Rhombohedron
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joThe document summarizes different crystallographic forms in the trigonal and tetragonal crystal systems. It describes rhombohedrons as solids bounded by six rhomb-shaped faces, and scalenohedrons as solids bounded by 8 or 12 scalene triangle faces. It also discusses sphenoids as four-faced solids resembling tetrahedrons but with isosceles triangle faces, and tetragonal scalenohedrons bounded by eight similar scalene triangles.
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The document discusses crystal systems and symmetry in crystallography. It begins by defining an asymmetric unit and how symmetry operations are used to reconstruct the full unit cell from the asymmetric unit. It then discusses the seven crystal systems, 14 Bravais lattices, 32 point groups, and 230 space groups that describe all possible symmetries of crystal structures. It also notes that the chirality of amino acids limits protein crystals to one of 65 chiral space groups. In addition, it provides an overview of X-ray crystallography instrumentation, including X-ray sources, optics, detectors, and how a rotation instrument is used to collect diffraction data.
fdocuments.in_understanding-quadrilaterals-chapter3-grade-8-cbse (1).pptx
1) A quadrilateral is any 4-sided shape or polygon. There are several types of quadrilaterals classified based on their properties.
2) The main types include rectangles, squares, rhombi, parallelograms, trapezoids, kites. Rectangles and squares have right angles, parallelograms have opposite sides parallel.
3) All quadrilaterals have properties like interior angles summing to 360 degrees. Regular polygons like squares have all sides equal length and interior angles of 90 degrees.
Quadrilaterals
The document defines and compares different types of quadrilaterals (shapes with four sides):
- Squares and rhombi both have four sides of equal length but squares have four right angles while rhombi have two acute and two obtuse angles.
- Rectangles and parallelograms both have two sets of parallel sides but rectangles have four right angles while parallelograms have two acute and two obtuse angles.
- Trapezoids have two sides that are parallel and two sides that are not parallel.
Ppt on quadrilateral
This document provides an overview of different types of quadrilaterals. It begins with a definition of a quadrilateral as a four-sided polygon with 360 degrees of interior angles. It then describes various quadrilaterals like trapezoids, parallelograms, rectangles, rhombi, and squares by their defining properties such as number of parallel sides, right angles, and side lengths. Kites are also discussed as a special type of quadrilateral with two pairs of equal adjacent sides and perpendicular diagonals where one bisects the other. The document aims to classify and distinguish between different quadrilaterals.
Similar to Rhombohedron (20)
Understanding quadrilaterals chapter3 grade 8 cbse
Understanding quadrilaterals chapter3 grade 8 cbse
fdocuments.in_understanding-quadrilaterals-chapter3-grade-8-cbse (1).pptx
fdocuments.in_understanding-quadrilaterals-chapter3-grade-8-cbse (1).pptx
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Amphiboles
The amphiboles are a group of chain silicate minerals with some substitution of F and Cl for OH. They have a general formula of (W,X,Y)7-8(Z4O10)2(OH)2 where W represents large cations like Ca and Na, X represents smaller cations like Mg and Fe2+, Y represents Fe3+, Ti, and Al, and Z represents Si and Al. Amphiboles have elongate prismatic crystals and two prismatic cleavages that meet at 124 degrees, whereas pyroxenes have squat prisms and cleavages that meet at 88 degrees. Common amphiboles include hornblende, tremolite, actinolite
Amphiboles
The amphiboles are a group of chain silicate minerals with some substitution of F and Cl for OH. They have a general formula of (W,X,Y)7-8(Z4O10)2(OH)2 where W represents large cations like Ca and Na, X represents smaller cations like Mg and Fe2+, Y represents Fe3+, Ti, and Al, and Z represents Si and Al. Amphiboles have elongate prismatic crystals and two prismatic cleavages that meet at 124 degrees, whereas pyroxenes have squat prisms and cleavages that meet at 88 degrees. Common amphiboles include hornblende, tremolite, actinolite
Amphiboles
The amphiboles are a group of chain silicate minerals with some substitution of F and Cl for OH. They have a general formula of (W,X,Y)7-8(Z4O10)2(OH)2 where W represents large cations like Ca and Na, X represents smaller cations like Mg and Fe2+, Y represents Fe3+, Ti, and Al, and Z represents Si and Al. Amphiboles have elongate prismatic crystals and two prismatic cleavages that meet at 124 degrees, whereas pyroxenes have squat prisms and cleavages that meet at 88 degrees. Common amphiboles include hornblende, tremolite, actinolite
Amphiboles
The amphiboles are a group of chain silicate minerals with some substitution of F and Cl for OH. They have a general formula of (W,X,Y)7-8(Z4O10)2(OH)2 where W represents large cations like Ca and Na, X represents smaller cations like Mg and Fe2+, Y represents Fe3+, Ti, and Al, and Z represents Si and Al. Amphiboles are distinguished from pyroxenes by having a different Si:O ratio and containing essential OH groups in their structure. Common amphiboles include hornblende, tremolite, actinolite, anthophyllite, cummingtonite, grunerite,
Amphiboles
The amphiboles are a group of chain silicate minerals with some substitution of F and Cl for OH. They have a general formula of (W,X,Y)7-8(Z4O10)2(OH)2 where W represents large cations like Ca and Na, X represents smaller cations like Mg and Fe2+, Y represents Fe3+, Ti, and Al, and Z represents Si and Al. Amphiboles have elongate prismatic crystals and two prismatic cleavages that meet at 124 degrees, whereas pyroxenes have squat prisms and cleavages that meet at 88 degrees. Common amphiboles include hornblende, tremolite, actinolite
Nature and behaviour of light
Light can vibrate in one plane (be polarized) through selective absorption or reflection. When light passes from one medium to another of different density, some of the light will be reflected and some will pass through but be bent and slowed down (refracted). The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence, while the angle of refraction depends on the change in velocity.
The index of refraction and relief of a mineral are used to identify it. Index of refraction is a measure of how light slows down when passing into a mineral and is related to its crystal structure. Relief refers to the difference in index of refraction between a mineral and its surroundings, and is used to estimate the index of ref
Copy of nature and behaviour of light
Light can vibrate in one plane (be polarized) through selective absorption or reflection. When light passes from one medium to another of different density, some of the light will be reflected and some will pass through but be bent and slowed down (refracted). The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence, while the angle of refraction depends on the change in velocity.
The index of refraction and relief of minerals can be used to identify them. Index of refraction refers to how much light is refracted when passing from one substance to another. It varies based on crystallographic orientation in anisotropic minerals. Relief and birefringence are properties related to the index of refraction.
Twinning
Twinning occurs when two crystals of the same substance grow together in a crystallographically controlled manner. There are several types of twinning defined by the twinning element, which can be a twin plane, twin axis, or twin center. Twinning is common across different crystal systems, with typical twinning elements being low index crystal planes or directions. Characteristic twinning patterns can be used to identify minerals under the microscope.
Space lattices
Crystals have basic building blocks called unit cells that are arranged in a periodic pattern described by a lattice. The unit cells contain motif groups of atoms associated with each lattice point. There are 14 possible types of space lattices belonging to 7 crystal systems characterized by distinct unit cell shapes and symmetries. The crystal structure is defined by the space lattice and the motif or basis group of atoms.
Presentation1
Crystals are defined as a 3D periodic arrangement of atoms in space, known as a lattice, with a motif or basis of atoms associated with each lattice point. A lattice is a 3D periodic arrangement of points without the atoms. Together, the lattice and motif define the crystal structure. There are 14 possible lattice arrangements, known as Bravais lattices, which are categorized into 7 crystal systems based on their symmetry properties. The lattice and basis completely specify the crystal structure.
Forms of crystals.
This document describes several crystal classes and forms. It discusses:
1) The pyritahedral class which includes forms like the pyritahedron and diploid bounded by 12 or 24 faces respectively.
2) The tetrahedral class including forms like the tetrahedron, deltoid dodecahedron, trigonal tristetrahedron, and hextetrahedron bounded by 4, 12, 12, and 24 faces.
3) Prism forms in the tetragonal, hexagonal, and orthorhombic crystal systems defined by their faces being parallel to the c-axis including first, second, and third order prisms.
Crystal structure
This document discusses crystal structures, including periodic arrays of atoms, fundamental lattice types, crystal planes indexed using Miller indices, and imaging atomic structures. It covers common lattice types like simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic. Simple crystal structures presented include sodium chloride, cesium chloride, diamond, and zinc sulfide. Non-ideal crystal structures can involve random stacking or polytypism with long repeat units along stacking axes.
Nature and behaviour of light
Light can vibrate in one plane (be polarized) through selective absorption or reflection. When light passes from one medium to another of different density, some of the light will be reflected and some will pass through but be bent and slowed down (refracted). The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence, while the angle of refraction depends on the change in velocity. Minerals can be characterized by their index of refraction (n), which is a measure of how much light is bent when passing into the mineral. It determines properties like relief and birefringence. Some minerals like calcite have the property of double refraction, where a single ray of light enters and splits into two rays.
Feldspar
Feldspar is the most abundant mineral group found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. It has a continuous three-dimensional network structure of silicon-oxygen and aluminum-oxygen tetrahedra with positively charged sodium, potassium, calcium, or barium ions situated between. The two most common feldspar types are orthoclase (potassium feldspar) and plagioclase (sodium-calcium feldspar). Plagioclase can form as a solid solution or break down into intergrowths of sodic and potassic lamellae called perthites. Feldspars are found in a wide range of igneous and metamorphic rocks depending on their
Silica
Quartz is one of the most abundant minerals and is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2). It has a complex crystal structure and exists in several polymorphs including alpha-quartz, beta-quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, and stishovite. The stability of these polymorphs depends on temperature and pressure conditions. Cryptocrystalline varieties of quartz include chalcedony, agate, jasper, chert, and flint. Macrocrystalline varieties include rock crystal, milky quartz, amethyst, rose quartz, citrine, and smoky quartz.
Pyroxene
The document discusses the pyroxene group of minerals. Pyroxenes have a single chain crystal structure and are ionosilicates containing elements like calcium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum. They can be orthorhombic or monoclinic in crystal form. The general chemical formula of pyroxenes is (W,X,Y)2Z2O6, where W, X, Y, and Z can be elements like calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, sodium, lithium, silicon, and more. Some common pyroxenes mentioned include enstatite, hypersthene, diopside, hedenbergite, augite, and pigeonite.
Mica group
This document summarizes several types of phyllosilicate minerals in the mica group, including their chemical formulas, crystal structures, and common occurrences. Muscovite, biotite, and phlogopite are some of the most common micas. They have layered structures and perfect basal cleavage. Muscovite is widely used in electrical and insulation applications due to its properties. The document also describes lepidolite and its identification by lithium content and lilac color.
Feldspathoids
Feldspathoids are silicate minerals that are chemically similar to feldspars but deficient in silica. They form in place of feldspars when magma lacks sufficient silica. Common feldspathoids include leucite, nepheline, sodalite, cancrinite, and analcime. Some feldspathoids contain unusual anions like chloride, carbonate, sulfate, or sulfide. Leucite is characteristic of potassium-rich volcanic rocks. Nepheline occurs in both plutonic and volcanic alkaline, silica-poor rocks. Sodalite forms blue veinlets and masses and is found in nepheline syenites and phonolites.
Crystal structure
This document discusses crystal structures, including periodic arrays of atoms, fundamental lattice types, crystal planes indexed using Miller indices, and imaging atomic structures. It covers common lattice types like simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic. Simple crystal structures presented include sodium chloride, cesium chloride, diamond, and zinc sulfide. Non-ideal crystal structures can involve random stacking or polytypism with long repeat units along stacking axes.
Pyroxenes pdf
- Pyroxene is a group of minerals that are abundant in mantle rocks and basalts. They commonly form in both igneous and metamorphic environments.
- Pyroxenes have the general formula XY(Si,Al)2O6 and are inosilicate minerals consisting of single chains of silicate tetrahedra. Common cations that occupy the X and Y sites include calcium, sodium, iron, magnesium, and manganese.
- There are two main crystal structure types for pyroxenes: orthorhombic orthopyroxenes and monoclinic clinopyroxenes. Solid solution series exist between endmembers within each group.