laser scanning, and a reference Boeing 747-200 model to reconstruct wreckage pieces in 3D.
- Over 160 wreckage pieces were scanned and reconstructed in 3D to determine fracture patterns and the aircraft breakup sequence.
Impact Of Extreme Events On Nuclear Facilities, Charles Shepherdjasbircra
Presentation entitled \'Impact Of Extreme Events On Nuclear Facilities\', delivered by Charles Shepherd of CRA at the 2011 PSA/HFA Forum.
To download this presentation and others delivered at the event, please visit: http://www.corporateriskassociates.com/psa-hfa-annual-forum/
Linking Safety Culture & Safety Performance In Marine TransportationStephanie Camay
This document summarizes a presentation on linking safety culture and safety performance in marine transportation. It discusses how safety culture can be measured at the individual, team and organizational levels using safety factors and metrics. Interviews and surveys are used to measure safety culture characteristics which are then linked to safety performance data on accidents, incidents and injuries. Initial results showed relationships between organizational and vessel-level safety factors and performance. Further analysis found efficacy moderates the relationship between safety culture and team performance, and implications are that networks of safety culture influences vary across organizational levels.
This document provides a status update on GM-VV, a generic methodology for the verification and validation of modeling and simulation. It discusses the structure, objectives, and key concepts of GM-VV. GM-VV is designed to improve the quality and efficiency of VV&A processes. It aims to provide a common basis for understanding VV&A and a generally applicable yet tailorable methodology. The document outlines GM-VV's three-volume structure and discusses its customer-oriented and generic nature. The overarching goal of GM-VV is to demonstrate with sufficient confidence that a model or simulation fits its intended use.
This document summarizes a presentation on robustness efforts in the offshore industry. It discusses:
1) The concept of robustness as the ability of a system to accommodate variability without disproportionate loss of functionality. Early reliability efforts focused on defining safety factors for variable loads.
2) The development of limit state design and risk-based standards in the 1960s-1980s to quantify failure probabilities, though practical challenges remained regarding data needs, sensitivity, and reconciling designs with failure rates.
3) Key concepts like hazard curves that relate variability, bias, and probability of failure. Observations are made around reliability for fixed platforms and expanding offshore infrastructure in changing conditions like climate.
Article in Current World Environment-Issue December 21st Kamran Aliyev
This document presents a knowledge-based system for environmental monitoring of contract areas in the Caspian Sea. The system allows differentiation of impacts caused by the operator's activities from impacts of external pollution sources. It uses benthic communities as impact indicators. The system establishes a background polygon and impact polygon network of monitoring stations. It then designs a differentiator function to map changes in benthic community indicators over time and attribute them to the operator or external sources based on their spatial distribution and expert knowledge about the Caspian Sea environment. The system was developed through expert discussions and aims to improve environmental impact assessment in the complex conditions of the Caspian Sea.
The FMEA relates to a very broad spectrum on how effective this tool can be utilized as solver aid in dealing with the histories/pattern of failure in the product.
And how well can it be hierarchically deal with analysis the root cause of the problem.
This methodology is widely adopted in almost all manufacturing branch industries, due to its efficiency is tracking down all the possibilities occurrence in failure with the severity, occurrence, etc and other parameters to define the intensity of the failure being occurred.
To understand the tools usage a bit further, I have enumerated a case study via a example in this slides.
This document outlines an arrangement of cooperation between the Faculty of Maritime Studies & Marine Science at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and two private companies, Technip Geoproduction (M) Sdn. Bhd and Bureau Veritas. The agreement involves collaborative activities taking place in Surabaya, Indonesia.
Port development work involves laborious activities and sub sequential use of large amount of
energy. Modular construction has facilitate labour require, energy usage, hence carbon footage has
gain approval of efficient product development in recent year. The use of such mobile equipments
equally gives advantage to port to reduce port traffic, safety preservation of environment reduction in
maintenance and berth allocation. Heavy seaborne traffic in port leads to the requirement of port
terminal development or improvement. Port terminal involved problem related to traffic and high cost.
The use of mobile floating protection facilities can offset this problem. The study involved design and
modeling of a safe loading and unloading facilities to ensure the smooth flow of the work and
reduction in the work delay. The berthing facility is moveable, floating structure that act as a protection
for ships berthing in port. The modeling involve design of that determine the safe berthing velocity and
, the berthing energy, environmental load (wind and current) and material which are the important
parameters for fender selection and to ensure that it is safe to carry out its function as loading and
unloading facilities. By using light weight less energy can be employ to build berth, and to conduct
berthing operation, and by providing safety the system can be provided discount for environmental
conservation. The result of this study hoped to improve safety and efficiency of the port operation in
handling of the ships entering and leaving the port. The model is designed for prototyping physical
system that can be use for experiments and commercialization.
Keywords: Mobile, Floating, Berthing Facilities, Berthing Energy, Port, Modular, Mobile, Port,
Safety, Light Weight
This document discusses the potential for nanotechnology to enable more efficient and lower-cost marine energy production systems. It describes how multi-gap solar cells using nano-wires and quantum dots can achieve higher solar cell efficiencies at lower costs. Nanotechnology may allow for novel nano-solar cells compatible with hybrid marine power systems that provide higher efficiency through more efficient use of the solar spectrum. The document examines various nano-electronic materials that could be used for marine energy production, including their advantages and challenges for withstanding marine environments.
This document summarizes a study on the structural integrity of aluminum stiffener panels in ship structures. Three types of aluminum stiffener panels - flat, L-shaped, and T-shaped - were tested under bending and compressive loads. The results showed that panels in areas unaffected by welding heat had greater stability. T-shaped panels exhibited the highest ultimate load capacity, while flat panels showed the lowest deflection levels under bending. The study provides data on panel dimensions and material properties to determine the panel with the best strength for ship structural systems.
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The document outlines the layout and purpose of various tanks and spaces on a ship. It describes key areas like the cargo holds for transporting goods, double bottom and wing tanks for ballasting and stability, fresh water tanks, fuel oil tanks, sump and bilge tanks for collecting and reusing oils, and peak and cofferdam spaces. The engine room layout is also referenced for further details.
This document provides information on various international organizations that influence worldwide shipping practices, including the International Maritime Organization (IMO), International Maritime Bureau (IMB), Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), International Ship Managers Association (ISMA), International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), International Shipping Federation (ISF), International Transport Workers Federation (ITF), Council of European and Japanese National Shipowners Assocation (CENSA), International Maritime Industries Forum (IMIF), International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). It also includes information on flags, signals, and codes used in international shipping communication.
This document defines and explains key ship dimensions and terms used to describe a ship's size and design. It discusses measurements like length between perpendiculars, molded beam, draft, sheer, and freeboard. It also defines tonnage measurements including displacement tonnage, lightweight tonnage, deadweight tonnage, gross tonnage, and net tonnage. Finally, it describes the load line mark used to indicate a ship's assigned summer freeboard.
This document discusses classification societies and their role in classifying ships. Classification societies set technical and safety standards for ships and ensure they are properly maintained through regular surveys. They assign ships a class rating which is valid for typically 5 years and indicates the risk level for insurers. Major classification societies around the world include Lloyd's Register, American Bureau of Shipping, Bureau Veritas, Det Norske Veritas, and others.
The document discusses the functions of merchant ships and their role in international trade. It notes that merchant ships were important for transport in the 19th century and different types of cargo ships later developed for specific goods like oil, timber, and cement. Shipping remains the cheapest form of transport for large cargo quantities and is critical for international trade, nation building, and domestic trade in island countries. Various factors influence world trade, including economic resources, market conditions, political frameworks, technological development, and financial situations between countries.
This document provides an overview of ship construction and outlines a 7-week course on the topic. It will cover ship structure, types of ships, construction processes, regulatory bodies, and key components. Students will learn about structural members, terminology, and framing systems. The document lists learning objectives and navigation for the course, which will cover construction overview, the construction process, ship dimensions and forms, development of ship types, ship structure, outfitting, and a final assignment project.
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Risk and Hazop Analysis
1. Ocean of Discovery
FACULTY OF MARINE SCIENCE AND MARITIME
TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MARITIME TECHNOLOGY
By O.O. Sulaiman PhD, CEng, CMarEng
2. Ocean of Discovery
Risk and Hazard Operability Process Of Deep Water Marine System
Sulaiman1, W.B. Wan Nik2, A. H. Saharuddin3, A.S.A.kader4, M.F. Ahmad5
O
12/9/2010 28
3. i. INTRODUCTION
ii. RELATED WORK
iii. RISK PROCESS/ HAZOP PROCESS
iv. CONCLUSION
4. Introduction
the word of water, maritime accident and consequential casualties.
increasing deep sea operation
challenge of design for safety , environment, reliability and
sustainability
uncertainty associated with deep sea operation, system complexity ,
environmental impose and human errors warrant
need for the use of scientific , reliability and risk base model for
sustainable, efficient and reliable system design
Uncertainty associated with HAZID -> use of HAZOP as one of the
best method for HAZID
11/23/2012 4
5. Related Problem
i. Alpha piper
ii. BP oil spill
iii. Exon Valdez
GHG Amount Industrial contribution
CO2 67.5%, Combustion energy sector accounted for
86.7% of total CO2 emissions, landfills
(46.8%) and fugitive emissions from oil
and gas (26.6%)
CH4 32.4% landfills (46.8%) and fugitive emissions
from oil and gas (26.6%) accounted for
73.4% of total CH4 emissions
N2O 0.1% Traditional biomass fuels accounted for
86.4% of total N2O emissions
11/23/2012 5
6. KEY STUDIES
International Maritime Organisation (IMO)., (2006): Amendments to the
Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) for Use in the IMO Rule
Making Process. 2006., MSC/ – MEPC.2 / Circ 5 (MSC/Circ.1023 –
MEPC/Circ.392).
Parry, G. (1996), The Characterization of Uncertainty in
Probabilistic Risk Assessments of Complex Systems. Reliability
Engineering and System Safety. 54:2-3., 119-126.
N. ,, Soares, C., A. P. Teixeira. (2001).Risk Assessment in Maritime
Transportation. Reliability Engineering and System Safety. 74:3.,.,
299-309.
UK, HSE, 1999, Offshore Technology Report” Effective Collision
Risk Management for Offshore Instalation, UK, London
7. 2.LIERATURE REVIEW
Major References Best Practice Human Error Data and Process
US “The US Coast Guard’s (USCG) risk-based decision-making guidelines
Coast categorize human error into four categories, which form a matrix: intentional
Guard’s errors, unintentional errors, errors of omission, and errors of commission”
(USCG) “An error of omission occurs when an operator fails to perform a step or task.
An error of commission occurs when an operator performs a step or task
incorrectly .”
Nivolian “ Technical factors are more readily resolved than human factors through
itou et. technological and regulatory “fixes” leaving human-related errors and
al (2004) breakdowns as the probable cause of industrial accidents.”
Hee et. “ Hee et. al concluded that human inputs to technological and engineering
al (1999) processes may actually contribute to accident risks from the begin stages of
equipment design.”
Human
11/23/2012Factors vs. Human Errors 7
(based on Gordon, 1998)
8. Best Practice
Institution Studies Model Application Drawback
The Norwegian Guidelines on how to apply risk analysis to meet its Brown et al Environmental performance of tankers Damage analysis
(1996) deal only with oil spill
Petroleum regulations
Directorate Sirkar et al Consequences of collisions and Difficulties on
(1997) groundings quantifying
UK Health & Guidance on risk assessment in the context of consequence metrics
Safety Executive Offshore Safety Cases
Brown and Hybrid use of risk assessment, Oil spill assessment
Canada- Guidance on installation Safety Analysis to help Amrozowicz probabilistic simulation and a spill limited to use of fault
(2000) consequence assessment model tree
Newfoundland operators meet its regulations
Offshore Petroleum
Sirkar et al Monte Carlo technique to estimate Lack of cost data
Board (1997) damage and+ spill cost analysis for
environmental damage
American Recommended practice for design and hazard
Petroleum Institute analysis offshore production platforms. IMO (IMO 13F Pollution prevention index from Lack (Sirkar et al
(1995) probability distributions damage and (1997) rational
oil spill.
The UK Offshore Procedure for the conduct of formal safety Research Alternative rational approach to Lack employment of
operators assessment of offshore installations, with very brief Council measuring impact of oil spills stochastic
Associations coverage of hazard assessment. Committee(199 probabilistic methods
9)
Pitblado & Turney Introduction to QRA for the process industries,
(1995) Prince William The most complete risk assessment Lack of logical risk
Sound, Alaska, assessment
Aven (1992) Discussion of offshore QRA, focusing in particular (PWS (1996) framework (NRC
on reliability analysis. (1998))
Volpe National Accident probabilities using statistics Lack employment of
Crook (1997) Qualitative review of recent technical and Transportation and expert opinion. stochastic methods
regulatory developments in the field of safety Center (1997)).
against fire, inherently safer design, and human
factor. Puget Sound Simulation or on expert opinion for Clean up cost and
Area, USCG cost benefit analysis environmental
Brian Veitch Rescue and evacuation from offshore platform (1999)) damage omission
11/23/2012 8
9. 3.0 Qualitative Analysis Process
Methods:
Case study
Baseline data
• Qualitative: Determine and collect the ship paint
• constructivist, naturalistic, application parameters and standards.
interpretive, postpositivist or
postmodern perspective.(Creswell, Interviews:- Industry, ship Owner, classification
2003) Society (Lloyd’s Register of Shipping), -
Manufacturer
• Used to describe the overall Phone calls
framework/procedure
• used to look at reality,
• based on a philosophical stance
Data analysis- HAZOP, expert rating
- models identify basic concepts and
describe what reality is like, and the
conditions by which we can study it. Deductive recommendation
- ideas identified in models are refer
to concepts.
10. DATA ANALYSIS
POP&C – POLLUTION PREVENTION & CONTROL
Safe Transportation of Hazardous Goods by Tankers
PASSIVE SAFETY ACTIVE SAFETY
P2 P3 C alibration of P5 P6
Probabilis tic Index-A
us ing pertinent s ce rio
na s
to match his torical ris k
Po llu tio n Preven tion
En v iro n m tal Impact A s
en sessmnt
e
LOSS OF WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY
LO SS O F D AMAG E
FIR E/ EX PLOSION
STA BILITY /
p f1 SIN K A GE
Pfd
(Waterways and vessel
OIL OU TFLOW- Co
RISK RED U CTIO N
COLLISION/ MEA SU RES/
Database)
STA Y A FLOAT
HAZID
GR OU N DING LOSS OF V ESSEL-Cp IN CID EN T
P fi MA N A G EMENT
p f2 P4 Rf
LOSS OF D EA TH/IN J UR Y - Cl
STR U C TU RA L STRU CTU RA L P7
FA ILU R E IN TEG RITY
p f3 P fs Po llu tio n Mitig atio n an d Con trol
C alibration of
En v iro n m tal Impact A s
en sessmnt
e
Pf through pertinent
s cenarios , us ing
s tructural reliability, to
match his torical ris k
Formalised Risk Assessment or Risk -Based Design of Tankers
Risk = Σ w. Pfi x Σ w. C i. Rf
11/23/2012 10
11. Qualitative and Quantitative Techniques
Qualitative Application Quantitative tools Application
Methods Frequency and Consequence Involve analysis of causal
Checklist Ensure that organizations are complying with standard practice Analysis factor and impact of accident
Failure Modes and Effects Use to analyse the components
Safety/Review Identify equipment conditions or operating procedures that could
Analysis (FMEA) (equipment) failure modes and
Audit lead to a casualty or result in property damage or environmental
the impacts on the surrounding
impacts.
components and the system
What-If Identify hazards, hazardous situations, or specific accident events
that could lead to undesirable consequences. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Use to analyse combinations
of equipment failures and
Hazard and Identify system deviations and their causes that can lead to human errors that can result in
Operability undesirable consequences and determine recommended actions to an accident
Study reduce the frequency and/or consequences of the deviations. Event Tree Analysis (ETA) Use to analyse various
(HAZOP) consequences of events, both
Preliminary Identify and prioritize hazards leading to undesirable failures and successes that can
Hazard consequences early in the life of a system. lead to an accident.
Analysis
(PrHA) Determine recommended actions to reduce the frequency and/or Technique for Human Use to analyse human error
consequences of prioritized hazards. Performance Reliability
Prediction (THERP)
Components of
risk based method
11/23/2012 11
12. Components of Risk based Methods
Components of RBM Cause of Accident
Process Suitable techniques
HAZID HAZOP, What if analysis,
FMEA, FMECA
Risk analysis FTA, ETA
Risk Influence diagram,
evaluation decision analysis
Risk control Regulatory, economic,
option environmental and
function elements
matching and iteration
Cost benefit ICAF, Net Benefit
analysis
Human Simulation/ Probabilistic
reliability
Uncertainty Simulation/probabilistic
Risk Simulation/ probabilistic
Monitoring
13. HAZOP PROCESS
• A HAZOP analysis is detail HAZID, it mostly divided into section or
nodes involve systemic thinking and assessment a systematic
manner the hazards associated to the operation. Hazard operability
(HAZOP) is done to ensure that the systems are designed for safe
operation with respect to personnel, environment and asset.
• In HAZOP all potential hazard and error, including operational
issues related to the design is identified. The quality of the HAZOP
depends on the participants. Good quality of HAZOP participants
are (HSE, 1999):
Politeness and unterupting
To the point discussion- avoid endless discussion
Be active and positive
Be responsible
Allow HAZOP leader to lead
14. HAZOP PROCESS
• It involve How to apply the API 14C for those process
hazard with potential of the Major Accident.
• Dynamic simulation for consequence assessment of the
process deviation, failure on demand and spurious
function of the safety system, alarm function and
operator intervention is very important for HAZOP study.
• Identification of HAZOP is followed with application of
combined Event tree and Fault tree analysis for
determination of safety critical elements, training
requirement for the operators and integrity and review of
maintenance manuals.
15. HAZOP PROCESS
• HAZOP process is as followed:
• Guide word/ brainstorming -> Deviation -> Consequence -> Safeguard -
>Recommended action
Propulsion failure HAZOP could follow the following:
• Guide word :i.e. No pitch, No blade
• Description: I.e. No rotational energy transformed, object in water break the
blade
• Causes: i.e. operation control mechanism
• Safety measurement to address implementation of propeller protection such
grating, jet
• Also important HAZOP, is implementation of IEC61511 to assess the
hazards associated to failure on demand and spurious trips,
• In HAZOP record the worksheets efficiently to cover all phases also play
important role.
16. HAZOP PROCESS
• Advance HAZOP can also e implemented through Simulation operations to
identify, quantify, and evaluate the risks. SIMOP Methodology includes:
• Consequence Assessment
• Frequency Analysis
• Risk Calculation
• Risk Analysis
• Safety Criticality Elements
• HAZOP is not intended to solve everything in a meeting. Identified hazard is solved
in the closing process of the finding from the study. Table 2 shows typical HAZOP
report.
• Safety barrier management involve optimisation between the preventive and
mitigation measures fundamental.
• To determination of the safety critical elements (SCE), performance standards for
the design of safety Critical Elements and in integrity assurance.
17. HAZOP PROCESS
• Safety level integrity (SIL) involves assessment and
verification according to IEC61508 and
IEC61511Qualitative SIL assessment uses the risk
graphs and calibration tables during the brainstorming
sessions where the required SIL is assigned to the
safety systems.
• dynamic simulation could be optimised with greater
accuracy. This saves a significant effort, time and cost
for the project. It involve application of
HAZOP & SIL assessment
Alarm Management
Fire & Explosion Stud
Case study
19. Fire Accident Scenario Analysis
Compression Fire Hot work 3
area
Manifold area Toxicity Radio active 4
products
HP gas area PPE 2
Separation Management If PTW is not 3
area of work followed correctly
permit (A) , the accident may
happen
Compressor Fire & 3 Loading Condition
Loading Condition
area Explosion Model
Model
Process area Handling Halting of 4 Engine
Engine
proximity of room
room Fire Protection Model
Fire Protection Model
process under
pressure CONSEQUENCE
Untility area Fire fighting No availability of 2 Cargo leakage Model
Cargo leakage Model
Fire Explosion
Fire Explosion
system Fire Fighting Model consequence
consequence
Model Accommodation
Accommodation
system
Separation Fire & Escape routes are 3 LPG Hazard Model
LPG Hazard Model
Explosion obstructed
PPE Contractor not 2 Suvivability Model
Suvivability Model
using PPE Compressor
Compressor
PPE 3 room
room
Evacuation model
Evacuation model
Tank area Fire No Fire & Gas 2
detection
Compression Explosion Escape routes are 3
area obstructed
Compression Fire Hot work 3
area
Manfold area Toxicity Radio active 4
products
21. Data and Model
Assessment of rainfall-Runoff model
Assess the impacts of wind loading
Assessment of wave loading
Assessment of system design
Assessment of disposal
Assessment of dynamic positioning
Assessment of energy system
Assessment of passing vessel
Assessment of human reliability analysis
Assessment of location
Assessment of historical data
11/23/2012 21
22. (v). ACCIDENT DATA
Primary data
Secondary data from UK Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB)
Categorized different types of marine casualties and incidents
Risk based regulation
risk based operation
risk based design
Total risk
concept Risk based
method
Technolohgy element
Environmetal elements
Human element
Risk (R) = Probability (P) X Consequence (C)
11/23/2012 22
23. System Risk Analysis: Components of System Vs
Standard Compliance Analysis
High level goal assessment / Safety and environmental
protection objective Tier
-Standards requirement 1&2
- Functional requirement
Goal Analysis
criteria
compliance
verification of
Goal based
Tier 3
Regulatory instruments/ Classification rules, industrial Tier 4
standards
Class guides, technical procedure
Design process
process
Approval
Secondary standards for company or individual system
- Code of practice, safety and quality systems Tier 5
shipbuilding, operation maintenance and manning
11/23/2012 23
25. System Level Analysis -Failure Modes and
Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Simplified Processes of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Action & Check
STEP 1:
Identify a
Failure Mode
Risk Priority STEP 2:
Number Determine
(RPN) Severity
FMEA
STEP 4: STEP 3:
Determine Determine
Detectability Occurrence
11/23/2012 25
RPN = Severity Rating x Occurrence Rating x Detection Rating
26. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
Five steps of FTA:
Define the undesired event to
study
i. Obtain an understanding of
the system
ii. Construct the fault tree
iii. Evaluate the fault tree
iv. Control the hazards identified
Output event Output event Basic Undeveloped
Event Event
AND OR
Gate Gate
Input events Input events
Figure 1: Logic Gates & Typical Primary Events
11/23/2012 26
27. Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
ETA process:
i. Define the system.
ii. Identify the accident scenarios.
iii. Identify the initiating event (IE).
iv. Identify pivotal events.
v. Build the event tree diagram.
vi. Obtain the failure event probabilities.
vii.Identify the outcome risk.
11/23/2012 27
28. Accident Consequence Modeling
C11
Causes
Accident C12
Categories d
an ort
ate nsp
F ra
T
C1
C2
C3
Failures, Human and Organizational Errors, Environmental Stressors
Safeguards, Barriers, Operational Controls, Risk Control Options
C
28
Consequences
29. As Low as Reasonable Possible Principle (ALARP), Risk
Acceptability Criteria, cost Effectiveness Assessment (CEA)
Scenario Probability Consequence Cumulative Probability
S1 P1 C1 P1=P1+P2
S2 P2 C2 P2=P3+P2
Si Pi Ci Pi=Pi+3+Pi
Sn+1 Pn+1 Cn+1 Pn-1=Pn+Pn+1
Sn Pn Cn Pn=Pn
11/23/2012 29
31. Cost Benefit Analysis, RCO
• Risk control measures are used to group risk into a limited number of
well practical regulatory and capability options. Risk Control Option
(RCO) aimed to achieve (David, 1996):
– Preventive: reduce probability of occurrence
– Mitigation: reduce severity of consequence
• In estimating RCO, the following are taken into consideration:
• DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years) or QALY (Quality Adjusted
Life Years)
• LQI (Life Quality Index)
• GCAF (Gross Cost of Averting a Fatality)
• NCAF (Net Cost of Averting a Fatality)
• ICAF (Implied Cost of Averting Fatality
11/23/2012 31
32. Sustainability Analysis
costt Diferent between cost of polution
control and environmetal damage
Minimum sum of cost Cost of polution control
High damage cost with
no control
No economic gain from
polusion control
Cost of damage from
polution
Minimum sum of cost
11/23/2012 32
33. Validation
Frequency model
Consequence Model
ALARP
11/23/2012 33
34. Validation of HAZOP
Expert Rating workshop:
Industry
Manufacture
Classification Society
Operator
accademecian
35. Conclusion
• Following need for maritime activities to operate in much harsh
condition, institutions are adopting system based approach that
account for total risk associated with system lifecycle to protect the
environment and prevent accident.
• Employment of risk method to address each contributing factor to
accident is very important. Qualitative risk in system description and
hazard identification can best be tackled through HAZOP.
• The outcome of HAZOP can be processed in quantitative analysis
which may include probabilistic and stochastic dynamic simulation
process for system level analysis, while fault tree and event tree
quantitative analysis can be utilized to determine risk index
• Translation of dynamic risk analysis can be translated into ALARP
influence diagram can provide decision support risk cost control option
towards sustainable, reliable, efficient propulsion technology choice y
for system design and operability.