Amphiboles
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joThe amphiboles are a group of chain silicate minerals with some substitution of F and Cl for OH. They have a general formula of (W,X,Y)7-8(Z4O10)2(OH)2 where W represents large cations like Ca and Na, X represents smaller cations like Mg and Fe2+, Y represents Fe3+, Ti, and Al, and Z represents Si and Al. Amphiboles have elongate prismatic crystals and two prismatic cleavages that meet at 124 degrees, whereas pyroxenes have squat prisms and cleavages that meet at 88 degrees. Common amphiboles include hornblende, tremolite, actinolite
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1) A description of olivine's crystal structure, composition, and optical properties.
2) Details on common species of olivine defined by their magnesium and iron content.
3) Explanations of olivine's formation, alteration products, and typical geological environments.
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3) Ferrites are synthesized using methods like solid state reaction, sol-gel, and precipitation. Their properties can be modified by controlling synthesis parameters.
4) Major applications of ferrites include transformers, inductors, antennas, recording heads, and magnetic shielding due to their advantages over metals.
Week-1_Rocks-and-Minerals.pptx
This document provides information about common rock-forming minerals. It discusses the composition, properties and occurrence of silicate minerals like quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole and pyroxene. It also covers the carbonate mineral calcite and the silicate mineral olivine. These minerals are important components of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.
Practical prospector's guide to minerals
PRACTICAL PROSPECTOR'S GUIDE TO MINERALS
Rock-Forming Minerals; metallic Ores; NON-Metallic Mineral Deposits; Industrial Minerals; Gem Minerals
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. They form through geological processes such as cooling of magma or crystallization of dissolved materials. Minerals are identified based on properties like color, crystal structure, hardness, and density. They have many important economic uses in construction, technology, and everyday products.
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. They form through geological processes such as cooling of magma or crystallization of dissolved materials. Minerals are identified based on properties like color, crystal structure, hardness, and chemical makeup. The main minerals in Earth's crust include oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron.
2 minerals
This document provides a summary of the contents of a lecture on minerals. It discusses the definition of a mineral, classification of minerals into rock-forming and ore-forming groups. It also describes various mineral properties that can be used for identification such as color, streak, hardness, cleavage, luster, and explains systems for classifying minerals based on these properties. Common rock-forming minerals and their characteristics are also outlined.
Metamorphism of different Rocks
This document summarizes the metamorphism of different rock types including ultramafic, mafic, pelitic, and calcareous rocks. Ultramafic rocks like peridotite and serpentinite can transform into serpentine, anthophyllite, olivine, and pyroxene minerals. Mafic rocks like basalt metamorphose into amphiboles and chlorite at low grades and amphibolite at intermediate grades, and granulite at highest grades. Pelitic rocks contain chlorite, muscovite, quartz and albite. Calcareous rocks like limestone coarsen but change little, while impure limestone forms diverse calcium-magnesium-sil
Minerals and stones from romania
The document provides descriptions of various minerals including their chemical compositions and properties. It describes quartz as being common in granite and sedimentary rocks. It also describes chalcopyrite oxidizing to various oxides, hydroxides, and sulfates when exposed to air and being commonly associated with other copper minerals. Finally, it provides brief descriptions of the minerals actinolite, crocoite, aurichalcite, staurolite, cuprite, corundum, agate, bournonite, erythrite, dioptase, cinnabar, natrolite, psilomelane, realgar, smithsonite, xenotime, and gypsum.
Six Common Rock-Forming Minerals
The six minerals amphibole, feldspar, mica, olivine, pyroxene, and quartz are the most common rock-forming minerals and are used as important tools in classifying rocks, particularly igneous rocks. This document provides an overview of the six commonest rock-forming minerals.
Fluorescent and phosphorescence minerals
This document provides information about fluorescent and phosphorescent minerals. It discusses what causes fluorescence in minerals, lists examples of fluorescent minerals like calcite and willemite, and explains that fluorescence occurs when minerals are exposed to ultraviolet light. The document also briefly mentions phosphorescence and provides photos and descriptions of various colorful, fluorescent mineral specimens from around the world.
Phy properties of Minerals Part 1 VS.pptx
Minerals are inorganic solid materials that exist in nature that have a specific chemical makeup and crystalline form. They can be recognised and categorised by their diverse physical characteristics. The following are some typical physical characteristics of minerals: density, melting and boiling points, color, hardness, play of colors, tarnish, malleability, solubility, electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, tenacity, cleavage, specific gravity fracture, etc.
Optical properties of common oxide ore minerals in economic geology
This document discusses the optical properties of common oxide ore minerals. It defines properties like reflection, refraction, luster, light transmission, color, and streak. It then examines these properties for specific oxide minerals like hematite, magnetite, corundum, rutile, and goethite. For each mineral, it provides details on their color, streak, luster, transparency, crystal structure, and refractive index. The document serves as a guide to identifying oxide minerals based on their optical characteristics under reflected light microscopy.
Similar to Amphiboles (20)
Optical properties of common oxide ore minerals in economic geology
Optical properties of common oxide ore minerals in economic geology
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Amphiboles
The amphiboles are a group of chain silicate minerals with some substitution of F and Cl for OH. They have a general formula of (W,X,Y)7-8(Z4O10)2(OH)2 where W represents large cations like Ca and Na, X represents smaller cations like Mg and Fe2+, Y represents Fe3+, Ti, and Al, and Z represents Si and Al. Amphiboles have elongate prismatic crystals and two prismatic cleavages that meet at 124 degrees, whereas pyroxenes have squat prisms and cleavages that meet at 88 degrees. Common amphiboles include hornblende, tremolite, actinolite
Amphiboles
The amphiboles are a group of chain silicate minerals with some substitution of F and Cl for OH. They have a general formula of (W,X,Y)7-8(Z4O10)2(OH)2 where W represents large cations like Ca and Na, X represents smaller cations like Mg and Fe2+, Y represents Fe3+, Ti, and Al, and Z represents Si and Al. Amphiboles have elongate prismatic crystals and two prismatic cleavages that meet at 124 degrees, whereas pyroxenes have squat prisms and cleavages that meet at 88 degrees. Common amphiboles include hornblende, tremolite, actinolite
Amphiboles
The amphiboles are a group of chain silicate minerals with some substitution of F and Cl for OH. They have a general formula of (W,X,Y)7-8(Z4O10)2(OH)2 where W represents large cations like Ca and Na, X represents smaller cations like Mg and Fe2+, Y represents Fe3+, Ti, and Al, and Z represents Si and Al. Amphiboles are distinguished from pyroxenes by having a different Si:O ratio and containing essential OH groups in their structure. Common amphiboles include hornblende, tremolite, actinolite, anthophyllite, cummingtonite, grunerite,
Nature and behaviour of light
Light can vibrate in one plane (be polarized) through selective absorption or reflection. When light passes from one medium to another of different density, some of the light will be reflected and some will pass through but be bent and slowed down (refracted). The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence, while the angle of refraction depends on the change in velocity.
The index of refraction and relief of a mineral are used to identify it. Index of refraction is a measure of how light slows down when passing into a mineral and is related to its crystal structure. Relief refers to the difference in index of refraction between a mineral and its surroundings, and is used to estimate the index of ref
Copy of nature and behaviour of light
Light can vibrate in one plane (be polarized) through selective absorption or reflection. When light passes from one medium to another of different density, some of the light will be reflected and some will pass through but be bent and slowed down (refracted). The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence, while the angle of refraction depends on the change in velocity.
The index of refraction and relief of minerals can be used to identify them. Index of refraction refers to how much light is refracted when passing from one substance to another. It varies based on crystallographic orientation in anisotropic minerals. Relief and birefringence are properties related to the index of refraction.
Twinning
Twinning occurs when two crystals of the same substance grow together in a crystallographically controlled manner. There are several types of twinning defined by the twinning element, which can be a twin plane, twin axis, or twin center. Twinning is common across different crystal systems, with typical twinning elements being low index crystal planes or directions. Characteristic twinning patterns can be used to identify minerals under the microscope.
Space lattices
Crystals have basic building blocks called unit cells that are arranged in a periodic pattern described by a lattice. The unit cells contain motif groups of atoms associated with each lattice point. There are 14 possible types of space lattices belonging to 7 crystal systems characterized by distinct unit cell shapes and symmetries. The crystal structure is defined by the space lattice and the motif or basis group of atoms.
Rhombohedron
The document summarizes different crystallographic forms in the trigonal and tetragonal crystal systems. It describes rhombohedrons as solids bounded by six rhomb-shaped faces, and scalenohedrons as solids bounded by 8 or 12 scalene triangle faces. It also discusses sphenoids as four-faced solids resembling tetrahedrons but with isosceles triangle faces, and tetragonal scalenohedrons bounded by eight similar scalene triangles.
Presentation1
Crystals are defined as a 3D periodic arrangement of atoms in space, known as a lattice, with a motif or basis of atoms associated with each lattice point. A lattice is a 3D periodic arrangement of points without the atoms. Together, the lattice and motif define the crystal structure. There are 14 possible lattice arrangements, known as Bravais lattices, which are categorized into 7 crystal systems based on their symmetry properties. The lattice and basis completely specify the crystal structure.
Forms of crystals.
This document describes several crystal classes and forms. It discusses:
1) The pyritahedral class which includes forms like the pyritahedron and diploid bounded by 12 or 24 faces respectively.
2) The tetrahedral class including forms like the tetrahedron, deltoid dodecahedron, trigonal tristetrahedron, and hextetrahedron bounded by 4, 12, 12, and 24 faces.
3) Prism forms in the tetragonal, hexagonal, and orthorhombic crystal systems defined by their faces being parallel to the c-axis including first, second, and third order prisms.
Crystal structure
This document discusses crystal structures, including periodic arrays of atoms, fundamental lattice types, crystal planes indexed using Miller indices, and imaging atomic structures. It covers common lattice types like simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic. Simple crystal structures presented include sodium chloride, cesium chloride, diamond, and zinc sulfide. Non-ideal crystal structures can involve random stacking or polytypism with long repeat units along stacking axes.
Crystal forms.
The document describes several common crystal forms including the cube, octahedron, and rhomb-dodecahedron. It provides details on the number of faces, their shapes, and how they intersect the crystallographic axes for each crystal form. Some common crystal forms mentioned are the cube, octahedron, rhomb-dodecahedron, tetrahexahedron, trapezohedron, trisoctahedron, hexoctahedron, pyritohedron, diploid, and tetrahedron.
Nature and behaviour of light
Light can vibrate in one plane (be polarized) through selective absorption or reflection. When light passes from one medium to another of different density, some of the light will be reflected and some will pass through but be bent and slowed down (refracted). The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence, while the angle of refraction depends on the change in velocity. Minerals can be characterized by their index of refraction (n), which is a measure of how much light is bent when passing into the mineral. It determines properties like relief and birefringence. Some minerals like calcite have the property of double refraction, where a single ray of light enters and splits into two rays.
Forms of crystals.
This document describes several crystal classes and forms. It discusses:
1) The pyritahedral class which includes forms like the pyritohedron bounded by 12 faces and the diploid bounded by 24 faces.
2) The tetrahedral class including the tetrahedron bounded by 4 faces and the deltoid dodecahedron bounded by 12 quadrilateral faces.
3) Different types of prisms in the tetragonal, hexagonal, and orthorhombic crystal systems defined by their orientation relative to the crystal axes and number of faces.
Crystal structure
This document discusses crystal structures, including periodic arrays of atoms, fundamental lattice types, crystal planes indexed using Miller indices, and imaging atomic structures. It covers common lattice types like simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic. Simple crystal structures presented include sodium chloride, cesium chloride, diamond, and zinc sulfide. Non-ideal crystal structures can involve random stacking or polytypism with long repeat units along stacking axes.
Pyroxenes pdf
- Pyroxene is a group of minerals that are abundant in mantle rocks and basalts. They commonly form in both igneous and metamorphic environments.
- Pyroxenes have the general formula XY(Si,Al)2O6 and are inosilicate minerals consisting of single chains of silicate tetrahedra. Common cations that occupy the X and Y sites include calcium, sodium, iron, magnesium, and manganese.
- There are two main crystal structure types for pyroxenes: orthorhombic orthopyroxenes and monoclinic clinopyroxenes. Solid solution series exist between endmembers within each group.