Right to Equality
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The document discusses key articles from the Indian constitution related to equality and non-discrimination. It outlines Articles 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 which guarantee equality before the law, prohibit discrimination based on religion, caste or place of birth, provide for equality of opportunity in public employment, abolish untouchability, and abolish titles respectively. It emphasizes that all persons are equal before the law under Article 14 and that no person shall be discriminated against in access to public places under Article 15.
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Article 14 of the Indian Constitution guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of laws for all people within India's territory. It prohibits discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. The concept of equality before the law comes from common law traditions, while equal protection of laws is inspired by the American Constitution, both emphasizing equal status and opportunity. Article 14 prevents arbitrary or discriminatory laws and allows individuals to challenge state actions that are not equal under the law.
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YouTube channel where all the videos of topics of law are covered for law schools - https://youtu.be/LY9HJzWuo6o
instagram id- hardikmishra70
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● At the time of Constitutional Assembly Debate on Article - 16 ,
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The scope of this webinar shall be confined to the historical backdrop of the Constitution of India and the events that led to the enactment of the Constitution with specific focus on the contributions by the Constituent Assembly and Drafting Committee. The Webinar shall further discuss on the Preamble of the Constitution of India with elaborate explanations on the key terms in the Preamble with their significance. The outline of the entire Indian Constitution is additionally touched upon to provide an insight about various articles and schedules forming part of the Constitution
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This presentation was made by me for college exams. Please give due credit .
Like, comment( positive or negative) .I will try to improve . Thanks. Enjoy.
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Fundamental rights are essential human rights guaranteed to all citizens of India regardless of attributes like caste, religion or gender. These rights include equality before the law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom to assemble peacefully and form associations. The constitution obligates the government and all authorities in India to respect these rights. Some key doctrines related to fundamental rights are severability, eclipse and waiver. Severability deals with separating the valid and invalid parts of a law. Eclipse refers to pre-constitutional laws becoming inoperative due to inconsistency with fundamental rights. Waiver means fundamental rights cannot be relinquished by any person.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the right to equality in India as outlined in Articles 14-18 of the Indian Constitution. It establishes that everyone should be treated fairly and have equal opportunities without discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Articles 14-18 aim to ensure equality before the law, prohibit untouchability, abolish titles of nobility, and guarantee equality of public employment opportunities.
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(1) All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void (2) The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void
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Fundamental rights are incorporated in Articles 12-35 of the Indian constitution. They include the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion, and cultural and educational rights. Fundamental rights guarantee citizens basic facilities for growth, protect them from exploitation, and limit the powers of government. However, they are not absolute and can be suspended during emergencies. The existence of fundamental rights is crucial for Indian democracy as they form the foundation of rule of law.
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Criminal investigation plays a pivotal role in maintaining law and order by establishing the facts of a crime and identifying the victim and culprit. It involves understanding the nature of the crime and criminal to effectively investigate by collecting evidence to answer questions about what happened, who was involved, when and where it occurred, what the motive was, and whether witnesses can be trusted. Police are the main investigators, but they work with other specialists and the evidence they gather is used to establish the details of the crime and identify the responsible parties.
Multiple Factor Approach Theory - Mobility & Culture Conflicts
This document discusses several factors that can influence criminal behavior according to different criminological theories:
1) Criminal behavior is influenced by a combination of many social and psychological factors rather than a single cause.
2) Modernization, urbanization, and industrialization can sometimes lead to social disorganization and cultural conflicts between groups, resulting in deviant behavior.
3) The propagation of crime reports in media can encourage crime among those with unstable minds or psychopathic tendencies and cause the general public to lose faith in law enforcement.
Needs & Preferential Payment of Creditor Protection
This document discusses creditors and their rights. It defines a creditor as a person who provides money, goods, or services to a company and expects to be paid later. Creditors have a claim on the company that should be reported as a liability on the balance sheet. Creditors can be secured or unsecured. The document also discusses corporate insolvency, creditors' rights, and the need for creditor protection, especially in cases of company winding up where debts to the government, employees and secured creditors must be paid before other debts.
Sustainable Development & Bio-Diversity
The document discusses biodiversity and its importance for sustainable development. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms found on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is the foundation for human civilization and provides essential goods, services, and cultural values. However, biodiversity is being lost due to threats like uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources, habitat destruction, conversion of land for human settlements, and coastal destruction. The major threats to biodiversity are the non-recognition of its importance as well as its commercial exploitation and habitat loss.
Liability Convention, 1972
The document summarizes key aspects of the Liability Convention adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1971. It defines damage and identifies four categories of launching states that can be liable. It distinguishes between absolute liability for damage on Earth and fault liability for damage occurring elsewhere. Joint liability applies when two or more states jointly launch an object. Launching states are jointly and severally liable for damage caused, including in cases of joint launchings involving third states. Compensation is to be determined based on international law principles of justice and equality.
General Deduction u/s. 37(1) of the I.T. Act, 1961
This document summarizes the key conditions for claiming a deduction under Section 37(1) of the Principles of Taxation in India. Specifically:
1) The expenditure cannot be covered under Sections 30-36.
2) Capital expenditures are not deductible.
3) Expenditures cannot be personal in nature.
4) Expenditures must be for the purpose of the business carried out by the assessee in the previous year.
5) Illegal expenditures are not deductible.
Powers of Controller in India
This document outlines various powers granted to the controller or authorized persons under the Information Technology Act:
1. The controller has the power to search and seize items if they believe infringement has occurred. This includes placing identification marks, entering and searching premises, searching people, and breaking locks.
2. The controller can call for any information from individuals or organizations that may be useful to determine if the IT Act was contravened.
3. The controller can inspect and make copies of books and have access to computer systems and equipment to search for information.
International Covenant on Economics, Social & Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
The document summarizes the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). It notes that the ICESCR is a multilateral treaty adopted by the UN in 1966 that came into force in 1976. It contains 31 articles divided into 5 parts that protect various economic, social, and cultural rights aimed at fulfilling basic human needs and allowing participation in community cultural life. These rights include the rights to work, social security, health, education, adequate living standards, and culture. As of 2018, 169 countries are parties to the ICESCR.
Regulation on sale of Medicines
The document discusses regulations for selling medicines under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. It states that licensing authorities appointed by state governments issue licenses to sell drugs, which are valid for five years unless suspended or cancelled. Licenses will only be granted to applicants who have proper storage and qualifications, and may be refused to those convicted under the Act. Pharmacies must be run by a registered pharmacist, maintain proper records, and store poisons securely in a locked cupboard marked with the word "poison". Licenses can be cancelled or suspended if any conditions are not complied with.
Situation
Hon'ble Justice Mr. HCJ was appointed as the chairperson of the Competition Commission of India on January 1, 2005 at age 61. According to the Competition Act of 2002, the term for a chairperson is 5 years and they are eligible for reappointment. However, no chairperson can hold the position past age 65. Therefore, since Mr. HCJ would turn 65 on December 31, 2008, he would have to retire from his position before completing his full 5-year term and would not be eligible for reappointment.
Composition of Arbitral Tribunal.
This document discusses provisions around alternative dispute resolution and arbitration. It outlines that an arbitral tribunal shall consist of an odd number of arbitrators unless otherwise agreed, with each party appointing one in a three-arbitrator panel. An arbitrator may only be challenged for circumstances that raise doubts on impartiality or independence, lack of qualifications, or reasons a party became aware of after appointment. The procedure for a challenge requires sending a written statement within 15 days of the relevant event or constitution of the tribunal.
Definition & Kinds Of States
The document discusses key concepts in international law including defining the state, sovereignty, and sovereign equality of states. It notes that defining the state can be difficult as the meaning may vary. It provides definitions of the state as a lawful government with sovereign power over its people and affairs. Sovereignty is described as the absolute and supreme authority within a state. The document also discusses principles of sovereign equality, which means that all states are equal in status regardless of differences in size or population.
Provisions of Hazardous Process
This document discusses provisions around hazardous processes in factories under the Factories (Amendment) Act of 1987. Key points include:
1) The Act defined hazardous processes and established two new schedules listing industries involving hazardous processes and permissible levels of certain chemicals.
2) An Expert Committee was formed under the Chief Inspector of a state to advise on matters arising out of hazardous processes. It includes representatives from various regulatory and expert bodies.
3) Occupiers of factories must disclose all health and safety information regarding hazardous materials and processes to workers, inspectors, and local authorities. They must also maintain health and safety policies and accurate worker health records.
Section 4, Indian Patent Act, 1970
Inventions relating to atomic energy and certain compounds used in atomic energy are not patentable in India. The Atomic Energy Act of 1962 designates that the central government has sole authority over atomic energy development and operation to ensure safety. Specifically, the Act prohibits patents for inventions involving atomic energy as defined through nuclear fission and fusion processes, as well as compounds including uranium, beryllium, thorium, plutonium, radium, and graphite.
History of Foreign Trade: Post, 1991
The document discusses India's economic reforms since 1991 that opened up markets through liberalization, privatization, and globalization. It introduced industrial policy reforms in 1991 under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao to gradually reduce government controls on foreign trade and investment. This led to a complete change in India's foreign trade composition and direction. Liberalization relaxed previous restrictions on social and economic policies, including removing tariffs and subsidies on international trade flows. Privatization permitted private sector industries that were previously public sector monopolies. Globalization integrated India's domestic economy with worldwide foreign investment, trade, production and financial matters.
My Last Duchess
The document provides context and analysis about the poem "My Last Duchess" by Robert Browning. It describes that the poem is about the Duke of Ferrara who had three marriages but no children. It suggests the Duke was modeled after Alfonso II who ruled Ferrara in the 16th century. The poem reveals the Duke to be proud, possessive, and selfish, as well as a lover of art. It further analyzes that the poem uses ekphrasis to dramatize the viewers' response to a portrait of the Duke's last wife and reveal the violence underlying representation. The Duke shows off the portrait to a visitor while describing his arrogance and how he viewed women as objects.
Jurisdiction of Civil Courts & Statutory exclusion thereof
This document discusses jurisdiction of civil courts under the Code of Civil Procedure. It defines jurisdiction as the authority conferred by law on courts, tribunals, and judges to decide disputes and pass judgements. Jurisdiction depends on subject matter, monetary value, and location. Section 9 of the CPC states that civil courts have jurisdiction over all civil suits, except those whose cognizance is expressly or impliedly barred. Civil suits generally relate to property rights, contracts, damages, and domestic matters. Suits not considered civil involve questions of caste or purely religious rites. The document does not specify who determines jurisdiction.
The Right to genuine criticism & The test of erosion of public confidence
The document discusses the balancing of free speech rights and preserving confidence in the judicial system under the law of contempt. It notes that while the judiciary is open to criticism as part of democratic principles, serious allegations against an individual judge could undermine public trust. The Supreme Court has held that criticism of judicial acts must be respectful and avoid attributing motives, as judgments are public documents that can be commented on and critiqued in a dignified manner.
Section 39 & 40
The document discusses the law of evidence in India. It explains what evidence is necessary when a statement forms part of a conversation, longer statement, document, or electronic record. The court will consider evidence necessary for the full understanding of the nature and effect of the statement in each case. Evidence should not be given against a party without also providing the full context of what was said or written on the same occasion. Amendments were introduced to include electronic records and related terms. Prior judgments can prevent courts from hearing similar cases under the doctrine of res judicata to avoid multiplicity of suits. However, civil court judgments are not admissible as evidence in criminal cases to prove innocence. Judgments show their date and legal consequences but are not
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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Right to Equality
- 1. Bhargav Dangar Political Science Roll No. 22
- 2. Article 14 Equality before the Law Article 15 Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, caste, or place of Birth Article 16 Equality of Public Employment Article 17 Abolition of Untouchability Article 18 Abolition of Titles
- 3. Article 14 declares that “the state shall not deny to any person equality before the laws or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.” That means all persons are equal before the Law.
- 4. No man is above the law & that every person, whatever be his rank or conditions. Equality before the law does not mean the “power of the private citizens are the same as the powers of the public officials.”
- 5. Article 15 of the constitution states that no person shall be discriminated on the basis of religion, caste, etc. Every person shall have equal access to public places.