The document summarizes civil unrest in America during the 1960s. As progress was made on civil rights, black communities grew increasingly impatient and hostile towards perceived injustice. Riots broke out in cities like Newark and Detroit in 1967 in response to police brutality and inequality. Militant black nationalist groups called for violence, while moderate leaders struggled to restrain unrest. The riots highlighted racial tensions and economic disparities between white and black communities.
At the Crossroads of Freedom and EqualityAmanda Carter
A presentation for Black History Month 2013 that will be on display on the first floor of Franklin Library, Fisk University throughout the month of February. This file was updated on February 21, 2013. As seen by the sources on the last page of the presentation, there are a selection of songs and speech excerpts that play along with this but could not be uploaded here. I apologize for the inconvenience.
At the Crossroads of Freedom and EqualityAmanda Carter
A presentation for Black History Month 2013 that will be on display on the first floor of Franklin Library, Fisk University throughout the month of February. This file was updated on February 21, 2013. As seen by the sources on the last page of the presentation, there are a selection of songs and speech excerpts that play along with this but could not be uploaded here. I apologize for the inconvenience.
Standard 6 Review Guide (SC US History EOC)Tom Richey
Review Guides for the South Carolina United States History and Constitution End of Course (EOC) for Standard 6, which covers the 1920s and the Great Depression
Standard 6 Review Guide (SC US History EOC)Tom Richey
Review Guides for the South Carolina United States History and Constitution End of Course (EOC) for Standard 6, which covers the 1920s and the Great Depression
The early 1960s in America was fraught with fear looming over from .docxssuser454af01
The early 1960's in America was fraught with fear looming over from the onset of the cold war. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was sworn into office as the 35th President in January of 1961. Within a few months of taking office, he helped orchestrate the
Bay of Pigs Invasion
, which had a negative result. In 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis unfolded, and the fear of communism in the United States was stronger than ever. 1963 signaled the beginnings of unrest in Laos and Vietnam, due to a perceived communist threat. Kennedy was preparing to face the crisis mounting in Southeast Asia when he was assassinated on November 22nd, 1963. The
assassination of JFK
was a pivotal moment not just for American history, but also for American popular culture.
The term
counterculture
has been defined as a culture with values and mores that run counter to, or against those, of established society. There has always been a counterculture to oppose the dominant culture in America, but this group tended to be in the minority of the population until the mid to late 1960's. The assassination of JFK, which was all the more shocking due to the fact that it was the first televised assassination in American history, changed the fabric of the United States. Young people were not merely beginning to question the authority of their parents; they were questioning their rights as citizens, and to have a mistrust of their government.
The 1960's countercultural revolution in the US was not only brought on by political events. The birth of rock and roll in the late 1950's had changed the face of popular music forever, and many new musicians were emerging with a new look, and a new sound. Arguably, the most important band to emerge in the 1960's were not American, but British musicians. Ladies and gentlemen...
The Beatles!
The Beatles
The Beatles were part of the "British Invasion" of bands during the early to mid 1960's, who were becoming extremely popular with American youth. When they first appeared, they sported a clean-cut look, with short hair and suits. As their popularity grew into an international phenomenon, they began to change their appearance, and began to experiment with drugs. Both British, and American youth cultures were transformed by "Beatlemania", as it was called. As the band changed, young people changed with them. Not everyone was a fan of the strong opinions of John Lennon, one of The Beatles two front men. During an interview in 1966, John Lennon remarked that The Beatles had become "
more popular than Jesus
". This caused outrage in the Southern United States, and in Birmingham, Alabama, young people were urged by religious and social leaders to burn Beatles records. Consequently, this was the same part of the country where the civil rights movement was also taking place.
Bob Dylan
Another notable musician, and also an American, Bob Dylan also helped shape the countercultural structure of the 1960's. Dylan, who is still recording music today, started o.
The Fracturing of the New Deal CoalitionThe credibility” issu.docxrtodd194
The Fracturing of the New Deal Coalition
The “credibility” issue: Many will increasingly distrust what their government tells them. The Vietnam War will indicate to many that their government cannot be trusted.
In the 1950s, many regarded the government as the engine of growth. Between the 1950s and 1960s, however, many began to grow suspicious of government action. Rather than providing for an improved
McCarthyism
Student Activism
Students for a More Democratic Society
“The Port Huron Statement,” 1962
“We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit.”
Answering a Question on the Review Sheet!!!
How did fear of foreign communism help to shape post-war American culture? Why were many concerned that the effort to fight communism overseas my have a negative impact on Freedom and democracy at home?
The Civil Rights Era or the Black Freedom Movement
Historians have had a tendency to isolate the events of the late 1950s and the 1960s from the broader chronology of African Americans pushing for civil rights.
The Life of Ella Baker
Ella Baker’s life demonstrates the difficulty of limiting the civil rights era to the 1950s and 1960s.
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
From Chief Justice Earl Warren’s decision: “We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other ‘tangible’ factors may be equal deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.”
The Actions of Civil Rights Activists also helped to build momentum for Civil Rights
Montgomery Bus Boycotts, 1955 -- largely failed to get national attention.
Violence in other places around the South, however, provided powerful images for the national media.
Little Rock, Arkansas
In 1957, President Eisenhower sent the 101 Airborne division to enforce a court order forcing integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
Woolworth Sit Ins
In 1960, four black college students from North Carolina A&T in Greensboro decided to sit at the “whites only” counter in their local F.W. Woolworth and order coffee and doughnuts.
For the Michigan students who would organize the SDS in 1962, it seemed like an advance for democracy and were excited about joining the movement to topple Jim Crow in the United States.
Answering a Question on the Review Sheet!!!
How was the “sit-in” movement of 1960 an outgrowth of earlier protests? What major differences divided the various groups—SNCC, SCLC, NAACP, CORE, and others—that were active in protesting against white supremacy in the 1960s?
Violence in Birmingham
Growing Pressures on the Democratic Party
In the 1960s, the Democratic Party would suffer the impossible challenge of defeating communism, satisfying the concerns of student activists, meeting the demands o.
Judge the JudgeOut of the 13 pick THREE you believ.docxLaticiaGrissomzz
Judge the Judge
Out of the 13 pick
THREE you believe are the
worse judges and
explain why
1. 1920s James Reynolds SCOTUS
2. 1991 Thomas J. Mahoney 1977-1991 71 F3rd 645 1995
3. 2009 Samuel Kent US District Court 2001-2007
4. 2009 Thomas Spargo Albany, NY
5. 2010 Huang Songyo China
6. 2011 Carol Feinman Brooklyn, NY
7. 2011 Paul Hawkes 1st District Court Florida
8.
2011 Donald Thompson Creek County, Oklahoma
9. 2011 Michael Conahan Pennsylvania 1994-2007
10. 2011 Mark Ciavarella Pennsylvania
11. 2014 Kimberly Brown Marion, Indiana
12. 2015 Jerri Collins Seminole County Court, Florida
13. 2015 Lisa Gorcyca Oaklan County, Michigan
Edna St. Vincent Millay Discussion
As always, bonus points may be given for commenting thoughtfully on the posts of your classmates.
AUSTIN’S POSTS:
1. In “Spring,” Edna St. Vincent Millay examines the triviality of spring. Obviously dealing with a crisis of life’s meaninglessness, Millay seems resentful of spring’s surface-level mask of beauty. Millay realizes the pain life brings with it, and she says “beauty is not enough” (Millay). Deeply affected by the mundanity of life and the inevitability of death, Millay is no longer comforted by the temporary pleasantries spring brings with it. Millay writes “It is not enough that yearly, down this hill, / April / Comes like an idiot, babbling and strewing flowers” (Millay). Millay’s personification of the season and of her crippling depression allow the reader a glimpse into the mind of a troubled woman who is unimpressed by life and its possibilities.
2. In “What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why,” Edna St. Millay reflects on the lovers that have come and gone in her life. Millay implies that she has had many lovers throughout her life, and she is unable to remember a majority of them. She is now lonely, and writes “I only know that summer sang in me / A little while, that in me sings no more” (Millay). Having multiple partners and no spouse is historically frowned upon. Janie from Zora Neale Hurston’s
Their Eyes Were Watching God was harassed by other women just for moving on from her dead husband. When she returns to town after Tea Cake’s death, she is ridiculed for being in a relationship with a younger man. Millay seems unaffected by the opinion of others. Millay implies that she misses her short, sweet, physical relationships with men.
Dorothy Parker Discussion
As always, bonus points may be given to students who comment thoughtfully on the posts of their classmates.
AUSTIN’S POST:
2. In “A Certain Lady,” Dorothy Parker subverts male expectations of women and shows depth beneath the demure veil of compliance men see on the surface. Parker empowers women to manipulate men as they themselves have been manipulated historically. She details a woman’s ability to keep her emotions under control and to proceed through a relationship with calculated effici.
From: Chairman Omali Yeshitela , Ch. 3. The Theory of African Internationalism. In: An Uneasy Equilibrium - Commemorative Edition: The African Revolution Versus Parasitic Capitalism, Burning Spear Uhuru Publications, 2014.
National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox
The Making of African American Identity: Vol. III, 1917-1968
Stokely Carmichael.Toward Black Liberation The Massachusetts Review Autumn 1966 Excerpt*
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Riots and Rebellion in America |The 1960s
1. Riots and Rebellion in America
The 1960s
Playwright LeRoi Jones arrested in Newark for possessing two
1 Riots and loaded pistols – mid-July 1967
Rebellion in America | The 1960s
2. View the Video
Text and Image source: http://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/11_The-Bewildering-60s/11c_Johnson%27s-
%27Great-Society%27-2.htm
“The Revolution of Rising Expectations”
Things seemed to be getting just as confusing at home as well. Despite quite visible progress in
getting a cultural shift moving in America that would finally make way for Blacks to come into full and
equal participation in American society – it was never fast enough for young Blacks that now began to
voice their deep hostility to the White society around them. And that hostility began to take the form
of attacks on White businesses in their neighborhoods, even pillaging and burning them in
demonstration of the outrage that was growing in their hearts against White injustice.
Idealistic or Liberal Whites could not understand this strange response of the Blacks to White efforts at
reform. They probably had never heard of "the revolution of rising expectations." They did not
understand that people long compliant to oppressive authority do not just automatically rise up to
throw off their chains just because the oppression is great. Marx thought this is how the noble human
spirit would automatically and inevitably produce the great revolution that would one day usher in the
class-less, state-less, totally egalitarian, totally voluntary society (voluntary with respect to a person’s
willingness to work hard for the common good). As oppression worsened people would begin to move
automatically to move toward revolution, even violent revolution. A nice, humanistic idea.
2 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
3. But things just do not work out that way. People actually are quite able to accommodate themselves
to their chains. This is not a very noble picture of human nature. But it is an accurate picture. Action
moving people to change things does not happen until the people begin to have reason to begin to
believe that change is possible. They will not throw off the way they have learned to live with
oppression – until they are fairly confident that change, that some kind of release from the oppression,
is possible. And once they see the system bending or cracking, then they begin to become more bold
in their push for change. As the oppressing system begins to back down then they become irate and
indignant at the injustice of the way things were. Once they finally see that things are moving in their
favor then they become bold – defiant, even heroic in that defiance. But not until then. But this is
how “the revolution of rising expectations” actually works.
Thus the more that the White society began to accommodate Black interests, those interests began to
gather momentum, until they became truly a storm of passion. It was not because just at that point
that oppression was just starting to get severe, but because at that point the severity of it seemed to
be lightening. Then all the impatience at the slowness of the momentum began to set in. Then the
anger mounted, then the violence picked up. This was the phenomenon the Whites were observing –
rising Black militancy in response to the White’s honest interest in seeing an improvement in the Black
situation.
Liberal Idealism and White guilt
But the Whites had no idea of why the more they tried to improve things, the more indignant and
resentful the Blacks became. It was just human nature. But American Idealists had (and still have)
very little accurate insight into human nature. They had made man into a rational, loving man-God.
But this man-God was behaving neither rationally nor lovingly in the American streets as the 1960s
rolled along.
The White effort to make sense of their Idealistic universe gradually took the form of either a rising
self-hatred and the deep need to apologize for their ancestors having left such a horrible legacy of
racism (the typical response of the Boomers) – or a rising bitterness about Blacks’ inability to maintain
a decent sense of law and order among themselves (the typical response of the Vets). Political lines
were beginning to be drawn up as the situation in America worsened. Inner cities began to burn to the
refrain of "Burn Baby, Burn" and police sirens answering back in refrain as 'Black Power' advocates
were carted off to jail, either as self-sacrificing heroes or mere criminals, depending on which side of
the ideological divide you found yourself on.
3 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
4. Malcolm X, 1925-1965.
Bob Adelman
Jennings and Brewster, p. 404
4 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
5. Malcolm X
UPI
Athearn [Vol. 16] p. E585
Blacks demonstrate their new freedoms by torching the world around them
(what exactly was the logic in this behavior?)
5 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
6. Rioting and arson in Watts - 1965
(less than a week after the passing of the Voting Rights Act)
Co Rentmeester / LIFE
LIFE, p. 296
6 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
7. Black looters in the Watts section of Los Angeles – August 1965
Joe Flowers - Black Star
The Vietnam Experience: A Nation Divided, p. 65
7 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
8. Detroit – 1965: Black summertime rioting and pillaging.
Dennis Brack/Black Star
Jennings and Brewster, p. 403
8 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
9. Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.; President Lyndon Johnson in background
(the breakdown of social order was not at all what either of them expected or
wanted the civil rights movement to develop into)
By Yoichi Okamoto, Washington, DC, March 18, 1966
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, National Archives
9 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
10. Blacks lining up for the vote in rural Peachtree, Alabama – May 3, 1966
Corbis / Bettman-UPI
LIFE, p. 252
For many young Blacks, 1967 was yet another summer for looting and
burning
(giving rise to the new mantra: "Burn baby, burn")
10 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
11. Looters in Newark's riots – mid-July 1967
UPI
Grauer, NBC News Picture Book of 1968, p. 57
11 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
12. National Guardsmen and police arresting looters in Newark's riots – mid-July
1967
UPI
Grauer, NBC News Picture Book of 1968, p. 52
12 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
13. A boy wounded in the Newark riots - 1967
(26 died)
Bud Lee / LIFE
LIFE, p. 303
13 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
14. Playwright LeRoi Jones arrested in Newark for possessing two loaded pistols
– mid-July 1967
UPI
Grauer, NBC News Picture Book of 1968, p. 59
14 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
15. The arrest of a Black cab driver in Newark, NJ, set off a rampage by Blacks. Firebombs
and looting degenerated into sniper shooting. A curfew was imposed on the city, which
slowly restored order. But 11 people had been killed, 600 wounded or injured and whole
sections of the city were completely gutted by fire.
When several days later a pre-scheduled National Unity Conference was held in the city,
the language was one not of unity but of declared war. Black-power advocate H. Rap
Brown urged the gathering to "wage guerrilla war on the white man." Los Angeles Black
Nationalist Ron Karenga stated "Everybody knows Whitey's a devil. The question is what
to do about it." Moderate Black leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Roy
Wilkins , Whitney Young, Jr. avoided the conference.
In late July, violence broke out in Detroit. Learning from Newark, Detroit mayor
Cavanagh immediately called in the National Guardsmen. But seven thousand
Guardsmen, complete with tanks and armored cars, could not restore order. Governor
George Romney (who was understood to be a potential Republican candidate for the
Presidential election in 1968) contacted President Johnson for assistance. Johnson held
back until Romney confessed before the public that he had lost control of the situation.
Then Johnson sent in US paratroopers to retake the city house-by-house, block-by-block -
- similar to a Vietnam military action. When a week later the troops had brought Detroit
back to order, 33 people had been killed and over a thousand injured.
15 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
16. Blacks rioting in Detroit – July 1967
The Detroit News
Athearn [Vol. 16] p. 1411
16 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
17. Black district in Detroit set afire – July1967
Declan Haun, Life Magazine, 1967 Time Warner, Inc.
Peck and Deyle, p. 698.
17 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
18. One of the many burned-out sections of Detroit – late-July 1967
UPI
Grauer, NBC News Picture Book of 1968, p. 58
18 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
19. A burned out Black middle class section of Detroit - 1967
(43 people died)
Declan Haun / LIFE
19 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
20. National Guardsmen in Detroit – July 23, 1967
Corbis-Bettmann
Evans, p. 547
20 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
21. A National Guardsman standing watch in Detroit as firemen battle blazes set
by rioters – late-July 1967
UPI
Grauer, NBC News Picture Book of 1968, p. 58
21 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
22. Meanwhile the violence spread to New York City where a 28,000-man police with
experience in riot control restored order to East Harlem after three nights of violence.
Two people were killed.
H. Rap Brown had in the meantime moved on to Cambridge, MD, and following a Black-
power rally there, the town was subjected to looting and arson. Brown was arrested for
inciting a riot. As he was led away by FBI agents, Brown challenged: "We'll burn the
country down."
22 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
23. H. Rap Brown arrested for inciting the Cambridge, MD riot – late-July 1967
UPI
Grauer, NBC News Picture Book of 1968, p. 57
23 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
24. Black Panthers in a defiant mood
Hap Stewart/Bethel
Time - 75 Years, p. 92-93
Athearn [Vol. 16] p. 1399
24 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
25. SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael at a University of Texas gathering,
denouncing US imperialism
Wide World
Grauer, NBC News Picture Book of 1968, p. 56
The White community began to divide over the Civil Rights issue -- some Whites
demanding a strict clamp-down on Black defiance, others urging reforms to meet Black
complaints. Johnson appointed a study commission to investigate the root causes of the
violence. What it announced in its preliminary report in late February of 1968 was a
situation of high expectations among the Blacks for social reform -- met with little
practical chance that such improvements would actually come about. This is what was
producing the mood of angry despair among poor Blacks. The inner cities abandoned by
25 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s
26. White flight to the suburbs left Blacks who had migrated to the northern cities with no
jobs and a rapidly deteriorating urban infrastructure. Educational levels were very low --
with poor schools able to provide no remedies. It quickly became the assumption within
Johnson's 'Great Society' government that huge amounts of governmental money were
going to have to be poured into the inner-cities where Blacks had congregated to correct
these problems of jobs, schooling and housing.
In the meantime everyone looked on wondering what the summer of 1968 would hold for
America in terms of race relations.
[Grauer, NBC News Picture Book of 1968, pp. 53-55]
Although this problem did not present itself in as dramatic a form as other events of the
times, nonetheless a huge financial problem was brewing, one that threatened the health
of the government and the nation. By 1967 the amount of government spending involved
in both Johnson’s Great Society and his heavy military investment in Vietnam was way
outpacing the government’s income from all of its tax sources. A huge deficit or
government debt began to build up as a result. In that year a Commission on Budget
Concepts studied the problem and concluded that a proposed 1968 national budget was
going to entail a (what was then huge) deficit of anywhere from $2 to $8 billion in size.
Creating the ‘unified’ budget.’ Using the justification of ‘rationalizing’ the entire
national or ‘federal’ government budgeting process – including the Social Security budget,
which at that time was largely self-running and not considered part of the national budget
(or 'off-budget') – the Commission recommended integrating the Social Security budget
with the regular operating budget of the federal government. At that time the Social
Security program, originally focused on retirement or pension benefits of Americans but in
1965 adding also Medicare (health insurance for the elderly) and Medicaid (health care for
the poor, shared as a joint expense with the States), was running a huge surplus – taking
in each year in the form of Social Security tax revenue more than it was spending for its
various programs. By combining the deficit-running federal budget with the surplus-
running Social Security budget, the government’s budget deficit run up by Johnson’s
programs could be recast as now greatly ‘reduced,’ or even be shown as running a
‘surplus.’
Thus in January 1968 Johnson introduced the new unified budget. Even with the inclusion
of the Social Security surplus with the regular federal budget Johnson admitted that the
new unified budget would still be running up a $8 billion deficit (the government’s
expenditures were turning out to be vastly greater than anticipated in 1967). But the
figure was a lot lower than it would have been without adding in the Social Security
surplus.
26 Riots and Rebellion in America | The 1960s