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An orbit is the path of a planet as it travels around a star. A planet's orbit is its trajectory through space as it revolves around the star at the center of its planetary system. Orbits allow planets to travel through space in a regular and predictable pattern around their parent star.
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Synchronous orbit
This document defines and describes synchronous orbits. It begins by defining an orbit generally as the gravitationally curved path of an object around a central point, like a planet orbiting a star. It then defines a synchronous orbit specifically as one where the orbital period of the orbiting body matches the rotational period of the orbited body. Examples given of synchronous orbit types are sun-synchronous orbits, which pass over the same point on Earth at the same solar time each day, and geostationary orbits, which orbit directly above the equator at an altitude of about 36,000 km and match Earth's rotational period. A geostationary satellite is provided as an example of an object in a synchronous orbit employed for communication
Geosynchronous earth orbit(geo)
A geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) is a circular orbit around Earth at an altitude of about 35,786 km, matching Earth's rotation period. Satellites in GEO orbit appear stationary relative to locations on Earth. GEO satellites provide advantages like large coverage areas and no need for ground station tracking. However, they also have disadvantages like weak signals due to the long distance traveled and poor coverage of polar regions. GEO orbits are commonly used for telecommunications, broadcasting, and weather observation due to their consistent coverage of fixed areas on Earth.
Artifitial satellite
The document provides an overview of artificial satellites, including their history, types, components, and importance. It discusses key events like the launch of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) and describes different types of satellites such as scientific research satellites, weather satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, Earth observation satellites, and more. It also provides lists and details about artificial satellites launched by India, including their launch dates and purposes.
Geo synchronous and Sun synchronous Satellites
There are three main types of satellite orbits:
1) Polar orbits have an inclination of 90 degrees, allowing satellites to observe the entire Earth as it rotates. They complete an orbit every 90 minutes.
2) Sun synchronous orbits allow satellites to pass over the same location at the same local time each day. These orbits are between 700-800 km in altitude.
3) Geosynchronous orbits circle the Earth at the same rate it rotates, allowing satellites to continuously observe nearly half of the Earth. These orbits are used for weather monitoring and communication satellites. Each orbit type has advantages and disadvantages for different applications.
satellites
Satellites can be either natural or artificial. The moon is the natural satellite of Earth, while examples of artificial satellites include Sputnik, Aryabatta, and INSAT. Orbital velocity is the velocity at which a satellite revolves around a planet in a fixed orbit, and can be calculated using an expression involving the mass of the satellite, radius of its orbit, and gravitational force between the satellite and planet. The time period for a satellite to complete one orbit is also determined by an expression involving the radius of its orbit.
Geostationary Satellite
Geostationary satellites orbit approximately 22,300 miles above the Earth's equator. They maintain a constant position relative to locations on Earth's surface. This allows them to be used for telecommunications and weather observation applications. Geostationary satellites have advantages like high coverage area from a small number of satellites, but also disadvantages like inability to observe polar regions and weak signals from long distances.
Satellite fundamentals
The document discusses various types of satellite orbits. It explains that low Earth orbit ranges from 600-1000 km from the Earth's surface. Satellites in these orbits circle the Earth every 90 minutes. Their orbits can be either ascending, moving south to north, or descending, moving north to south, when crossing the equator. Many Earth observation satellites use a sun-synchronous polar orbit, which keeps the satellite in the same position relative to the sun as it circles the Earth 16 times per day.
2017 Types Of Orbits Brief Explanation
This document defines and describes the major types of orbits used for satellites, including:
Low Earth orbit (LEO), polar orbits, and sun-synchronous orbits which are below 225 minutes in period. Geostationary orbit is a special case of geosynchronous orbit with zero inclination and eccentricity. Geosynchronous orbit matches Earth's sidereal day but can have inclination and eccentricity. Mid-Earth orbit is also called semi-synchronous. High-Earth orbit is above geosynchronous. Transfer orbits are used to change between orbit types and geosynchronous transfer orbit is used specifically for geosynchronous orbit.
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Synchronous orbit
This document defines and describes synchronous orbits. It begins by defining an orbit generally as the gravitationally curved path of an object around a central point, like a planet orbiting a star. It then defines a synchronous orbit specifically as one where the orbital period of the orbiting body matches the rotational period of the orbited body. Examples given of synchronous orbit types are sun-synchronous orbits, which pass over the same point on Earth at the same solar time each day, and geostationary orbits, which orbit directly above the equator at an altitude of about 36,000 km and match Earth's rotational period. A geostationary satellite is provided as an example of an object in a synchronous orbit employed for communication
Geosynchronous earth orbit(geo)
A geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) is a circular orbit around Earth at an altitude of about 35,786 km, matching Earth's rotation period. Satellites in GEO orbit appear stationary relative to locations on Earth. GEO satellites provide advantages like large coverage areas and no need for ground station tracking. However, they also have disadvantages like weak signals due to the long distance traveled and poor coverage of polar regions. GEO orbits are commonly used for telecommunications, broadcasting, and weather observation due to their consistent coverage of fixed areas on Earth.
Artifitial satellite
The document provides an overview of artificial satellites, including their history, types, components, and importance. It discusses key events like the launch of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) and describes different types of satellites such as scientific research satellites, weather satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, Earth observation satellites, and more. It also provides lists and details about artificial satellites launched by India, including their launch dates and purposes.
Geo synchronous and Sun synchronous Satellites
There are three main types of satellite orbits:
1) Polar orbits have an inclination of 90 degrees, allowing satellites to observe the entire Earth as it rotates. They complete an orbit every 90 minutes.
2) Sun synchronous orbits allow satellites to pass over the same location at the same local time each day. These orbits are between 700-800 km in altitude.
3) Geosynchronous orbits circle the Earth at the same rate it rotates, allowing satellites to continuously observe nearly half of the Earth. These orbits are used for weather monitoring and communication satellites. Each orbit type has advantages and disadvantages for different applications.
satellites
Satellites can be either natural or artificial. The moon is the natural satellite of Earth, while examples of artificial satellites include Sputnik, Aryabatta, and INSAT. Orbital velocity is the velocity at which a satellite revolves around a planet in a fixed orbit, and can be calculated using an expression involving the mass of the satellite, radius of its orbit, and gravitational force between the satellite and planet. The time period for a satellite to complete one orbit is also determined by an expression involving the radius of its orbit.
Geostationary Satellite
Geostationary satellites orbit approximately 22,300 miles above the Earth's equator. They maintain a constant position relative to locations on Earth's surface. This allows them to be used for telecommunications and weather observation applications. Geostationary satellites have advantages like high coverage area from a small number of satellites, but also disadvantages like inability to observe polar regions and weak signals from long distances.
Satellite fundamentals
The document discusses various types of satellite orbits. It explains that low Earth orbit ranges from 600-1000 km from the Earth's surface. Satellites in these orbits circle the Earth every 90 minutes. Their orbits can be either ascending, moving south to north, or descending, moving north to south, when crossing the equator. Many Earth observation satellites use a sun-synchronous polar orbit, which keeps the satellite in the same position relative to the sun as it circles the Earth 16 times per day.
2017 Types Of Orbits Brief Explanation
This document defines and describes the major types of orbits used for satellites, including:
Low Earth orbit (LEO), polar orbits, and sun-synchronous orbits which are below 225 minutes in period. Geostationary orbit is a special case of geosynchronous orbit with zero inclination and eccentricity. Geosynchronous orbit matches Earth's sidereal day but can have inclination and eccentricity. Mid-Earth orbit is also called semi-synchronous. High-Earth orbit is above geosynchronous. Transfer orbits are used to change between orbit types and geosynchronous transfer orbit is used specifically for geosynchronous orbit.
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The document summarizes key developments in the history of astronomy. It describes how early Greek astronomers like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made early attempts to study the shape of the Earth and measure its circumference. It then discusses the models proposed by Copernicus and Galileo that displaced Earth from the center of the universe. The document also outlines Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation, which helped explain the motions of the planets and other celestial bodies. Lastly, it provides an overview of the motions of Earth, the moon, and their relationship to seasons, eclipses, and other astronomical phenomena.
Orbital perturbations
This document discusses various types of orbital perturbations. It describes perturbation as a deviation from the normal or regular state of a moving object's path due to outside influences. The types of orbital perturbations discussed include those caused by third bodies, non-gravitational forces, and non-spherical masses. Specific forces mentioned that cause perturbations are atmospheric drag, solar radiation, outgassing, heating, and tidal friction. These perturbations can change elements of an orbit like the orientation, size, shape, and orbital plane. The effects of atmospheric drag, tidal friction, mutual gravitational attraction, and radiation pressure on satellites are summarized.
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There are several types of satellite orbits that are used for different applications:
1. Equatorial orbits include circular orbits directly above the equator, including geostationary orbits where satellites orbit at the same rate as the Earth's rotation.
2. Polar orbits allow satellites to collect data from the North and South poles to help with weather forecasting and search and rescue missions.
3. Inclined orbits follow paths other than directly over the equator or poles and are used by some countries for domestic communication networks.
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This document discusses orbital mechanics including different types of orbits around Earth and other planets. It begins by defining orbital elements like eccentricity, semi-major axis, inclination, and orbital period. It then describes different types of orbits including low Earth orbit, geosynchronous orbit, polar orbit, and Hohmann transfer orbits. Basic orbital equations are provided relating centripetal force, gravitational force, orbital velocity, and orbital radius. Numerical examples are worked through to calculate orbital velocity, orbital radius, and orbital period for satellites orbiting Earth.
Satellites .
Satellites orbit Earth and other celestial bodies. They come in many types but generally have an antenna and power source. Satellites are launched into precise orbits using rocket boosters and follow orbital mechanics principles. Once in orbit, they perform tasks like Earth observation, communications, navigation, and scientific research. As technology advanced, satellite uses grew from early models like Sputnik to large constellations serving various purposes today.
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This lecture covers the laws of motion governing artificial satellites. It discusses key concepts like orbital mechanics, Kepler's laws, and different types of satellite orbits such as low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, and geostationary orbit. The lecture notes that satellites must travel at a minimum horizontal speed of 8000 m/s to achieve stable orbit and not fall back to Earth. It also explains factors that can perturb satellite orbits like non-spherical gravity and atmospheric drag.
Orbital mechanics
1. Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the motion of planets and satellites in orbit. The orbital period is determined by the semimajor axis of the elliptical orbit.
2. A geostationary orbit is circular, at an altitude that matches the orbital period to Earth's sidereal day, and in the equatorial plane. A geosynchronous orbit has the correct period but may have eccentricity or inclination.
3. Orbital elements like eccentricity, semimajor axis, inclination and nodes define the characteristics of Earth-orbiting satellites. Perturbations from factors like the Sun and Moon cause the orbital elements and position to change over time.
Geostationary satellites
Geostationary satellites orbit at an altitude of about 22,300 miles above the Earth's equator, allowing them to remain stationary relative to a point on Earth. These satellites are used for weather forecasting, satellite television, radio, and global communications. While geostationary satellites provide stable signals, they experience sun outages during March and September when the sun's interference disrupts signals for up to 24 minutes per day depending on the receiving antenna size. To maintain their position, geostationary satellites have small rocket boosters and motors onboard.
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- It summarizes the launch and purpose of some important early satellites, including Sputnik 1 in 1957, TIROS-1 weather satellite in 1960, Landsat surveying satellite in 1972, and GOES geostationary satellite in 1974.
- It provides brief explanations of how satellites are launched into orbit and how they work by receiving messages from an earth station, retransmitting signals, and allowing other stations to receive within the satellite's footprint.
- It notes that water was discovered on
How do satellites orbit the earth
So what launch speed does a satellite need in order to orbit the earth? ... The motion of satellites, like any projectile, is governed by Newton's laws of motion.
Types of satellites
There are three main types of satellite orbits: synchronous, polar, and inclined. Synchronous orbits allow satellites to remain stationary over a fixed point on Earth's surface. Communication satellites are often placed in synchronous orbits 36,000 km above the equator. Polar orbits pass over the north and south poles at altitudes of 900-1000 km and are used for remote sensing. Inclined orbits can also communicate with polar regions and are used domestically in countries like Russia near the North Pole.
SatelliteOrbit
This document discusses orbital elements and parameters related to satellites and orbits. It defines key orbital characteristics like eccentricity, inclination, ascending node, and true anomaly. It also summarizes Kepler's laws of planetary motion and explains how Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation describe orbits. Perturbations from various sources that affect satellite orbits over time are outlined as well.
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i. The document discusses the history and development of artificial satellites from Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, to modern satellite systems. It describes the key components and subsystems of satellites, including for communications, weather monitoring, navigation, earth observation, and more. It also outlines the basic process of building, launching, operating and deorbiting artificial satellites.
ii. Artificial satellites have become vital tools for communications, weather forecasting, navigation, military surveillance, scientific research and monitoring Earth's resources. Weather satellites in particular help predict natural disasters to better protect communities, while communications satellites have become integral to television and telephone networks globally.
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Satellites
Satellites
Introduction to Satellite Systems
o A satellite is an artificial object which is placed intentionally into an orbit of any natural satellite. Satellites are used for many purposes i.e. weather forecasting, digital transmission, scientific research and development etc.
o In a communication context, a satellite is a specialized wireless transmitter/receiver that is launched by a rocket and placed in orbit around the earth.
o A satellite can be natural, like the moon, or artificial (human made). So we can say that a satellite is an object that moves in a curved path around a planet.
o Satellite can travel around planets or around stars such as our sun. All the planets are satellites around the sun.
o Satellites which are far away from the surface of the earth can cover a wide area on the surface of the earth.
Following are the four important types of Earth Orbit satellites −
• Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Satellites
• Medium Earth Orbit Satellites
• Low Earth Orbit Satellites
• Highest Earth Orbit Satelites
Now, let us discuss about each type of earth orbit satellites one by one.
Presentation geostationary satellites (geos)
When a geosynchronous satellite is placed directly above the Equator with a circular orbit and angular velocity identical to that of the Earth, the satellite is known as a geostationary satellite.
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Mangalyaan was India's first interplanetary mission, which successfully entered Mars' orbit on September 24, 2014. The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) launched on November 5, 2013 with the goal of demonstrating India's technological capability to design, plan and manage an interplanetary mission. MOM carried scientific instruments to study the Martian surface, atmosphere and mineral composition. Its mission objectives included developing key technologies for future Mars missions and exploring Mars through indigenous scientific payloads.
Satellite and its orbits
This document summarizes different types of satellites and orbits. It defines a satellite as a solid object that revolves around another due to gravitational forces. Satellites are either passive, simply reflecting signals, or active with onboard processing equipment. The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched in 1957. Satellites in low-Earth orbit have shorter lifespans but provide better signals, while geostationary satellites remain fixed over one position from the ground. The document also briefly discusses Kepler's laws of planetary motion and their application to Earth.
Copy of hurricanes
Hurricanes are large, swirling storms with very low pressure and winds between 75-200 mph that form over warm ocean waters. They rotate counterclockwise around an eye, which is the center of calm within the storm. When hurricanes make landfall, they can cause severe damage from high winds and heavy rain as well as storm surges, which are rises in sea level that can flood coastal areas. Hurricanes are monitored and categorized on a scale of 1 to 5 based on their wind speeds and potential for property damage.
Copy of earthrevolution
Earth revolves around the sun once every 365 days. A revolution is the time it takes an object to complete one orbit, while rotation refers to an object spinning on its axis. The length of a year is different for each planet depending on how far it is from the sun, with closer planets like Mercury having shorter years than Earth and more distant planets like Neptune having longer years.
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Chapter 22outline
The document summarizes key developments in the history of astronomy. It describes how early Greek astronomers like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made early attempts to study the shape of the Earth and measure its circumference. It then discusses the models proposed by Copernicus and Galileo that displaced Earth from the center of the universe. The document also outlines Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation, which helped explain the motions of the planets and other celestial bodies. Lastly, it provides an overview of the motions of Earth, the moon, and their relationship to seasons, eclipses, and other astronomical phenomena.
Orbital perturbations
This document discusses various types of orbital perturbations. It describes perturbation as a deviation from the normal or regular state of a moving object's path due to outside influences. The types of orbital perturbations discussed include those caused by third bodies, non-gravitational forces, and non-spherical masses. Specific forces mentioned that cause perturbations are atmospheric drag, solar radiation, outgassing, heating, and tidal friction. These perturbations can change elements of an orbit like the orientation, size, shape, and orbital plane. The effects of atmospheric drag, tidal friction, mutual gravitational attraction, and radiation pressure on satellites are summarized.
Types of satellite orbits 086
There are several types of satellite orbits that are used for different applications:
1. Equatorial orbits include circular orbits directly above the equator, including geostationary orbits where satellites orbit at the same rate as the Earth's rotation.
2. Polar orbits allow satellites to collect data from the North and South poles to help with weather forecasting and search and rescue missions.
3. Inclined orbits follow paths other than directly over the equator or poles and are used by some countries for domestic communication networks.
Orbits and space flight, types of orbits
This document discusses orbital mechanics including different types of orbits around Earth and other planets. It begins by defining orbital elements like eccentricity, semi-major axis, inclination, and orbital period. It then describes different types of orbits including low Earth orbit, geosynchronous orbit, polar orbit, and Hohmann transfer orbits. Basic orbital equations are provided relating centripetal force, gravitational force, orbital velocity, and orbital radius. Numerical examples are worked through to calculate orbital velocity, orbital radius, and orbital period for satellites orbiting Earth.
Satellites .
Satellites orbit Earth and other celestial bodies. They come in many types but generally have an antenna and power source. Satellites are launched into precise orbits using rocket boosters and follow orbital mechanics principles. Once in orbit, they perform tasks like Earth observation, communications, navigation, and scientific research. As technology advanced, satellite uses grew from early models like Sputnik to large constellations serving various purposes today.
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This lecture covers the laws of motion governing artificial satellites. It discusses key concepts like orbital mechanics, Kepler's laws, and different types of satellite orbits such as low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, and geostationary orbit. The lecture notes that satellites must travel at a minimum horizontal speed of 8000 m/s to achieve stable orbit and not fall back to Earth. It also explains factors that can perturb satellite orbits like non-spherical gravity and atmospheric drag.
Orbital mechanics
1. Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the motion of planets and satellites in orbit. The orbital period is determined by the semimajor axis of the elliptical orbit.
2. A geostationary orbit is circular, at an altitude that matches the orbital period to Earth's sidereal day, and in the equatorial plane. A geosynchronous orbit has the correct period but may have eccentricity or inclination.
3. Orbital elements like eccentricity, semimajor axis, inclination and nodes define the characteristics of Earth-orbiting satellites. Perturbations from factors like the Sun and Moon cause the orbital elements and position to change over time.
Geostationary satellites
Geostationary satellites orbit at an altitude of about 22,300 miles above the Earth's equator, allowing them to remain stationary relative to a point on Earth. These satellites are used for weather forecasting, satellite television, radio, and global communications. While geostationary satellites provide stable signals, they experience sun outages during March and September when the sun's interference disrupts signals for up to 24 minutes per day depending on the receiving antenna size. To maintain their position, geostationary satellites have small rocket boosters and motors onboard.
ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE PPT
This document provides information about satellites, including:
- It defines what a satellite is and describes the two types: passive satellites which can be natural or artificial, and active satellites which have processing equipment.
- It summarizes the launch and purpose of some important early satellites, including Sputnik 1 in 1957, TIROS-1 weather satellite in 1960, Landsat surveying satellite in 1972, and GOES geostationary satellite in 1974.
- It provides brief explanations of how satellites are launched into orbit and how they work by receiving messages from an earth station, retransmitting signals, and allowing other stations to receive within the satellite's footprint.
- It notes that water was discovered on
How do satellites orbit the earth
So what launch speed does a satellite need in order to orbit the earth? ... The motion of satellites, like any projectile, is governed by Newton's laws of motion.
Types of satellites
There are three main types of satellite orbits: synchronous, polar, and inclined. Synchronous orbits allow satellites to remain stationary over a fixed point on Earth's surface. Communication satellites are often placed in synchronous orbits 36,000 km above the equator. Polar orbits pass over the north and south poles at altitudes of 900-1000 km and are used for remote sensing. Inclined orbits can also communicate with polar regions and are used domestically in countries like Russia near the North Pole.
SatelliteOrbit
This document discusses orbital elements and parameters related to satellites and orbits. It defines key orbital characteristics like eccentricity, inclination, ascending node, and true anomaly. It also summarizes Kepler's laws of planetary motion and explains how Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation describe orbits. Perturbations from various sources that affect satellite orbits over time are outlined as well.
Geosynchronous Satellite
Geosynchronous Satellite: a slide for BMARPC lecturer cum network engineer recruitment. It was a fantastic experience. It was about satellite, classification, basic theory, difference and most importantly Bangabandhu 1 satellite!
Artificial satellites
i. The document discusses the history and development of artificial satellites from Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, to modern satellite systems. It describes the key components and subsystems of satellites, including for communications, weather monitoring, navigation, earth observation, and more. It also outlines the basic process of building, launching, operating and deorbiting artificial satellites.
ii. Artificial satellites have become vital tools for communications, weather forecasting, navigation, military surveillance, scientific research and monitoring Earth's resources. Weather satellites in particular help predict natural disasters to better protect communities, while communications satellites have become integral to television and telephone networks globally.
iii. Countries continue advancing satellite technology
Satellite System
This is a introductory notes about Satellite system. It contain details about the history, different type of characteristics & various applications of satellite system. It also include details about four types of orbits- LEO, MEO, HEO, GEO.
Types of Artificial Satellites
Learn about various artificial satellites such as military and civilian, Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and research satellites. Also learn about Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit.
Satellites
Satellites
Introduction to Satellite Systems
o A satellite is an artificial object which is placed intentionally into an orbit of any natural satellite. Satellites are used for many purposes i.e. weather forecasting, digital transmission, scientific research and development etc.
o In a communication context, a satellite is a specialized wireless transmitter/receiver that is launched by a rocket and placed in orbit around the earth.
o A satellite can be natural, like the moon, or artificial (human made). So we can say that a satellite is an object that moves in a curved path around a planet.
o Satellite can travel around planets or around stars such as our sun. All the planets are satellites around the sun.
o Satellites which are far away from the surface of the earth can cover a wide area on the surface of the earth.
Following are the four important types of Earth Orbit satellites −
• Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Satellites
• Medium Earth Orbit Satellites
• Low Earth Orbit Satellites
• Highest Earth Orbit Satelites
Now, let us discuss about each type of earth orbit satellites one by one.
Presentation geostationary satellites (geos)
When a geosynchronous satellite is placed directly above the Equator with a circular orbit and angular velocity identical to that of the Earth, the satellite is known as a geostationary satellite.
Mom
Mangalyaan was India's first interplanetary mission, which successfully entered Mars' orbit on September 24, 2014. The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) launched on November 5, 2013 with the goal of demonstrating India's technological capability to design, plan and manage an interplanetary mission. MOM carried scientific instruments to study the Martian surface, atmosphere and mineral composition. Its mission objectives included developing key technologies for future Mars missions and exploring Mars through indigenous scientific payloads.
Satellite and its orbits
This document summarizes different types of satellites and orbits. It defines a satellite as a solid object that revolves around another due to gravitational forces. Satellites are either passive, simply reflecting signals, or active with onboard processing equipment. The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched in 1957. Satellites in low-Earth orbit have shorter lifespans but provide better signals, while geostationary satellites remain fixed over one position from the ground. The document also briefly discusses Kepler's laws of planetary motion and their application to Earth.
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Heat energy is absorbed by objects in a manner similar to how sponges absorb water, with the heat entering the object and warming it over time as more heat is absorbed. This process of heat absorption can be seen when cooking a Thanksgiving turkey in the oven, as the turkey initially cool and raw but slowly heats up and cooks through as it absorbs more heat. Different objects absorb heat at varying rates, with dark colors generally absorbing more heat than light colors due to dark colors absorbing more light.
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The document discusses the different layers of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, inner core and outer core. It then provides analogies comparing the Earth's structure to an apple. Finally, it outlines the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and provides a brief description of how each type is formed through melting, layering of materials, and changes caused by pressure and heat respectively.
Volcano ppt
The document discusses four volcanoes: Cinder Cone Volcano, Mount St. Helens which is a composite volcano and erupted in 1980, Kilauea volcano in Hawaii which is a shield volcano and currently erupting.
Industrialization and immigration
The document discusses how industrialization changed manufacturing and immigration patterns in the United States. It describes how the Industrial Revolution led to the rise of factories, which attracted many immigrants to urban areas for work. Immigrants often faced difficult working conditions in crowded cities and had little money upon arrival. The first stop for many immigrants between 1890-1914 was Ellis Island, where they underwent health screenings before entering the country.
Homestead act ppt
The Homestead Act was passed in 1862 to encourage settlement of the Great Plains by offering citizens 160 acres of government land if they improved the land by building a home and planting crops within 5 years. While the requirements seemed easy, many settlers lacked farming experience and the land was dry, making farming difficult. Less than half of the 2 million people who claimed land under the Homestead Act lived there long enough to own it. Pioneers built homes out of sod blocks when wood was scarce.
Trailof tears ppt
The document summarizes the Trail of Tears, which was the forced relocation of the Cherokee Nation in the 1830s. The Cherokee were removed from their ancestral lands in Georgia and other southeastern states following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Over 4,000 Cherokee died due to the poor conditions during their march west to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). Some Cherokee escaped the removal by hiding out in the Appalachian Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina.
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