This study is on Rethinking Public Procurement System in Nigeria: The E-Procurement Option using Selected Local Government Areas in Southern Nigeria as the case study. Its objective is to ascertain if e-procurement can effectively bring about change in three critical areas of public procurement concerns, which includes; transparency, efficiency and compliance to public procurement policies. In this paper, survey approach was used and data was collected through a five point likert scale questionnaire. The statistical tool used for data analysis is the non-parametric chi-square test (χ2), at 0.05 level of significance, using the 20.0 version of SPSS.
This paper examines the optimization of purchasing through the use of Internet based systems (electronic Procurement). The focus of this paper is the impact of these systems on the supply chain structure and how they are able to change the procurement function to a strategic operating resource for the organization. The empirical research information is based upon a study carried out that analyzed the supply chain strategies being adopted by public organizations. Respondents ranged from 100 to state corporations, experienced users of e-procurement systems to those just starting out on their pilot investigations of the contribution of such systems to purchasing efficiency. A significant result from the study was that whilst a large number of organizations were e-procurement adopters, less than half of them believed that procurement had a strategic function. The case of state corporations is used, as an example, illustrating the ability of state organizations with a strategic capability in procurement, achieved through e-procurement systems, gaining significant organizational benefits via cost and process reductions.
This paper presents a study into the key lessons learnt from e-procurement implementation at public sector organisations in Kenya. The literature relating to e-procurement implementation and operation is reviewed, identifying main variables addressed by the current literature: impact on cost; the impact on governance; e-procurement implementation; and broader IT infrastructure issues. The research carried out was intended to explore the perceptions and reflections of both ‘early’ and ‘late’ adopters of e-procurement. Key lessons are drawn from the study and presented here. I recommend further research, including the need for research into failed e-procurement projects.
Factors affecting the use of Public Procurement and Disposal Act of 2005 in P...paperpublications3
Abstract: Kenya is undertaking public procurement reforms, by enacting the Public Procurement and Disposal Act (PPDA) of 2005 which became operational in 2007. This research considered the factors which affect the implementation of PPDA in public secondary schools by considering four factors; procurement skills, enforcement, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with procurement regulations. The researcher adopted purposive sampling and questionnaires were administered to the respondents, who included the members of the tender and procurement committees. Data collected was analyzed by use of SPSS and presented in percentages, frequency tables, and inferential statistics. The study showed that there is a significant relationships between; procurement skills, enforcement of PPDA, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with the regulations and the implementation of the PPDA. 80% of the respondents agree that lack of familiarity with the procurement regulations, inhibited the implementation of the PPDA. 85% of schools in Trans- Nzoia County have not engaged procurement professionals. 53% of the respondents agree that lack of training has hindered the implementation of PPDA. 80% agree that lack of enforcement has somehow hindered its implementation. It is recommended that the procurement officers in public secondary schools to read, understand and implement the Public Procurement and Disposal Act 2005 and that the school management should train their procurement officers to gain procurement skills, which will enhance the effective implementation of the PPDA.
Keywords: Compliance, Enforcement, Organization culture, Professionalism, Public procurement, School management, Value for money.
Role of Procurement Policy on Procurement Performance in State Corporations i...Kevin Kathurima
Abstract: The study sought to determine the role of procurement policy on procurement performance in state corporations in Kenya. The study was considered important because the government organizations across the world spend substantial amounts on public procurement ranging between 8% and 25% of GDP. This study adopted a case study descriptive research design. The population was the 431 staff currently working at Kenya Power regional headquarters. Stratified random sampling was done where number of respondents per strata was determined in relation to total population. The study used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected by the use of structured questionnaires while secondary data was collected from already existing materials such as company‘s website, company‘s reports and announcements and other external sources such as the media. Regression analysis was used to show the overall relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Correlation analysis was used to show the strength of the association between the each independent variables and dependent variable. Procurement Policy was found to positively relate to procurement performance in state corporations. Keywords: Procurement, Policy, Performance, State Corporations. Title: Role of Procurement Policy on Procurement Performance in State Corporations in Kenya Author: Kevin Kathurima, Dr. Noor Shale International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals
Factors Affecting Implementation Of E-Procurement In Nzoia Sugar Company Limi...paperpublications3
Abstract: The aim of the study was to examine the factors affecting implementation of e-procurement in Nzoia Sugar Company. The Implementation of e-procurement in the public sector has been affected by several factors and it being one of the new technologies, most of the private organizations have already taken full advantage of the value of e-procurement systems. The overall objective of this study was to examine the factors affecting e-procurement implementation in Nzoia sugar company limited being one of the public organizations in Kenya. The study was guided by the following objectives: To determine whether lack of employee competency is a challenge in e-procurement adoption among staffs of Nzoia Sugar Company, to investigate whether inadequate legal framework is a challenge in e-procurement adoption in Nzoia Sugar Company and to establish whether inadequate technological infrastructure is a challenge in e-procurement adoption in Nzoia Sugar Company. The research design that was used in this study was a descriptive research design. The target population was staffs of Nzoia Sugar Company Limited who are 1091.The sample size of this study were 164 respondents which was equivalent to 15% of the staff working at Nzoia Sugar Company. The study adopted a stratified random sampling method to obtain a sample of the respondents. The process of data analysis involved several stages; the completed questionnaires were edited for completeness and consistency, checked for errors and omissions and then coded. Descriptive statistics and factor analysis was used to determine factors affecting implementation of e-procurement in Nzoia Sugar Company. Tables were used to present the data collected for ease of understanding and analysis. The study found out that employee competency was a challenge in e-procurement implementation; this study recommends that due to continuous turnover of the employees', continuous training for the incoming and current staff is required. The employees should also be informed on benefits of e- procurement over manual procurement systems. The suppliers also need to be trained on e – procurement usage and how it works and the benefits it will accrue to them as suppliers.
This paper examines the optimization of purchasing through the use of Internet based systems (electronic Procurement). The focus of this paper is the impact of these systems on the supply chain structure and how they are able to change the procurement function to a strategic operating resource for the organization. The empirical research information is based upon a study carried out that analyzed the supply chain strategies being adopted by public organizations. Respondents ranged from 100 to state corporations, experienced users of e-procurement systems to those just starting out on their pilot investigations of the contribution of such systems to purchasing efficiency. A significant result from the study was that whilst a large number of organizations were e-procurement adopters, less than half of them believed that procurement had a strategic function. The case of state corporations is used, as an example, illustrating the ability of state organizations with a strategic capability in procurement, achieved through e-procurement systems, gaining significant organizational benefits via cost and process reductions.
This paper presents a study into the key lessons learnt from e-procurement implementation at public sector organisations in Kenya. The literature relating to e-procurement implementation and operation is reviewed, identifying main variables addressed by the current literature: impact on cost; the impact on governance; e-procurement implementation; and broader IT infrastructure issues. The research carried out was intended to explore the perceptions and reflections of both ‘early’ and ‘late’ adopters of e-procurement. Key lessons are drawn from the study and presented here. I recommend further research, including the need for research into failed e-procurement projects.
Factors affecting the use of Public Procurement and Disposal Act of 2005 in P...paperpublications3
Abstract: Kenya is undertaking public procurement reforms, by enacting the Public Procurement and Disposal Act (PPDA) of 2005 which became operational in 2007. This research considered the factors which affect the implementation of PPDA in public secondary schools by considering four factors; procurement skills, enforcement, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with procurement regulations. The researcher adopted purposive sampling and questionnaires were administered to the respondents, who included the members of the tender and procurement committees. Data collected was analyzed by use of SPSS and presented in percentages, frequency tables, and inferential statistics. The study showed that there is a significant relationships between; procurement skills, enforcement of PPDA, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with the regulations and the implementation of the PPDA. 80% of the respondents agree that lack of familiarity with the procurement regulations, inhibited the implementation of the PPDA. 85% of schools in Trans- Nzoia County have not engaged procurement professionals. 53% of the respondents agree that lack of training has hindered the implementation of PPDA. 80% agree that lack of enforcement has somehow hindered its implementation. It is recommended that the procurement officers in public secondary schools to read, understand and implement the Public Procurement and Disposal Act 2005 and that the school management should train their procurement officers to gain procurement skills, which will enhance the effective implementation of the PPDA.
Keywords: Compliance, Enforcement, Organization culture, Professionalism, Public procurement, School management, Value for money.
Role of Procurement Policy on Procurement Performance in State Corporations i...Kevin Kathurima
Abstract: The study sought to determine the role of procurement policy on procurement performance in state corporations in Kenya. The study was considered important because the government organizations across the world spend substantial amounts on public procurement ranging between 8% and 25% of GDP. This study adopted a case study descriptive research design. The population was the 431 staff currently working at Kenya Power regional headquarters. Stratified random sampling was done where number of respondents per strata was determined in relation to total population. The study used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected by the use of structured questionnaires while secondary data was collected from already existing materials such as company‘s website, company‘s reports and announcements and other external sources such as the media. Regression analysis was used to show the overall relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Correlation analysis was used to show the strength of the association between the each independent variables and dependent variable. Procurement Policy was found to positively relate to procurement performance in state corporations. Keywords: Procurement, Policy, Performance, State Corporations. Title: Role of Procurement Policy on Procurement Performance in State Corporations in Kenya Author: Kevin Kathurima, Dr. Noor Shale International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals
Factors Affecting Implementation Of E-Procurement In Nzoia Sugar Company Limi...paperpublications3
Abstract: The aim of the study was to examine the factors affecting implementation of e-procurement in Nzoia Sugar Company. The Implementation of e-procurement in the public sector has been affected by several factors and it being one of the new technologies, most of the private organizations have already taken full advantage of the value of e-procurement systems. The overall objective of this study was to examine the factors affecting e-procurement implementation in Nzoia sugar company limited being one of the public organizations in Kenya. The study was guided by the following objectives: To determine whether lack of employee competency is a challenge in e-procurement adoption among staffs of Nzoia Sugar Company, to investigate whether inadequate legal framework is a challenge in e-procurement adoption in Nzoia Sugar Company and to establish whether inadequate technological infrastructure is a challenge in e-procurement adoption in Nzoia Sugar Company. The research design that was used in this study was a descriptive research design. The target population was staffs of Nzoia Sugar Company Limited who are 1091.The sample size of this study were 164 respondents which was equivalent to 15% of the staff working at Nzoia Sugar Company. The study adopted a stratified random sampling method to obtain a sample of the respondents. The process of data analysis involved several stages; the completed questionnaires were edited for completeness and consistency, checked for errors and omissions and then coded. Descriptive statistics and factor analysis was used to determine factors affecting implementation of e-procurement in Nzoia Sugar Company. Tables were used to present the data collected for ease of understanding and analysis. The study found out that employee competency was a challenge in e-procurement implementation; this study recommends that due to continuous turnover of the employees', continuous training for the incoming and current staff is required. The employees should also be informed on benefits of e- procurement over manual procurement systems. The suppliers also need to be trained on e – procurement usage and how it works and the benefits it will accrue to them as suppliers.
Factors Affecting Purchasing Effectiveness in the Public Sugar Sector:A Case ...paperpublications3
Abstract:In the recent past, procurement performance has been attracting great attention from practitioners, academicians and researchers due to poor performance resulting from non adherence to proper processes and procedures. Many of the studies have devoted their content to financial factors as measures of effectiveness dismally giving consideration to non financial factors. This study aimed at investigating selected non financial factors that influence the effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector guided by four specific objectives; to find out how purchasing interaction with other departments impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing delegated authority impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing activity Execution impacts on its effectiveness and to find out how supplier relationship management practices impacts on purchasing function effectiveness. The four variables were found to have an effect on effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector. The study adopted a descriptive case research design and the study population comprised of 118 management staff Nzoia Sugar Company Ltd. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select a sample size of 57 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics data analysis method was applied to analyze numerical data gathered using closed ended questions aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). From the findings, level of task execution explained 43.1% of purchasing department’s effectiveness, level of supplier relationship explained 20.9% and interaction level explained 2.2% while the level of purchasing delegated authority had a negative relationship with its effectiveness at -4.1% which means that the more autonomous purchasing department becomes the less effective it will be. The study recommends application of supplier collaboration strategies, integration of supply chain management tasks with IT to help speed up decision making process between the SCM partners, signing service level agreements (SLA),purchasing function to increase effectiveness by training and being members of professional bodies such as CIPS and KISM.
Keywords:Assessment, delegated authority, effectiveness, efficiency, inventory, non financial measures, purchasing interaction.
Public procurement is the purchase by governments of goods, services and works and accounts for 13% of GDP in OECD member countries. It is the government activity most vulnerable to waste, fraud and corruption. Integrity in public procurement is essential in maintaining citizens’ trust in government. More information at www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/procurement
Effects of Supply Chain Management Practices On The Performance Of Banks In K...Editor IJCATR
The paper examines the adoption of the Supply Chain Management practices on the performance
of Banks in Kenya. This research conceptualizes and develops four dimensions of SCM practice
(outsourcing of goods & services, information & communication technology, strategic supplier
partnership, and globalization) and tests the relationships between SCM practices, and
organizational performance. The study employed descriptive design. Data for the study was
collected using a self-administered questionnaire procedure, where the questionnaires were
administered to the selected respondents through drop and pick later technique. A sample size of
33 respondents was drawn from the sample frame using simple stratified random sampling
technique to promote the needs for efficiency and representativeness from various branches and
outlets of Postbank as an organization in Nairobi County and the relationships proposed in the
framework was tested using Chi-square, T-test among other statistical tools. Data was analyzed
by aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study will be useful in the academic
circles as it will contribute immensely towards filling the gaps in knowledge in the area of service
industry. The study found that outsourcing was important to the banks only when the appropriate
methods are employed. It also found that ICT had a major role in determining the performance of
banks as it dictated the mode of transaction and data they displayed to clients. Strategic
partnership was also important based on what it intended to achieve in enhancing the performance
of banks. Lastly, globalization is equally vital as it increases competition and exposes local banks
to global scene to experience how performance of banks can be improved. The study recommends
that correct ICT methods should be applied to promote the competitiveness of banks and improve
performance. Also it recommends that outsourcing be done only if they promote the objectives and
goals of the banking institute.
This project is related to “Organisational buying behavior for Tata Teleservises Maharashtra Limited”. Nowadays consumer is a king of market. Organisational buying behavior is the most important concept for any company by which many company formulate there marketing strategies. Thus project conducted in Pune city in Maharashtra state. The Pune city is one of the main IT Hub in India.
The Indian Internet Market Dynamics and Forecast (2008-2014) report analyses the latest developments in the fast growing Internet market of India by the main players and provides a market forecast until 2014. ROA Holdings and Optimum forecast that India's internet market is to reach as high as 868.47 million users by 2014, with an estimated compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.45%. During 2008, more than 112 million subscribers were added, increasing the penetration from 20.31% to 29.76% in 2008.
In today’s market each & every firm is selling identical products, which are differentiated by
brands. The sole aim of every company is to promote their brands using different strategies in
order to earn revenue and to occupy a major market share. According to the “consumer reports” a person encounters approximately 247 images per day, but probably do not noticeeven half of them, neither gets exposed to it. This means that mere proximity or visibility ofthe message is not sufficient for the customer to notice it. Since it is not possible for thehuman brain to process so many messages all at once, the viewer often finds it difficult todecode the message communicated by the company, and thus the purpose of the wholecommunication goes in vain and gets wasted.
As the foreign companies, new technologies & consumers prospects towards innovative products, Every Electronics products are coming with internet facilities and trends towards internet usage is becoming high and high, that’s why the organisations also taking help of internet to decreasing the workload. They are extremely higher user of internet services than an individual consumer. Therefore there is a need to Internet service Providers (ISP’s) to grab this market.
An Investigation into the Antecedents of International Business Operations in...IOSR Journals
This study investigated whether known international business theories available in the literature are
meaningful enough to explain the role of international companies in Nigeria. The research examines factors
that are likely to influence Nigeria’s cultural and ethical values. The study found that understanding cultural
and ethical values is important for international companies. Questionnaires were distributed across four
separate shopping centers to 120 international company’s customers. The results indicate that success of
international business operating in Nigeria is positively related to their local cultural awareness and
responsiveness. Along this line, this study covers some vital elements of culture and ethic.
INTEGRATION OF MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES TO EVALUATE DYNAMIC CUSTOMER SEGME...IJDKP
The telecommunications industry is highly competitive, which means that the mobile providers need a
business intelligence model that can be used to achieve an optimal level of churners, as well as a minimal
level of cost in marketing activities. Machine learning applications can be used to provide guidance on
marketing strategies. Furthermore, data mining techniques can be used in the process of customer
segmentation. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of the C.5 algorithm, within naive
Bayesian modelling for the task of segmenting telecommunication customers behavioural profiling
according to their billing and socio-demographic aspects. Results have been experimentally implemented.
Determinants Of Customer Participation In Online Shoppinginventionjournals
This research aims to examine and explain the determinants of customer participation in online shopping.The approach of Partial Least Square (PLS) with Smart PLS software is employed in this study to analyze cross section data and prove the hypotheses proposed in the research. The sample of the study includes students of Mulawarman University who used to do online shopping. The participants were recruited through snowball technique.This study shows that only five of the nine hypotheses are supported; the other four are not supported or accept Ha and reject H0. The construct of the ability of vendor has a positive effect on trust, but not significant. Furthermore, the ability has a significant negative effect on transaction-perceived risk. The ability to influence vendor participation in online shopping has no significant effect, while experience has a significant positive effect on trust. On the other hand, experience has a significant negative effect on transaction-perceived risk. Experience has a significant positive effect on online shopping participation. Trust has a significant negative effect on transaction-perceived risk; however, it has a positive influence on online shopping participation, yet not significant. Last, perceived-transaction risk has an insignificant positive effect on online shopping participation
The Importance of E-Commerce in Terms of Local Development: A Study in Turkey1inventionjournals
Internet is a great technology as well as a vast information storage, communication tool, trading platform, education field, business and entertainment environment. Internet is also the front door of the change and development and especially of the information community that is the bearer and courier of the development existing in the scientific and technologic fields. For this reason, E-commerce, which leaves its mark on the world market and gains more importance against the classic type of trade, also occupies a quite important position in national economy. The objective of our study is; to examine this commerce platform that is established as of today in city of Gümüşhane (Turkey) and to research the potential of E-commerce with regards to national economies and the factors that effect this potential.
Factors Affecting On Customer Retention: A Case Study of Cellular Industry o...paperpublications3
Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of price perception, customer satisfaction, brand image, switching barriers (switching cost, interpersonal relationship and attractiveness of alternative) and trust towards the Customer retention in the cellular industry of Pakistan. This study adds many other supporting materials especially for the literature review; a model is used by this study to find the effect of the factors on customer retention. The data was collected from the customers in Lahore who are subscribers one of the cellular company (Mobilink, U-Fone, Telenor, Warid, and Zong) of Pakistan. The data is analyzed with the help of the multiple regression analysis. Out of seven variables tested it is found that switching barriers (interpersonal relationship and switching cost), brand image, price perception, trust and customer satisfaction have the effect on customer retention. However, customer satisfaction has little to do to increase the customer retention. This study also provides evidence that the higher switching barrier of attractiveness of the alternative lower will be the customer retention. This current study has its own limitation since this research is only conducted in Lahore area. Therefore the finding of the study is unable to be generalized for the whole population of mobile users in Pakistan as the sample size is measured small. The findings can help the service providers to find the effect of customer satisfaction, price perception, trust, brand image and switching barriers towards the customer retention.
Keywords: customer satisfaction, brand image, price perception, trust, switching barriers, customer retention.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLIER EFFICIENCY ON PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE IN KENYA SEED COMPA...paperpublications3
Abstract: Recruitment and keeping qualified suppliers is very important in procurement performance in any organization. However, many factors affect a firm's ability to determine and select the most efficient supplier. This study was undertaken with the main objective to assess the supplier selection and evaluation practices in the Kenya Seed Company. The study was guided by three specific objectives; to establish the criteria used for supplier evaluation in the Company; to find out the challenges of implementing Supplier Evaluation in the Company and to determine the relationship between Supplier Evaluation Criteria and procurement Performance in the Company. It employed a descriptive research design. The target population was 250 employees in the Company. A sample of 154 was selected to give response to the study. The response rate was 100%. Questionnaires were used to collect data which was analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Findings revealed that the Company base their selection on following criteria; quality of the supplier services , financial position of the supplier, flexibility of the supplier, supplier efficiency in service delivery, supplier charges, constitution and the PPOA guidelines, supplier technical capability, supplier profile, experience of the supplier in offering certain services/products as well as compliance with procurement procedures. However, supplier evaluation in these organizations is faced by several challenges including corruption, incompetent procurement officers, inefficiencies in procurement processes, lack of incentives, pressure of implementing PPOA and PPDA guidelines, cost of implementing procurement systems as well as maintaining procurement system greatly affects supplier selection process. The study recommended that the management of the Company need to effectively design the most effective evaluation criteria that would facilitate its procurement performance that ensured only most competent suppliers are selected and competent personnel are in place to manage supply chain processes in the organizations.
Effect of Public Procurement Management on Quality Service Provision among St...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of public procurement management on quality service provision among the state corporations which is effectively enabling providers of services and goods to the public to achieve higher standards. The specific objectives were: to establish how the procurement legal guidelines improve the quality of goods and services provided to the public by state corporations; to establish how the procurement institutional framework improves the quality of goods and services provided to the public by state corporations; to establish how laid procurement procedures improve the quality of goods and services provided to the public by state corporations and to establish how the management environment among state corporations affects quality of goods and services provided to the public by state corporations. The research employed a descriptive research design that used survey methods. The study focused on 64 of the 127 state corporations in Kenya selected using systematic random sampling. The data was collected using a questionnaire. The data was analyzed using mean and standard deviation. The results indicate that the legal procurement guidelines had a moderate contribution towards the quality of goods and services provided. The procurement institutional framework contributed to the quality of goods and services to a great extent. The procurement procedures had a moderate contribution toward the quality. The management environment moderately contributed to the quality. The quality of goods and services provided to the public was low. The study recommends improved enforcement and strengthening of the adherence to laid down procurement procedure; the existing institutional framework should be changed to support the provision of high quality goods and services and there should also be a change in the general management environment with focus on the culture, leadership and worker motivation of quality on provision of high quality services and goods to the public.
Keywords: Legal procurement guidelines, procurement institution, procurement procedures, management environment, quality of product and state corporation.
Title: Effect of Public Procurement Management on Quality Service Provision among State Corporations in Kenya
Author: Abuto, Ooko, George, Dr.Calvins, Otieno, Dr.Yusuf, Kibet, Mr.Okwaro, Fredrick
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
Factors Affecting Purchasing Effectiveness in the Public Sugar Sector:A Case ...paperpublications3
Abstract:In the recent past, procurement performance has been attracting great attention from practitioners, academicians and researchers due to poor performance resulting from non adherence to proper processes and procedures. Many of the studies have devoted their content to financial factors as measures of effectiveness dismally giving consideration to non financial factors. This study aimed at investigating selected non financial factors that influence the effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector guided by four specific objectives; to find out how purchasing interaction with other departments impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing delegated authority impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing activity Execution impacts on its effectiveness and to find out how supplier relationship management practices impacts on purchasing function effectiveness. The four variables were found to have an effect on effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector. The study adopted a descriptive case research design and the study population comprised of 118 management staff Nzoia Sugar Company Ltd. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select a sample size of 57 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics data analysis method was applied to analyze numerical data gathered using closed ended questions aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). From the findings, level of task execution explained 43.1% of purchasing department’s effectiveness, level of supplier relationship explained 20.9% and interaction level explained 2.2% while the level of purchasing delegated authority had a negative relationship with its effectiveness at -4.1% which means that the more autonomous purchasing department becomes the less effective it will be. The study recommends application of supplier collaboration strategies, integration of supply chain management tasks with IT to help speed up decision making process between the SCM partners, signing service level agreements (SLA),purchasing function to increase effectiveness by training and being members of professional bodies such as CIPS and KISM.
Keywords:Assessment, delegated authority, effectiveness, efficiency, inventory, non financial measures, purchasing interaction.
Public procurement is the purchase by governments of goods, services and works and accounts for 13% of GDP in OECD member countries. It is the government activity most vulnerable to waste, fraud and corruption. Integrity in public procurement is essential in maintaining citizens’ trust in government. More information at www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/procurement
Effects of Supply Chain Management Practices On The Performance Of Banks In K...Editor IJCATR
The paper examines the adoption of the Supply Chain Management practices on the performance
of Banks in Kenya. This research conceptualizes and develops four dimensions of SCM practice
(outsourcing of goods & services, information & communication technology, strategic supplier
partnership, and globalization) and tests the relationships between SCM practices, and
organizational performance. The study employed descriptive design. Data for the study was
collected using a self-administered questionnaire procedure, where the questionnaires were
administered to the selected respondents through drop and pick later technique. A sample size of
33 respondents was drawn from the sample frame using simple stratified random sampling
technique to promote the needs for efficiency and representativeness from various branches and
outlets of Postbank as an organization in Nairobi County and the relationships proposed in the
framework was tested using Chi-square, T-test among other statistical tools. Data was analyzed
by aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study will be useful in the academic
circles as it will contribute immensely towards filling the gaps in knowledge in the area of service
industry. The study found that outsourcing was important to the banks only when the appropriate
methods are employed. It also found that ICT had a major role in determining the performance of
banks as it dictated the mode of transaction and data they displayed to clients. Strategic
partnership was also important based on what it intended to achieve in enhancing the performance
of banks. Lastly, globalization is equally vital as it increases competition and exposes local banks
to global scene to experience how performance of banks can be improved. The study recommends
that correct ICT methods should be applied to promote the competitiveness of banks and improve
performance. Also it recommends that outsourcing be done only if they promote the objectives and
goals of the banking institute.
This project is related to “Organisational buying behavior for Tata Teleservises Maharashtra Limited”. Nowadays consumer is a king of market. Organisational buying behavior is the most important concept for any company by which many company formulate there marketing strategies. Thus project conducted in Pune city in Maharashtra state. The Pune city is one of the main IT Hub in India.
The Indian Internet Market Dynamics and Forecast (2008-2014) report analyses the latest developments in the fast growing Internet market of India by the main players and provides a market forecast until 2014. ROA Holdings and Optimum forecast that India's internet market is to reach as high as 868.47 million users by 2014, with an estimated compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.45%. During 2008, more than 112 million subscribers were added, increasing the penetration from 20.31% to 29.76% in 2008.
In today’s market each & every firm is selling identical products, which are differentiated by
brands. The sole aim of every company is to promote their brands using different strategies in
order to earn revenue and to occupy a major market share. According to the “consumer reports” a person encounters approximately 247 images per day, but probably do not noticeeven half of them, neither gets exposed to it. This means that mere proximity or visibility ofthe message is not sufficient for the customer to notice it. Since it is not possible for thehuman brain to process so many messages all at once, the viewer often finds it difficult todecode the message communicated by the company, and thus the purpose of the wholecommunication goes in vain and gets wasted.
As the foreign companies, new technologies & consumers prospects towards innovative products, Every Electronics products are coming with internet facilities and trends towards internet usage is becoming high and high, that’s why the organisations also taking help of internet to decreasing the workload. They are extremely higher user of internet services than an individual consumer. Therefore there is a need to Internet service Providers (ISP’s) to grab this market.
An Investigation into the Antecedents of International Business Operations in...IOSR Journals
This study investigated whether known international business theories available in the literature are
meaningful enough to explain the role of international companies in Nigeria. The research examines factors
that are likely to influence Nigeria’s cultural and ethical values. The study found that understanding cultural
and ethical values is important for international companies. Questionnaires were distributed across four
separate shopping centers to 120 international company’s customers. The results indicate that success of
international business operating in Nigeria is positively related to their local cultural awareness and
responsiveness. Along this line, this study covers some vital elements of culture and ethic.
INTEGRATION OF MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES TO EVALUATE DYNAMIC CUSTOMER SEGME...IJDKP
The telecommunications industry is highly competitive, which means that the mobile providers need a
business intelligence model that can be used to achieve an optimal level of churners, as well as a minimal
level of cost in marketing activities. Machine learning applications can be used to provide guidance on
marketing strategies. Furthermore, data mining techniques can be used in the process of customer
segmentation. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of the C.5 algorithm, within naive
Bayesian modelling for the task of segmenting telecommunication customers behavioural profiling
according to their billing and socio-demographic aspects. Results have been experimentally implemented.
Determinants Of Customer Participation In Online Shoppinginventionjournals
This research aims to examine and explain the determinants of customer participation in online shopping.The approach of Partial Least Square (PLS) with Smart PLS software is employed in this study to analyze cross section data and prove the hypotheses proposed in the research. The sample of the study includes students of Mulawarman University who used to do online shopping. The participants were recruited through snowball technique.This study shows that only five of the nine hypotheses are supported; the other four are not supported or accept Ha and reject H0. The construct of the ability of vendor has a positive effect on trust, but not significant. Furthermore, the ability has a significant negative effect on transaction-perceived risk. The ability to influence vendor participation in online shopping has no significant effect, while experience has a significant positive effect on trust. On the other hand, experience has a significant negative effect on transaction-perceived risk. Experience has a significant positive effect on online shopping participation. Trust has a significant negative effect on transaction-perceived risk; however, it has a positive influence on online shopping participation, yet not significant. Last, perceived-transaction risk has an insignificant positive effect on online shopping participation
The Importance of E-Commerce in Terms of Local Development: A Study in Turkey1inventionjournals
Internet is a great technology as well as a vast information storage, communication tool, trading platform, education field, business and entertainment environment. Internet is also the front door of the change and development and especially of the information community that is the bearer and courier of the development existing in the scientific and technologic fields. For this reason, E-commerce, which leaves its mark on the world market and gains more importance against the classic type of trade, also occupies a quite important position in national economy. The objective of our study is; to examine this commerce platform that is established as of today in city of Gümüşhane (Turkey) and to research the potential of E-commerce with regards to national economies and the factors that effect this potential.
Factors Affecting On Customer Retention: A Case Study of Cellular Industry o...paperpublications3
Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of price perception, customer satisfaction, brand image, switching barriers (switching cost, interpersonal relationship and attractiveness of alternative) and trust towards the Customer retention in the cellular industry of Pakistan. This study adds many other supporting materials especially for the literature review; a model is used by this study to find the effect of the factors on customer retention. The data was collected from the customers in Lahore who are subscribers one of the cellular company (Mobilink, U-Fone, Telenor, Warid, and Zong) of Pakistan. The data is analyzed with the help of the multiple regression analysis. Out of seven variables tested it is found that switching barriers (interpersonal relationship and switching cost), brand image, price perception, trust and customer satisfaction have the effect on customer retention. However, customer satisfaction has little to do to increase the customer retention. This study also provides evidence that the higher switching barrier of attractiveness of the alternative lower will be the customer retention. This current study has its own limitation since this research is only conducted in Lahore area. Therefore the finding of the study is unable to be generalized for the whole population of mobile users in Pakistan as the sample size is measured small. The findings can help the service providers to find the effect of customer satisfaction, price perception, trust, brand image and switching barriers towards the customer retention.
Keywords: customer satisfaction, brand image, price perception, trust, switching barriers, customer retention.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLIER EFFICIENCY ON PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE IN KENYA SEED COMPA...paperpublications3
Abstract: Recruitment and keeping qualified suppliers is very important in procurement performance in any organization. However, many factors affect a firm's ability to determine and select the most efficient supplier. This study was undertaken with the main objective to assess the supplier selection and evaluation practices in the Kenya Seed Company. The study was guided by three specific objectives; to establish the criteria used for supplier evaluation in the Company; to find out the challenges of implementing Supplier Evaluation in the Company and to determine the relationship between Supplier Evaluation Criteria and procurement Performance in the Company. It employed a descriptive research design. The target population was 250 employees in the Company. A sample of 154 was selected to give response to the study. The response rate was 100%. Questionnaires were used to collect data which was analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Findings revealed that the Company base their selection on following criteria; quality of the supplier services , financial position of the supplier, flexibility of the supplier, supplier efficiency in service delivery, supplier charges, constitution and the PPOA guidelines, supplier technical capability, supplier profile, experience of the supplier in offering certain services/products as well as compliance with procurement procedures. However, supplier evaluation in these organizations is faced by several challenges including corruption, incompetent procurement officers, inefficiencies in procurement processes, lack of incentives, pressure of implementing PPOA and PPDA guidelines, cost of implementing procurement systems as well as maintaining procurement system greatly affects supplier selection process. The study recommended that the management of the Company need to effectively design the most effective evaluation criteria that would facilitate its procurement performance that ensured only most competent suppliers are selected and competent personnel are in place to manage supply chain processes in the organizations.
Effect of Public Procurement Management on Quality Service Provision among St...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of public procurement management on quality service provision among the state corporations which is effectively enabling providers of services and goods to the public to achieve higher standards. The specific objectives were: to establish how the procurement legal guidelines improve the quality of goods and services provided to the public by state corporations; to establish how the procurement institutional framework improves the quality of goods and services provided to the public by state corporations; to establish how laid procurement procedures improve the quality of goods and services provided to the public by state corporations and to establish how the management environment among state corporations affects quality of goods and services provided to the public by state corporations. The research employed a descriptive research design that used survey methods. The study focused on 64 of the 127 state corporations in Kenya selected using systematic random sampling. The data was collected using a questionnaire. The data was analyzed using mean and standard deviation. The results indicate that the legal procurement guidelines had a moderate contribution towards the quality of goods and services provided. The procurement institutional framework contributed to the quality of goods and services to a great extent. The procurement procedures had a moderate contribution toward the quality. The management environment moderately contributed to the quality. The quality of goods and services provided to the public was low. The study recommends improved enforcement and strengthening of the adherence to laid down procurement procedure; the existing institutional framework should be changed to support the provision of high quality goods and services and there should also be a change in the general management environment with focus on the culture, leadership and worker motivation of quality on provision of high quality services and goods to the public.
Keywords: Legal procurement guidelines, procurement institution, procurement procedures, management environment, quality of product and state corporation.
Title: Effect of Public Procurement Management on Quality Service Provision among State Corporations in Kenya
Author: Abuto, Ooko, George, Dr.Calvins, Otieno, Dr.Yusuf, Kibet, Mr.Okwaro, Fredrick
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
Contract management practice is a vital aspect in any organization that intends to gain a competitive advantage and value for money. In public organizations, every year a major portion of budget allocation is given for procurement of goods and services for various kinds of projects to be done. The study focused on the effect of monitoring intensity on procurement performance of public organizations in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by relational contract theory and principal-agent theory. It adopted a descriptive study design utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The staff from finance and procurement departments in the County government formed the study’s unit of analysis. The sample for the study was procurement officers and finance officers. It also adopted census sampling on all the target respondents. A pilot study was done in Uasin Gishu County Government. The computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 aided in data analysis. Data was analyzed using Quantitative data analysis with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, means and cross tabulation will be used while multiple regressions will be used to test the hypothesis. Presentation of finding done using questionnaires which was coded, organized, analyzed and presented using frequency tables, and percentages. The study found that the organization was able to practice monitoring intensity with the view to enhance procurement performance. The results established a positive but weak correlation between the variables (P= 0.288, r=.057). The strength of association was weak. The study concluded that monitoring intensity was a factor that influences procurement performance in organizations. However it was noted that other factors were needed to support this practice. It was recommended that contractors should be allocated with the right amount of resources to complete the projects assigned to them.
Contract management practice is a vital aspect in any organization that intends to gain a competitive advantage and value for money. In public organizations, every year a major portion of budget allocation is given for procurement of goods and services for various kinds of projects to be done. The study focused on the effect of monitoring intensity on procurement performance of public organizations in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by relational contract theory and principal-agent theory. It adopted a descriptive study design utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The staff from finance and procurement departments in the County government formed the study’s unit of analysis. The sample for the study was procurement officers and finance officers. It also adopted census sampling on all the target respondents. A pilot study was done in Uasin Gishu County Government. The computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 aided in data analysis. Data was analyzed using Quantitative data analysis with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, means and cross tabulation will be used while multiple regressions will be used to test the hypothesis. Presentation of finding done using questionnaires which was coded, organized, analyzed and presented using frequency tables, and percentages. The study found that the organization was able to practice monitoring intensity with the view to enhance procurement performance. The results established a positive but weak correlation between the variables (P= 0.288, r=.057). The strength of association was weak. The study concluded that monitoring intensity was a factor that influences procurement performance in organizations. However it was noted that other factors were needed to support this practice. It was recommended that contractors should be allocated with the right amount of resources to complete the projects assigned to them.
Online Technology and Marketing of Financial Services in Nigeria: An Impact A...IOSR Journals
This study extracts and analyse basic information from Service providers and customers reporting the performance and challenges of online marketing of financial services in Nigeria. Staff and customers of twelve (12) out of the leading financial institutions in Nigeria, with track records of online activities were purposively sampled with the aid of structured questionnaires, to elicit ex post facto facts for use in this study. The resultant data were analysed with the use of descriptive statistics and Pearson Correlation Coefficient using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), version 16. The study reveals low impact; meaning the country has not realises her full potentials in harnessing online technology for marketing of financial services. It also reveals incidence of challenges associated with implementation and performance of online marketing of financial services in Nigeria which include fluctuation in online services due to poor infrastructure, high rate of online fraudsters, slim awareness on the part of the customers, e-payment bottleneck, among others. Finally, this study expounds a number of management options to stimulate the impacts of online technology in marketing financial services in Nigeria.
The study seeks to contribute to the discussion on the causes of maverick buying-
MB and its impact on the procurement policy and the economy of Ghana in general. The
research methodology used in this study is qualitative. The instrument of study was based on
non standard interview with the officers that are experts on the topic at the district assemblies
where 11 districts assemblies were covered out of 22. The study revealed the following causes;
procurement practitioners find it difficult to understand the Procurement Act 663, practitioners
lack capacity both academically and professionally in the management and operationalisation
of the procurement process, the Procurement Act 663 is excessively legalistic and technical,
the Act 663 is at anomalous with market trends or practices. The study also found out that there
are lapses in monitoring for compliance of the Procurement Act 663, no examples of known
procurement practitioners punished for non compliance, lack of commitment on the part of
officialdom, organisational culture at the district level a major cause of maverick buying and
most of the procurement activities are unplanned. On the impact, the study established that MB
defeats the superseding objectives of the Public Procurement Act 663 of 2003, it is also
insidious to the aptitude to negotiate favourable terms for price of goods, services and works
due to the crumbling of spend, MB had the ability to deny the assemblies the knack to collect
data on the assemblies’ sequence of purchasing or spending thereby causing the assemblies to
lose visibility over its outlay, it also increases purchasing cost where it affects equally the
actual purchasing price and process cost, it was also disclosed that fraud and corruption can
ensue from MB. The study recommends that PPA and the ministry of education should link up
to train procurement practitioners as stipulated in Procurement Act 663 section 3(k) to improve
the awareness and knowledge of procurement processes at the district assemblies and the
nation in general. Monitoring compliance trends should also be a key part of the Public
Procurement Authority-PPA. As a matter of fact the institution responsible for sanction should
be incorporated into the enforcement unit for swift punishment to act as deterrence to others.
PPA and the districts should link up on how eProcurement systems can be implemented to
ensure compliance since the most commonly declare solution for maverick buying is the
implementation of electronic procurement.
Effects of Government Procurement on Prompt Tendering and Supply of Goods: A...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A Novel Intelligence-based e-Procurement System to offer Maximum Fairness Ind...IJECEIAES
A perfect auction policy is one of the most strategic elements that contribute to success factor for any e-Procurement system. An auction policy can be only term as an effective if it really offer win-win situation to both the bidder as well as to the merchant. After reviewing existing studies on e-Procurement system, it is found that there isno effective research work focusing on this point and maximum research contribution has limited its scope to certain application or case studis. Hence, the proposed system introduces a novel eProcurement system which is equipped by an itelligence-building process for performing predictive analysis of ongoing auction process. A mathematical modelling is implemented where all teh variables have been formed using practical implementation of auction system and followed by optimization process using regression-based approach. The study outcome shows that proposed system offers better response time and higher predictive accuracy in contrast to existing approaches.
Factors Influencing Performance of Public Procurement Function in Trans-Nzoia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Procurement performance and organization performance are intricately and inextricably intertwined. Procurement function uses the largest portion of an organizations budget. This is why it is important to maximize on effective and efficient management of the procurement function in an entity. In the public sector, procurement function is the main source of service delivery to the citizens of a country. Public procurement employees are entrusted with the public funds to purchase on behalf of the entities they are serving in. Despite Government efforts for improvement, public procurement is still marred by sub optimal works, inadequate quality of goods and services. Stakeholders complain about poor service delivery, allegations of mega corruptions, overpriced items just to mention but a few. The general objective of this study was to assess factors influencing procurement performance in Kenyan public sector with specific focus on the Trans-Nzoia County. The study sought to assess the extent to which planning, contract management, work environment and staff competence influence procurement performance. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was all the 33 procurement employees comprising 28 employees and the 5 managers working in the procurement departments in Trans-Nzoia County. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and interview schedules for the managers. Both descriptive and inferential data analysis methods including frequencies, percentages, analysis of variance and regression were used. Data was presented using, tables and figures. The findings were analyzed based on the objectives of the study as explored. The collected data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics using the statistical package for social scientist (SPSS) 20. Demographic indicators show that majority of the study participants are qualified and have attained education levels sufficient to influence favourably their comprehension of antecedents to effective management of the procurement function. Further findings on years of experience indicate that officers participating in the procurement function in the Trans-Nzoia County have long procurement experience. Overall procurement planning was most significant driver in procurement performance followed by staff competence, and contract management in that order. Work environment returned a negative influence. It is recommended that reforms in the Department be anchored by ensuring that procurement plans are prepared as per the set guidelines in the Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Act 2015 and should be strictly adhered to in order to obtain better performance in procurement in Trans-Nzoia County. Impulse buying and unplanned procurements should be highly discouraged. Continuous professional development and training of procurement staff should be sustained.
Factors affecting the use of Public Procurement and Disposal Act of 2005 in P...paperpublications3
Abstract: Kenya is undertaking public procurement reforms, by enacting the Public Procurement and Disposal Act (PPDA) of 2005 which became operational in 2007. This research considered the factors which affect the implementation of PPDA in public secondary schools by considering four factors; procurement skills, enforcement, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with procurement regulations. The researcher adopted purposive sampling and questionnaires were administered to the respondents, who included the members of the tender and procurement committees. Data collected was analyzed by use of SPSS and presented in percentages, frequency tables, and inferential statistics. The study showed that there is a significant relationships between; procurement skills, enforcement of PPDA, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with the regulations and the implementation of the PPDA. 80% of the respondents agree that lack of familiarity with the procurement regulations, inhibited the implementation of the PPDA. 85% of schools in Trans- Nzoia County have not engaged procurement professionals. 53% of the respondents agree that lack of training has hindered the implementation of PPDA. 80% agree that lack of enforcement has somehow hindered its implementation. It is recommended that the procurement officers in public secondary schools to read, understand and implement the Public Procurement and Disposal Act 2005 and that the school management should train their procurement officers to gain procurement skills, which will enhance the effective implementation of the PPDA.
E-PROCUREMENT ADOPTION AND PROCUREMENT ROCESS IN RWANDA: A CASE OF MUHIMA, SH...AkashSharma618775
This paper assessed the e-procurement adoption and procurement process, a case of District hospitals in
Rwanda . This was guided by three specific objectives: to establish the extent of ICT applications on the District’s
hospitals procurement processes; to determine the challenges of e-procurement adoption on the procurement
processes in District hospitals in Rwanda; to determine relationship between the individual factors and
Procurement process in District hospitals in Rwanda. The target population of the study was comprised of 54
employees of District hospitals in Rwanda. The study used a purposive sampling technique. With purposive
sampling technique as a type of non-probability sampling, the researcher uses his /her own judgment about which
respondents to choose, and picks only those who meet the purpose of the study.Through structured
questionnaires,the researcher was able to collect primary data. Secondary data were collected from relevant
literature review, business magazines, journals, internet and other relevant materials. The study revealed that for
87.5% respondents, no relation were between procurement officers and Government suppliers.The study also
revealed that 75% of respondents agreed to have received products of good quality at lower costs.The study found
that majority of the respondents acknowledged that ICT applications like e –procurement in use in the District
Hospitals had influenced the procurement processes. In regards to finding out the relationship between individual
factors and procurement process the study finds that the relationship between the individual factors and
Procurement process in District hospitals in Rwanda it was revealed that there is a positive relationship between
human resource comptency in e-procurement and performance of contractors since r= .220, with p-value of 0.001
which is less than 0.01 as the significance level. The major challenge found in the study was that of High
introduction costs for new solutions such as access to bandwidth and enterprise resource management systems that
are key to implementing e-business. Organizations willing to implement e-procurement should therefore invest
into structures and processes necessary for e-procurement implemention. Finally, the research found that for ICT
to be easily implemented, information systems have to be set up by all players in the procurement procedures,
structures will have to be invested on and processes standardized. system in their procurement processes.
Similar to Rethinking Public Procurement System in Nigeria: The E-Procurement Option (A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Southern Nigeria) (20)
Many countries have seen the importance of financial education by making financial
education a national strategy. In Vietnam, although the National Strategies for Inclusive Financial
Education has been proposed since 2017 and officially included in the National Financial Inclusion
Strategy in 2020, however, financial education is still quite new, and many people are not aware of
the necessity of financial l
Today, in the rapidly emerging globalization process, increasing the competitiveness of enterprises
depends on increasing of their firm performance. Although there are many methods and techniques affecting
firm performance, Information technology (IT) capabilities has become one of the most widely used method,
especially in dealing with supply chain matters of a firm. The aim of our study is to express whether innovation
and organization learning is effective as intermediate variable to the effects of IT capabilities at firm’s
performance. The opinion which claim
Globally, the number of startup companies has rapidly expanded during the last 5-8 years. Offering
products and/or services that greatly enhance the lives of its clients is a major focus for these firms. In India,
local and federal government initiatives have provided new enterprises and entrepreneurs with much
momentum and assistance, helping India become the world's top startup location. The Government of India
(GOI) launched the "Startup India" campaign in 2015 to promote entrepreneurship and support businesses to
achieve this goal (Babu, S., Sridevi, K.,2019). An IBM Center for Business Value and Oxford Economics study
in 2018 found that 90% of Indian companies fail within the first five years of operation. Potential difficulties
that startups may run across, both generally and specifically in the Indian market, have been described by
several authors.
Behaviour finance is the study of how psychological phenomena affect financial behaviour. This
financial science is used in making financial decisions. Amid the development of the digital economy, paylater
innovation has emerged. It is feared that the ease of use of paylater can have a negative impact, one of which is
the attitude of impulsive buying. This research will analyze the effect of financial literacy, self-control, risk
perception, and percieved ease of use on impulsive buying behaviour. This research is based on Decision Affect
Theory, which is a theory that discusses financial decision behaviour that is influenced by self-emotion. This
research is uses purposive sampling wi
Improving the business environment is one of the key strategies to promote local and regional
economic development. However, which factors affect the business environment of the provinces is still
controversial. Using survey data from 400 investors and managers and a multivariate regression analysis
method, this study has identified the factors affecting the business environment of Hai Phong province. The
analysis results show that there are 09 factors affecting the business environment of Hai Phong City, including
entry costs, land access and tenure, transparent, informal charges, time cost, pro-activeness, business support
services, labor training and legal institutions. In
The effect of work attitude and innovation ability on employee innovation performance is of great
significance for improving the innovation ability of manufacturing enterprises and building an "Innovative
Country" in China.This article theoretical analysis was conducted on the mechanism by which the work attitude
of employees in manufacturing enterprises affects innovation performance and the mediating mechanism of
innovation ability. Based on data from Chinese manufacturing enterprises, empirical analysis was conducted
using SEM models. Resear
The concept of organizational resilience continues to grow in focus and importance, but there
has yet to be an agreed upon measure of organizational resilience. Organizational resilience can be seen as a
corporation’s ability to adapt to change and maintain flexibility within their supply chain. Resilience and
flexibility at all organizational levels is necessary, in a proactive manner, to turn resilience into a competitive
advantage
In this paper, by using the basic method of differential geometry, combined with the optimization
theory and the basic technique of data analysis, the definition, basic properties and statistical characteristics of
nonlinear correlation coefficients on manifolds are studied and given, test the rationality and validity of the
nonlinear correlation coefficient defined in this paper. Therefore, the study of this paper has certain theoretical
value and potential practical significance.
This study aims to analyze and prove whether there is a positive and significant influence
between product quality and poki prices on purchasing decisions for Kobba brand coffee. The survey was
conducted using 53 respondents who were buyers who had purchased Kobba brand coffee more than once.
Information from respondents was obtained through a list of questions that were sent and returned by
respondents
In this paper, we introduce a universal framework for mean-distortion robust risk measurement and
portfolio optimization. We take accounts for the uncertainty based on Gelbrich distance and another uncertainty
set proposed by Delage & Ye. We also establish the model under the constraints of probabilistic safety
criteria and compare the different frontiers and the investment ratio to each asset. The empirical analysis in the
final part explores the impact of different parameters on the model results.
Despite the attainment of the famous Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of reducing the number
of poor people across the globe a significant number still live below the poverty line. The problem of poverty is
more endemic in developing countries like Nigeria. Several intervention efforts have been in place to address
the poverty question which persists partly due to serious financial exclusion and unethical activities of informal
finance providers.
The focus of this research was to establish the effect of entrepreneurship Ecosystem in inculcating
entrepreneurial propensity for community development. Promotion of entrepreneurship in Kenya has existed
ever since independence. The Government has shown tremendous support to entrepreneurship growth. The
Government have channelled financial support through funding such as Women Enterprise fund, Youth
Enterprise Fund and Uwezo Fund
In this paper, we consider an AAI with two types of insurance business with p-thinning dependent
claims risk, diversify claims risk by purchasing proportional reinsurance, and invest in a stock with Heston
model price process, a risk-free bond, and a credit bond in the financial market with the objective of maximizing
the expectation of the terminal wealth index effect, and construct the wealth process of AAI as well as the the
model of robust optimal reinsurance-investment problem is obtained, using dynamic programming, the HJB
equation to obtain the pre-default and post-default reinsurance-investment strategies and the display expression
of the value function, respectively, and the sensitivity of the model parameters is analyzed through numerical
experiments to obtain a realistic economic interpretation. The model as well as the results in this paper are a
generalization and extension of the results of existing studies.
:Textiles and clothing are a fundamental part of everyday life and an important sector in the global
economy. It is hard to imagine a world without textiles. Clothes are worn by almost everyone, almost all the time
and it also becomes an important expression for an individuality. In 2015, emission from textiles production
totaled 1.2 billion tons of CO2 equivalent throughout its lifecycle. The fashion industry is a large consumer of
water, high volumes of water containing
In this paper, we construct a Credit Default Swap pricing model for default recovery rates under
distributional uncertainty based on a structured pricing model and distributional uncertainty theory. The model
is algorithmically transformed into a solvable semi-definite programming problem using the Lagrangian dual
method, and the solution of the model is given using the projection interior point method. Finally, an empirical
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The closures of schools, colleges, and universities in many countries worldwide during the COVID19 pandemic have reshaped every aspect of our normal lives and educational experience. As a result of
extended periods of lockdown, whole populations have been advised to stay in their households and
communicate with others through distance electronic communications methods such as Zoom, Teams, Google
meetings etc. More than 1
Even though economists and academics have been studying money laundering for many years, there
are still gaps in the research because there is a dearth of trustworthy data on the activity as well as an absence
of specific sources and methods of collection in government-based reporting. The Walker-Unger gravity model
was used in this study to determine the countries that Russian-based money launderers used as funding
destinations between the years 2000 and 2020, as well as whether there are any variations in country rankings
during economic downturns. The investigation's findings indicated that even during recessionary times, money
launderers with Russian bases consistently preferred certain countries as their destination
This study will establish a scientific foundation for analyzing and assessing the development of
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study analyzes the current situation of human resource development in the industrial parks in Hai Duong
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resource development in industrial parks of Hai Duong province in the future for the economic development
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Solar photovoltaic systems are becoming essential in renewable energy sources to help reduce
dependence on renewable energy sources, fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. In the world today, many
successful businesses bring efficiency to the environment as well as the global economy. However, to evaluate
the business performance of the global supply chain, it is necessary to find an appropriate method. This article
uses data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) methods to compare
performance across businesses
The objective of this research is 1) to study social media usage behavior of the elderly and 2) to
examine the relationship between factors of the social media usage behavior of the elderly in Surat Thani
Province, Thailand. The data were collected from selected elderly aged 60 years and older in Surat Thani
Province. The number of the sample in this study was 400. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect the
data. Statistics used were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Chi-Square
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
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Sustainability: Balancing the Environment, Equity & Economy
Rethinking Public Procurement System in Nigeria: The E-Procurement Option (A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Southern Nigeria)
1. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM)
Volume 1 Issue 1 August 2016, P.P.37-48
www.ijbmm.com
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 37
Rethinking Public Procurement System in Nigeria: The E-
Procurement Option (A Study of Selected Local Government
Areas in Southern Nigeria)
CHIKWE, GODDEY C, DAPPER, EDWIN M, OBI, CHIOMA
Department of Business Management, Evangel University, Akaeze, Nigeria
Department of Business Administration and Management, Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic, Bori, Nigeria
Department of Business Administration and Management, Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, Nigeria
ABSTRACT: This study is on Rethinking Public Procurement System in Nigeria: The E-Procurement Option
using Selected Local Government Areas in Southern Nigeria as the case study. Its objective is to ascertain if e-
procurement can effectively bring about change in three critical areas of public procurement concerns, which
includes; transparency, efficiency and compliance to public procurement policies. In this paper, survey
approach was used and data was collected through a five point likert scale questionnaire. The statistical tool
used for data analysis is the non-parametric chi-square test (χ2
), at 0.05 level of significance, using the 20.0
version of SPSS. The study covered a population of 71 persons, selected from two Local Government Areas each
from the eleven states of south-east and south-south zone of Nigeria. However, using the Yaro Yamene’s
formular, the actual sample studied was 60 respondents. It is therefore the conclusion of this study that
compliance to e-procurement is an acceptable model that can bring about the needed change in the Nigerian
public procurement system. In line with the findings and conclusion, the researchers recommend that; There is
need for the introduction of e-procurement system in Nigeria, thereby phasing out the current procurement
approach especially at the local government areas and that adequate and continuous training of public
procurement officers on modern changes in procurement policies and processes is advocated by the
researchers.
KEYWORDS: bureaupathology, efficiency, e-procurement, public procurement system
I. Introduction
All over the world, the essence of governance is to provide public goods and services to the largest
number of people. Because government controls the common patrimony of the people, it behooves on the
government to ensure the judicious use of these public resources. However, in the quest to provide essential
public services, operators of government systems (civil/public servants) are challenged in the procurement
process; this has created vices such as contract sum inflation (like seen in the recent budget padding saga in the
Nigerian Federal House of Representatives), insider information and outright neglect of procurement laws and
processes. In Nigeria today, it is no longer news to hear of over bloated recurrent expenditure in the annual
budget. In fact in the most recent budget (the 2016 budget) which has just been passed by the national assembly
into appropriation law, recurrent expenditure is said to have taken over 70% of the total budget. This may not be
unconnected with expense padding and other fraudulent procurement processes that arbitrarily increase the cost
of items beyond their market value. Moreover, some of the items included in the budget are never procured or at
best they end up in private households (bureaupathology), this can be linked to poor procurement tracking
system that can guarantee the integrity of the procurement process while enhancing good governance. A case in
point is what is today known as DASUKIGATE, whereby a public government officer (former) in Nigeria is
alleged to have diverted public funds meant for arm procurement to satisfy friends and personal political quest.
This case mirrors the weakness in Nigeria‘s current public procurement process and therefore advocates the
need for a rethink in the way and manner public procurement is done in Nigeria. The general objective of this
paper therefore is to examine how e-procurement can enhance the effectiveness of public procurement process
in Nigeria using selected Local Government Areas in southern Nigeria
i. Examine the contributions of e-procurement to the enhancing of transparency in public procurement
process
ii. Examine the contributions of e-procurement to the enhancing of efficiency in the procurement
process
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iii. Examine the contributions of e-procurement to effective monitoring and compliance to public
procurement laws in Nigeria
II. Hypotheses
The researchers raised the following hypotheses to serve as a guide to this study;
HO1: e-procurement does not contribute significantly to the enhancement of transparency in public
procurement process
HO2: e-procurement does not contribute to the enhancement of efficiency in the procurement process
HO3: e-procurement does not contribute significantly to effective monitoring and compliance to public
procurement laws in Nigeria
III. Review of Related Literatures
Meaning of Public Procurement and e-procurement
is a comprehensive function which involves activities and processes for the purpose of attaining or
acquiring products and services. In addition, procurement activities can cover up establishing fundamental
requirements, negotiation of contracts, and sourcing activities including market research and supplier evaluation
as well as purchasing activities required for the purpose of placing an order and receiving goods and services.
The main goal of procurement is to receive the right product or service at the right and predefined time, at the
specified location, with the right quality and at the right price carrying out the entire process of purchasing
efficiently and effectively (Enporion 2005). According to Lyson, (1996) organizational procurement may be
defined as that function responsible for obtaining by purchase, lease or other legal means, equipments, materials,
supplies and services required by an undertaking for use in satisfying wants. The definition of the overall
purchasing task is ―to obtain materials, goods and services at the right quality, in the right quantity from the
right source delivered to the right place at the right time at the right price, to achieve an organizational
objective). In other words, Public Procurement is the process by which organizations acquire goods, works and
services using public funds. It is a comprehensive process that runs from proper procurement planning, budget
allocation, bids invitation, bids evaluation, award of contract, contract management, performance measurement,
monitoring, auditing and reporting.
E-Procurement according to Presutti (2003) is an information technology-based procuring system that lies at the
input end of the supply chain. Scholars see e-procurement as an emerging phenomenon in the business world
that calls for a systematic analysis. Traditionally, e-procurement already has involved a number of
communication mediums to support procurement processes between the different parties like the use of mail,
phone, fax, EDI and more recently, email and the internet. As Hawking et al. (2004) claimed, e-procurement has
involved the use of electronic technologies to streamline and enable the organizations procurement activities.
There is no universal definition for e-procurement as Gunasekaran and Ngai (2008) claimed. Moon (2005)
stated that e-procurement is described as a comprehensive process in which IT system has been used to establish
agreements for the acquisition of products or services (contracting) or purchase products or services in exchange
of payment(purchasing). E-procurement has various elements like electronic ordering, internet bidding,
purchasing cards, reverse auctions and integrated automatic procurement systems. Davila et al. (2003) defined e-
procurement technology as any technology designed to support the organizational acquisition of goods over the
internet. It includes e-procurement software, B2B market exchanges and purchasing consortia. It is focused on
automating workflows, consolidating and leveraging organizational spending power, and identifying new
sourcing opportunities through the internet. Raghavan and Prabhu (2004) referred to the CIPS´s definition of e-
procurement as the ―electronic acquisition of goods and services including all processes from the identification
of a need to purchase of products, to the payment for these purchases including post-contract/payment activities
such as contract management, supplier management and development.
Common Public Procurement Principles
The Public Procurement Act identifies the following principles affecting the achievement of good procurement
objectives.
Professionalism: Professionalism is the discipline whereby educated, experienced and responsible
procurement officers make informed decisions regarding procurement operations. It is in the recognition of this
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fact that the Public Procurement Authority focuses its resources on the training, professional development,
promotion and support for individuals that are engaged in public procurement to ensure adherence to
professional and ethical standards (Adjei AB, 2006).
Transparency, Competitiveness and Fairness: Transparency means that the same rules apply to all
suppliers of goods, works and services and that these rules are publicized as the basis of procurement decisions
prior to their use. Transparent procurement procedures can contribute to a more efficient allocation of resources
through increased competition, higher quality procurement and budgetary savings for governments and thus for
taxpayers. To avoid corruption in the public procurement systems there is the need to publish calls for tenders,
notifying contract awards in the media, including the successful bidder's name and final price, and making
award criteria more transparent and accountable. These are some of the basic principles of transparency in
government procurement which directly affect corrupt practices (Evenett et al, 2005). This position has been
collaborated by Barden (2006) when he opined that, government agencies can achieve transparency by
strategizing through effective and efficient advertising; publicly opening bid documents; effective evaluation of
bid documents; the publication of award results; fair and speedy protest and dispute resolution handling
processes and the disclosure of signed contracts; and the use of independent evaluation methods, that are
consistent with the terms of bid documents.
Value for Money in the Procurement Process: This is the optimum combination of whole cost and
quality of a product to meet the customer‘s requirements. It is reflected in the price of the item or service
procured. It has to be noted that Value for Money (VFM) is a critical measure of the effectiveness of the
procurement process, its outputs and outcomes. Achieving VFM requires a strategic and integrated approach to
procurement. This, of course, has significant organizational and institutional implications. This in procurement
function is an important test against which well functioned procurement management must be addressed to
justify a procurement outcome as necessary conditions for best value, transparency and accountability in public
procurement (World Bank, 2003). It is associated with deployment of resources for realization of some expected
value in an economic, in efficient and effective manner. The concept of value for money concerns not only the
acquisition price/cost but also takes into consideration efficiency and effectiveness of a procurement process.
Efficiency: Efficient public procurement system is the one which operates in a timely manner, with a
minimum bureaucracy, while being responsive to the needs of the ultimate users of the goods or facilities
procured. Efficiency is defined narrowly in terms of value for money – the best quality at the lowest cost. In this
view, efficiency is best secured through open competition, so procurement reform is seen as encouraging a more
liberalized system. A broader definition of efficiency that considers development gains alongside cost and
quality would ensure that procurement plays more of a role for poverty reduction (McDonald, 2008). To be
efficient and effective in Public Procurement is to carry out procurement activities in a professional and
transparent environment with a clear set of predefined rules to foster enhanced competition thus stimulating
efficiency and innovation amongst bidders. According to Cloete (1998), efficiency in the public sector means
satisfying the most essential needs of the community to the greatest possible extent using the limited resources
that are available for this purpose. Thus, public entities should be represented by competent personnel capable
of putting the Public Procurement Act into practice.
Accountability: Accountability can be explained as the process of holding an individual or an
organization fully responsible for all aspects of the procurement process over which they exert authority. The
essence of accountability is to strengthen the perception of transparency and fairness. It reduces the incidence of
corruption and help enforces the procurement framework.
Ethical Approach: Ethics is concerned with moral principles and values which govern our beliefs,
actions and decisions. Ethical approach implies exemplary approach to all procurement processes that cannot be
questioned or criticized. The following are examples of conducts prohibited by most Public Procurement Code
of Ethics:
i. Revealing confidential or ―inside information‖ either directly or indirectly to any tenderer or
prospective tenderer or discussing procurement with any tenderer or prospective tenderer outside the official
rules and procedures for conducting procurements
ii. Favouring or discriminating against any tenderer or prospective tenderer in the drafting of technical
specifications or standards or the evaluation of tenders or destroying, damaging, hiding, removing, or
improperly changing any official procurement document
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iii. Accepting or requesting money, travel, meals, entertainment, gifts, favours, discounts or anything of
material value from tenderers or prospective tenderers or discussing or accepting future employment with a
tenderer or prospective tenderer
iv. Requesting any other Public Servant or Government official representing the Procurement Entity in
procurement to violate the public procurement rules or procedures.
Technology: E-procurement can increase transparency and procedural efficiency without prejudice to
competition (Hill, 2005). Hill argues that, not only because of its transparency, but also to improve efficiency.
The benefits of e-procurement include: an increase in contract compliance, leveraging the procurement spend,
increased involvement of staff, and lower processing costs. The lack of a corporate e-procurement system in
public sector entities means they will find it difficult to analyze their expenditure on a macro-economic level
(Staatscourant, 2008).
Benefits of E-Procurement
According to Eadie et al (2007), Organization which uses e-procurement has the following advantages: First,
Price reduction in tendering: Empirical studies carried out Gebauer et al (1988) in the United States of America
indicated that the two most important measures for the success of procurement processes are cost and time. In
this method, there is no paperwork, postage fee and other costs associated with preparation and sending tender
documents. It is also faster to send a document electronically as compared to the traditional method of sending
tender documents through post office. It results to improved order tracking and tracing, for it is much easier to
trace the orders and make necessary corrections in case an error is observed in the previous order.
Secondly, there is reduction in time to source materials: In Reduction in time has been proved as a relevant
benefit by Knudsen (2003) posits that e-procurement is a rapid efficient method of finding and connecting new
sources, being a lean channel for communication. A lot of time is spend on paper invoicing in terms of writing,
filing and postal communication but while in e-procurement, staff have sufficient time to engage on strategic
issues of procurement The time wasted in moving from one town or country to another to look for a potential
supplier or buyer is greatly reduced since with a click of a button, you can readily get the information in the
internet. By extension, E-procurement leads to reduction in maverick buying. Maverick buying is when staff
buys from suppliers than those with whom a purchasing agreement has been negotiated. Thirdly, Lower
Administration costs: in his research, Rankin (2006) argues that e-procurement results in reduction in paperwork
and this leads to lower administration costs. Fourthly, Reduction in procurement staff: since most of the
procurement process is done electronically, the number of staff needed to facilitate the process reduces. As
Eadie et al (2007) noted, the reduction in staff is an important way of producing competitive advantage through
reduced costs.
They further argued that since it is easier to communicate requirements in a quicker more accessible manner, it
will result in a better understanding of requirements and due compliance besides allowing clients to gauge the
state of the market by seeing how much interest is shown in the tender. Hawking et al, (2004), considered
market intelligence and the decisions made on that intelligence as two separate drivers. They however state that
since reliable procurement decisions cannot be made without market intelligence and each is reliant on the other
for the purpose of this study these two are considered together as ―Improved Market Intelligence and Enhanced
Decision making‖. A reduced Operating and Inventory cost is also another benefit of e-procurement: This is
from the fact that much if not all paperwork is eliminated.
Challenges of E-Procurement Adoption in the Public Sector
Lack of Employee Competency: Governments in many countries are making conscious efforts to
migrate their procurement activities towards E-procurement platforms; however, there remain a shortage of
knowledge of the actual adoption of e-procurement experiences in the public sector (As-Saber & Rahim, 2011).
To derive the accompanying benefits entailed in e-procurement adoption procurement staff must be competent
enough to use the applications of software that offers the organization management skills to manage their
activities. This technology is based on databases, which are easily reached on real time foundations. According
to Banda (2009), many procurement entities do not have competent human resource critical to manage
procurement processes. The absence of the right calibre of employees to bring about enforcement of quality
standards, monitor e-procurement processes, determination of specifications, defining requirements, conducting
supervisory roles eventually culminate to cause shortages in government budgets. Mbeche et al., (2014) argued
that skills and knowledge of employees influence the future adoption of a new technology. They further argued
that implementing e-procurement necessitates knowledgeable and skilled employees, therefore, the conspicuous
lack of such personnel has attributed to delay in e-procurement adoption in most public institutions.
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Inadequacy of Legal Framework: Legal framework is a basis of any business transaction whether in
Public sector or private businesses. It defines the obligations and responsibilities of the partners transacting
business with the objectives of fulfilling each other‘s desired goals. Kheng and Al-Hawandeh (2002) found that
the laws governing B2B commerce, crossing over to e-procurement, are still undeveloped. For instance,
questions concerning the legality and force of e-mail contracts, role of electronic signatures, and application of
copyright laws to electronically copied documents are still unresolved. Understanding the challenges and
limitation of e-procurement adoption in the public sector is important due to complexities of government
policies and bureaucracy. Without such understanding, government may not be able to achieve the benefits of e-
procurement. This could assist in future planning and adoption of e-procurement.
Inadequate Technological Infrastructure: Issues concerning information systems development and
adoption are central to the e-procurement issue. Rajkumar (2001) identified systems integration as a critical
success factor for e-procurement implementation, both with the customer‘s information infrastructure and in its
links to suppliers. Technological infrastructure plays a key role in adoption of e-procurement without which
integration of public procurement entities will not materialize.
Security of Procurement Transaction Data: Individual end users and entire business units will naturally
resist any change in business processes that poses uncertainty in security and privacy of their transactions.
Organizations keep their business information secret as a protective mechanism to ward off competition and
remain competitive in the business environment. Public sector organizations on the other hand have limits to the
amount and nature of information to be shared with other third parties. The use of web technology has brought a
myriad of data security challenges in internet transactions because of cyber crimes .The growth of internet has
nevertheless brought serious challenges to business due to data hacking, internet fraud, Cyber vandalism, and
virus and malware attacks (Huber et al. 2004).
Organizational culture and upper management support: Davila et al (2003) points out that resistance to
change, lack of a widely accepted solution and lack of leadership, which are cultural, are some of the biggest
barriers to the introduction of e-procurement within the public sector. To counter this problem, Eadie (2007)
points out that a cultural change needs to take place prior to adoption of an e-procurement system. People need
to be appointed and backed with full senior management support in order to effect this change. Adequate
sensitization on the system will greatly reduce the resistance to the change. As pointed out by Eadie (2007), it is
the cultural change brought about by senior management support which can enable e-procurement to be
successfully implemented.
Uncertainty as to the legal position of e-procurement: Some organizations doubt whether electronically
sent documents can be recognized by a third party as valid or legal.
Lack of IT infrastructure: is also another challenge of e-procurement. This was evident in the research
carried out by Wong and Sloan (2004) as quoted in Eadie et al (2007) who noted that most companies lacked the
relevant technology to carry out e-procurement. The same sentiments are shared with Harrigan (2008) whose
research found out that technological integration, data quality, system-to-system integration, and ICT/technical
issues have been identified as major challenges for many organizations when implementing e-procurement.
Cost implications of the system: Some organizations perceive the system is too expensive to
implement. Budgeting and costs, change management, as well as need of training and resources Harrigan
(2008). Therefore in their opinion, they would rather stick to their system. Furthermore, engaging suppliers in
the process - especially smaller organizations - is also proving to be difficult given the level of investment
expected in terms of providing catalogue information to buyers, and marketplaces using different technologies,
platforms and business languages (OGC, 2002). As noted by Heywood (2002), sometimes e- Procurement
results in large investments of time and money, without absolute certainty that its full potential will be achieved
every time. Besides, there is also lack of technical expertise. Most organizations lack the expertise to operate the
system if initiated. In their view, embracing e-procurement technology implies employing the necessary
manpower to operate it. Lack of e-procurement knowledge / skilled personnel is another barrier hindering
smooth implementation of e-procurement. The older generation that has not kept up to the advances in IT
related issues. This makes them rely heavily on traditional forms and means of procurement. In fact, this forms
the majority of those against change, especially when the change requires anything more that the training they
already have. Therefore, as e-Procurement includes new technologies and changes in traditional procurement
approaches, the need to train staff in procurement practices and the use of e-Procurement tools are critical to the
success of an e-Procurement initiative (World Bank, 2003).
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E-procurement Models
According to Davila et al. (2003), there are four specific models of e-procurement technologies which are e-
procurement software, market exchange, B2B auctions and purchasing consortia.
i. E-procurement software: Any software application basing on the internet that enables staffs to
purchase goods from approved electronic catalogues in accordance with company buying rules, while capturing
necessary purchasing data in the process. It is automatically routed by the necessary approval processes and
protocols that employee select a good for purchase from a supplier catalogue. This software investment may
have several forms like purchase of a software package from a third party technology provider (e.g.,
CommerceOne), use of an e-procurement system included in an internet market exchange, subscription to e-
procurement software hosted and supported by an ASP—application service provider or development of a
proprietary in-house system.
ii. Internet market exchanges: A website which acts like a platform bringing multiple buyers and sellers
all together in one central virtual market space and make it possible for them to deal with each other at a
dynamic price determined in accordance with the rules of the exchanges.
iii. Internet B2B auctions: Events in which multiple buyers can place bids for purchasing goods or services
at a website. There are several forms of e-auctions like the most popular two are the Dutch auction(where the
sellers control the minimum bid and prices move upward from the mini- mum bid) and the reverse auction
(where buyers post ‗requests for quotations‘ and sellers bid the price down). A major benefit of auctions is that
they enable organizational buyers to identify the best offer from an expanded base of potential suppliers from
around the world. Sellers benefit by obtaining access to bid for business on a level playing field rather than
attempting to obtain business based on networks of personal relationships. Auctions also provide sellers with a
ready market for the anonymous sale of excess inventory.
iv. Internet purchasing consortia: It is an internet service which helps get many buyers together negotiates
more aggressively with sellers to get discounts. Some organizations aggregate buying power for manufacturing
inputs such as (FOB.com), while others work similarly for indirect goods such as (BizBuyer.com).
IV. Method
In this paper, survey approach was and data was collected through a five point likert scale
questionnaire. The statistical tool used for data analysis is the non-parametric chi-square test at 0.05 level of
significance, using the 20.0 version of the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Chi-square may be
described thus: χ2
= ∑ (E-O) 2
/ E. The study covered a population of 71 persons, consisting of 22 senior
procurement officers and 30 junior procurement officers selected from two Local Government Areas each from
the eleven states of south-east and south-south zone of Nigeria, 19 procurement consultants selected from Awka,
Calabar Enugu and Portharcourt were also involved in the population studied. Using the Yaro Yamene‘s
formular, a sample of 60 respondents were drawn from the population and used for this study
V. Results and Discussions
In this section, we used the chi-square to test the three hypotheses stated in this study with the aid of
SPSS version 20.00.
Hypothesis One
The null and alternative hypotheses are
H0: e-procurement does not contribute significantly to the enhancement of transparency in public
procurement process
H1: e-procurement contributes significantly to the enhancement of transparency in public procurement process
Table 1: Responses on Research Question One
From the output of the SPSS software analysis, we have the followings;
Questions
Responses Total
SA A D SD UD
7 8 27 4 15 6 60
8 12 21 10 19 10 60
9 7 23 13 11 6 60
10 5 21 18 14 2 60
11 10 27 9 12 2 60
Total 40 109 52 71 28 300
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Table 2
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Question * Response 300 100.0% 0 0.0% 300 100.0%
Table 3
Question * Response Cross-tabulation
Response Total
SA A U D SD
Question
7
Count 8 27 4 15 6 60
Expected Count 8.0 21.8 10.4 14.2 5.6 60.0
% within Question 13.3% 45.0% 6.7% 25.0% 10.0% 100.0%
% within Response 20.0% 24.8% 7.7% 21.1% 21.4% 20.0%
% of Total 2.7% 9.0% 1.3% 5.0% 2.0% 20.0%
8
Count 10 13 8 19 10 60
Expected Count 8.0 21.8 10.4 14.2 5.6 60.0
% within Question 16.7% 21.7% 13.3% 31.7% 16.7% 100.0%
% within Response 25.0% 11.9% 15.4% 26.8% 35.7% 20.0%
% of Total 3.3% 4.3% 2.7% 6.3% 3.3% 20.0%
9
Count 7 23 13 11 6 60
Expected Count 8.0 21.8 10.4 14.2 5.6 60.0
% within Question 11.7% 38.3% 21.7% 18.3% 10.0% 100.0%
% within Response 17.5% 21.1% 25.0% 15.5% 21.4% 20.0%
% of Total 2.3% 7.7% 4.3% 3.7% 2.0% 20.0%
10
Count 7 19 18 14 2 60
Expected Count 8.0 21.8 10.4 14.2 5.6 60.0
% within Question 11.7% 31.7% 30.0% 23.3% 3.3% 100.0%
% within Response 17.5% 17.4% 34.6% 19.7% 7.1% 20.0%
% of Total 2.3% 6.3% 6.0% 4.7% 0.7% 20.0%
11
Count 8 27 9 12 4 60
Expected Count 8.0 21.8 10.4 14.2 5.6 60.0
% within Question 13.3% 45.0% 15.0% 20.0% 6.7% 100.0%
% within Response 20.0% 24.8% 17.3% 16.9% 14.3% 20.0%
% of Total 2.7% 9.0% 3.0% 4.0% 1.3% 20.0%
Total
Count 40 109 52 71 28 300
Expected Count 40.0 109.0 52.0 71.0 28.0 300.0
% within Question 13.3% 36.3% 17.3% 23.7% 9.3% 100.0%
% within Response 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
% of Total 13.3% 36.3% 17.3% 23.7% 9.3% 100.0%
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Table 4
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 27.111a
16 .040
Likelihood Ratio 27.831 16 .033
Linear-by-Linear
Association
1.390 1 .238
N of Valid Cases 300
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 5.60.
Decision: Since the p-value or sig. (0.040) < the alpha level (0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and conclude
that e-procurement has significant contributions on public procurement system transparency
Hypothesis Two
The null and alternative hypotheses are
HO2: e-procurement does not contribute to the enhancement of efficiency in the procurement process
H1: e-procurement contributes to the enhancement of efficiency in the procurement process
Table 5 Responses on Research Question Two
From the output of the SPSS software analysis, we have the followings;
Table 6
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Question * Response 240 99.6% 1 0.4% 241 100.0%
Questions
Responses Total
SA A D SD UD
12 8 27 4 15 6 60
13 12 21 10 19 10 60
14 7 23 13 11 6 60
15 5 21 18 14 2 60
Total 40 109 52 71 28 300
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Table 7
Question * Response Crosstabulation
Response Total
SA A U D SD
Question
12
Count 16 29 7 8 0 60
Expected Count 13.5 27.8 6.3 11.0 1.5 60.0
% within Question 26.7% 48.3% 11.7% 13.3% 0.0% 100.0%
% within Response 29.6% 26.1% 28.0% 18.2% 0.0% 25.0%
% of Total 6.7% 12.1% 2.9% 3.3% 0.0% 25.0%
13
Count 16 25 4 14 1 60
Expected Count 13.5 27.8 6.3 11.0 1.5 60.0
% within Question 26.7% 41.7% 6.7% 23.3% 1.7% 100.0%
% within Response 29.6% 22.5% 16.0% 31.8% 16.7% 25.0%
% of Total 6.7% 10.4% 1.7% 5.8% 0.4% 25.0%
14
Count 16 25 4 10 5 60
Expected Count 13.5 27.8 6.3 11.0 1.5 60.0
% within Question 26.7% 41.7% 6.7% 16.7% 8.3% 100.0%
% within Response 29.6% 22.5% 16.0% 22.7% 83.3% 25.0%
% of Total 6.7% 10.4% 1.7% 4.2% 2.1% 25.0%
15
Count 6 32 10 12 0 60
Expected Count 13.5 27.8 6.3 11.0 1.5 60.0
% within Question 10.0% 53.3% 16.7% 20.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% within Response 11.1% 28.8% 40.0% 27.3% 0.0% 25.0%
% of Total 2.5% 13.3% 4.2% 5.0% 0.0% 25.0%
Total
Count 54 111 25 44 6 240
Expected Count 54.0 111.0 25.0 44.0 6.0 240.0
% within Question 22.5% 46.2% 10.4% 18.3% 2.5% 100.0%
% within Response 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
% of Total 22.5% 46.2% 10.4% 18.3% 2.5% 100.0%
Table 8
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 23.919a
12 .021
Likelihood Ratio 24.733 12 .016
Linear-by-Linear
Association
3.145 1 .076
N of Valid Cases 240
a. 4 cells (20.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.50.
Decision: Since the p-value or sig. (0.021) < the alpha level (0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and conclude
that e-procurement has significant contributions on the efficiency of public procurement in Nigeria.
Hypothesis Three
The null and alternative hypotheses are
HO3: e-procurement does not contribute significantly to effective monitoring and compliance to public
procurement laws in Nigeria
H1: e-procurement does not contribute significantly to effective monitoring and compliance to public
procurement laws in Nigeria
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Table 9 Responses on Research Question Three
From the output of the SPSS software analysis, we have the followings;
Table 10
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Question * Response 300 100.0% 0 0.0% 300 100.0%
Table 11
Question * Response Crosstabulation
Response Total
SA A U D SD
Question
16
Count 9 36 1 14 0 60
Expected Count 11.8 29.2 3.0 13.2 2.8 60.0
% within Question 15.0% 60.0% 1.7% 23.3% 0.0% 100.0%
% within Response 15.3% 24.7% 6.7% 21.2% 0.0% 20.0%
% of Total 3.0% 12.0% 0.3% 4.7% 0.0% 20.0%
17
Count 22 23 0 11 4 60
Expected Count 11.8 29.2 3.0 13.2 2.8 60.0
% within Question 36.7% 38.3% 0.0% 18.3% 6.7% 100.0%
% within Response 37.3% 15.8% 0.0% 16.7% 28.6% 20.0%
% of Total 7.3% 7.7% 0.0% 3.7% 1.3% 20.0%
18
Count 11 29 3 11 6 60
Expected Count 11.8 29.2 3.0 13.2 2.8 60.0
% within Question 18.3% 48.3% 5.0% 18.3% 10.0% 100.0%
% within Response 18.6% 19.9% 20.0% 16.7% 42.9% 20.0%
% of Total 3.7% 9.7% 1.0% 3.7% 2.0% 20.0%
19
Count 7 30 5 18 0 60
Expected Count 11.8 29.2 3.0 13.2 2.8 60.0
% within Question 11.7% 50.0% 8.3% 30.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% within Response 11.9% 20.5% 33.3% 27.3% 0.0% 20.0%
% of Total 2.3% 10.0% 1.7% 6.0% 0.0% 20.0%
20
Count 10 28 6 12 4 60
Expected Count 11.8 29.2 3.0 13.2 2.8 60.0
% within Question 16.7% 46.7% 10.0% 20.0% 6.7% 100.0%
% within Response 16.9% 19.2% 40.0% 18.2% 28.6% 20.0%
% of Total 3.3% 9.3% 2.0% 4.0% 1.3% 20.0%
Total
Count 59 146 15 66 14 300
Expected Count 59.0 146.0 15.0 66.0 14.0 300.0
% within Question 19.7% 48.7% 5.0% 22.0% 4.7% 100.0%
% within Response 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
% of Total 19.7% 48.7% 5.0% 22.0% 4.7% 100.0%
Questions
Responds Total
SA A D SD UD
16 9 36 1 14 0 60
17 22 23 0 11 4 60
18 11 29 3 11 6 60
19 7 30 5 18 0 60
20 10 28 6 12 4 60
Total 59 146 15 66 14 300
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International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 47
Table 12
Chi-Square Tests
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 36.324a
16 .003
Likelihood Ratio 41.920 16 .000
Linear-by-Linear
Association
2.587 1 .108
N of Valid Cases 300
a. 10 cells (40.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 2.80.
Decision: Since the p-value or sig. (0.003) < the alpha level (0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and conclude
that e-procurement has significant contributions on public procurement policy compliance rate
VI. Conclusion and Recommendations
The drive to pluck loop holes in the Nigerian public procurement requires a paradigm shift from the
traditional approach to world best practices. This is because the ability of the government to deliver its promises
to the citizens is contingent on among other things, its ability to fix its priority and pursue a transparent and cost
effective process. To this end, public procurement system must be restructured at the grass root level (LGAs),
not just by establishing institutions but by adopting laws and models that can make them functional. It is
therefore the conclusion of this study that compliance to e-procurement is an acceptable model that can bring
about the needed change in the Nigerian public procurement system. In line with the findings and conclusion,
the researchers recommend that;
i. There is need for the introduction of e-procurement system in Nigeria , thereby phasing out the current
procurement approach especially at the local government areas
ii. Adequate and continuous training of public procurement officers on modern changes in procurement
policies and processes is advocated by the researchers. This recommendation follows our findings that beyond
executive rascality at the local government level, most public procurement officers at the local government level
are not knowledgeable about the modern procurement models (e-procurement)
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