The concept of organizational resilience continues to grow in focus and importance, but there
has yet to be an agreed upon measure of organizational resilience. Organizational resilience can be seen as a
corporation’s ability to adapt to change and maintain flexibility within their supply chain. Resilience and
flexibility at all organizational levels is necessary, in a proactive manner, to turn resilience into a competitive
advantage
https://research.ncl.ac.uk/ibuild/outputs/9940_iBuild_report_v6.pdf
M. Wardman, P.J. Mackie and A. Gillies-Smith.
Chapter 2 of 'Economic evaluation of systems of
infrastructure provision: concepts,
approaches, methods'.
iBUILD/Leeds Report, Edited by Andrew Brown
and Mary Robertson. October 2014.
https://research.ncl.ac.uk/ibuild/outputs/9940_iBuild_report_v6.pdf
UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF AGILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS CAPABILITIES IN ACHIEVIN...ijmvsc
The supply chain agility concept has been identified as one of the most important issues in the supply chain
management literature. However, despite the popularity of the concept, many concept attributes are largely
unexplored. The mediating role of the operational capabilities, in particular the supply chain
responsiveness, in the link between the supply chain agility and the improvement of the supply chain
performance, is a field that is lacking in research. This research aims to deepen the theory by addressing
this gap in the supply chain agility literature.
The data for this study were collected through a field survey from a final sample of 131 respondents from
manufacturing companies in Morocco. An online questionnaire containing items measuring constructs of
interest was developed. The theoretical model was evaluated using structural equation modeling.
The results indicate that supply chain agility has an indirect and positive impact on supply chain
performance in the presence of supply chain responsiveness. In addition, the results provide empirical
evidence for a full mediation of supply chain responsiveness in the link between supply chain agility and
supply chain performance in an uncertain environment.
This study demonstrates why careful consideration should be made when deciding what dynamic
capabilities should be developed and, therefore, what operational capabilities will be generated or
renewed. Companies that successfully build this relationship benefit in terms of improving the performance
of both the global supply chain and its members, enabling them to achieve sustainable competitive
advantages.
The Influence of Supply Chain Integration on the Intrapreneurship in Supply C...IJERA Editor
These days, SMEs pay a lot of attention to concept of Supply Chain Management (SCM) in order to achieve
competitiveness. The logic behind such act is integrating the activities of value creation within any kind of
organizational context. Such integrity would collaborate with managers to accomplish the competitive edge that
they are aiming to achieve. The goal of current research is to identify scopes of a unique construct which is
known as Entrepreneurial Supply Chain Management competency. Therefore, the notions of SCM and
entrepreneurship are being aligned together for evaluating the organizational performance. The outcomes
demonstrate that SCM in fact is a critical issue that can alter the organizational performance, thus, through
consideration of SCM, we should focus on supply chain integration and its impacts on intrapreneurship and
innovation of an organization. In order to be successful in such competitive context, SMEs need to provide
novel competences which are not imitable and to increase their application in supply chain and also to improve
their total performance.
https://research.ncl.ac.uk/ibuild/outputs/9940_iBuild_report_v6.pdf
M. Wardman, P.J. Mackie and A. Gillies-Smith.
Chapter 2 of 'Economic evaluation of systems of
infrastructure provision: concepts,
approaches, methods'.
iBUILD/Leeds Report, Edited by Andrew Brown
and Mary Robertson. October 2014.
https://research.ncl.ac.uk/ibuild/outputs/9940_iBuild_report_v6.pdf
UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF AGILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS CAPABILITIES IN ACHIEVIN...ijmvsc
The supply chain agility concept has been identified as one of the most important issues in the supply chain
management literature. However, despite the popularity of the concept, many concept attributes are largely
unexplored. The mediating role of the operational capabilities, in particular the supply chain
responsiveness, in the link between the supply chain agility and the improvement of the supply chain
performance, is a field that is lacking in research. This research aims to deepen the theory by addressing
this gap in the supply chain agility literature.
The data for this study were collected through a field survey from a final sample of 131 respondents from
manufacturing companies in Morocco. An online questionnaire containing items measuring constructs of
interest was developed. The theoretical model was evaluated using structural equation modeling.
The results indicate that supply chain agility has an indirect and positive impact on supply chain
performance in the presence of supply chain responsiveness. In addition, the results provide empirical
evidence for a full mediation of supply chain responsiveness in the link between supply chain agility and
supply chain performance in an uncertain environment.
This study demonstrates why careful consideration should be made when deciding what dynamic
capabilities should be developed and, therefore, what operational capabilities will be generated or
renewed. Companies that successfully build this relationship benefit in terms of improving the performance
of both the global supply chain and its members, enabling them to achieve sustainable competitive
advantages.
The Influence of Supply Chain Integration on the Intrapreneurship in Supply C...IJERA Editor
These days, SMEs pay a lot of attention to concept of Supply Chain Management (SCM) in order to achieve
competitiveness. The logic behind such act is integrating the activities of value creation within any kind of
organizational context. Such integrity would collaborate with managers to accomplish the competitive edge that
they are aiming to achieve. The goal of current research is to identify scopes of a unique construct which is
known as Entrepreneurial Supply Chain Management competency. Therefore, the notions of SCM and
entrepreneurship are being aligned together for evaluating the organizational performance. The outcomes
demonstrate that SCM in fact is a critical issue that can alter the organizational performance, thus, through
consideration of SCM, we should focus on supply chain integration and its impacts on intrapreneurship and
innovation of an organization. In order to be successful in such competitive context, SMEs need to provide
novel competences which are not imitable and to increase their application in supply chain and also to improve
their total performance.
Disruption/Risk Management in supply chains- a reviewBehzad Behdani
This paper describes an integrated framework for handling disruptions in supply chains. The integrated framework incorporates two main perspectives on managing disruptions, namely pre- and post-disruption perspectives, which are usually treated as separate in the existing frameworks. Next, the proposed integrated framework is used to review the literature in supply chain risk/disruption management. The review gives an overview of the key aspects and specific methods that can be used for each step in the framework. Based on the review, some main observations are also discussed. The first is that literature has not uniformly discussed different parts of the framework; pre-disruption steps, such as risk identification and risk treatment, have been explored extensively while post-disruption steps such as disruption detection and learning have been given far less attention. Secondly, there is a lack of quantitative (simulation and modeling) studies for handling supply chain disruptions. These two gaps, therefore, represent avenues for future research on supply chain risk/disruption management.
Effect of Supply Chain Resilience Strategies on Operational Performance of Ma...AkashSharma618775
In Kenya, supply chain resilience is a relatively recent area of supply chain research that focuses on
companies' ability to withstand disruptions. Manufacturing firms would be able to survive delays and continuously
change their supply chains to satisfy the changing requirements and desires of their customers, shareholders, and
other stakeholders thanks to the supply chain's resilience. The study's main goal was to determine was to find out
the effect of supply chain resilience strategies on operational performance of Manufacturing firms in Nairobi city
county, Kenya with specific objective of the study was to be find out the role of Multisourcing, Near shoring,
product harmonization and Inventory management strategies on operational performance of Manufacturing firms
in Nairobi city county, Kenya. The study's participants were all workers of Kenyan manufacturing firms in
Nairobi city county, Kenya. The study's target population was all 454 manufacturing companies in Nairobi and its
environs, drawn from 12 main manufacturing subsectors. The study's sample size was 189 respondents, who were
selected using a simple stratified random sampling technique. To achieve this, the study was adopted cross
sectional survey design. The researcher used questionnaires to collect data from the respondents. Descriptive and
inferential statistics was applied in analyzing the data using SPSS Version 23 software. This study tested the null
hypotheses that Multisourcing, near shoring, product harmonization and Inventory management strategies have
no significant positive effect on operational performance of manufacturing firms in Nairobi city county, Kenya.
The study found out all variables Multisourcing, near shoring, product harmonization and Inventory management
strategies have positive significance on operational performance of Manufacturing to improve on the
Manufacturing firms in Nairobi city county, Kenya. Firm’s operational performance, it was therefore
recommended that firms to some extent should adopt some strategies like Multisourcing, Nearshoring, Product
harmonization stand Inventory management. The study also recommends that manufacturing firms should
advance on the supply chain risk management strategies as mitigation measures. Particularly, they should be
careful on the subsequent dimensions of the supply chain risk management, equal risk sharing, quality planning,
quality assurance and inspection in production. Enhancement of stated elements of risk management of the supply
chain will lead to better supply chain risk mitigation, which will translate into improved performance.
Reading Assignment Report-IIPlease thoroughly go through the R.docxcatheryncouper
Reading Assignment Report-II
Please thoroughly go through the Reading Assignment posted under Chapter 8 on Moodle (Vanteddu et al., 2006, Research Publication) at least twice.
Please make a summary of the research article in your own words that is at least two pages in length, clearly identifying the purpose, research contribution and conclusions of the research. Provide appropriate citations of the works referred to in your summary. Your summary must be typed. Please use appropriate font and 1.5 line spacing.
The material posted on our course website;
Understanding the concepts;
Want to have a one-to-one demonstration of solving a given problem;
Questions about your grade and where you stand at a given point of time in the semester etc.
Supply chain focus dependent safety stock placement
Gangaraju Vanteddu Æ Ratna Babu Chinnam Æ
Kai Yang Æ Oleg Gushikin
Published online: 18 April 2008
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008
Abstract Increasing globalization, growing product range diversity, and rising
consumer awareness are making markets highly competitive, forcing supply chains
to adapt constantly to different stimuli. Growing competition between supply chains
(as well as players within them) is also warranting a priority for overall supply chain
performance over the goals of individual players. It is now well established in the
literature that, among the many order winners, both overall supply chain cost and
responsiveness (i.e., supply chain lead time) are the most significant determinants of
supply chain competitiveness. The literature, however, mostly focuses on supply
chain cost minimization with rather simplistic treatment of responsiveness. By
introducing the concept of a coefficient of inverse responsiveness (CIR), we facil-
itate efficient introduction of responsiveness related costs into the scheme of supply
chain (SC) performance evaluation and/or optimization. Thus, our model aids
supply chain managers in achieving better strategic fit between individual business
unit strategies and overall supply chain requirements in terms of cost efficiency and
responsiveness. In particular, it aids in strategic placement of safety stocks at dif-
ferent stages in the supply chain. Our model also offers managerial insights that help
improve our intuitions into supply chain dynamics. The model is more suited for
G. Vanteddu � R. B. Chinnam (&) � K. Yang
Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, Wayne State University,
4815 Fourth Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
G. Vanteddu
e-mail: [email protected]
K. Yang
e-mail: [email protected]
O. Gushikin
Ford Research and Advanced Engineering, 2101 Village Road, Dearborn, MI 48121, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
123
Int J Flex Manuf Syst (2007) 19:463–485
DOI 10.1007/s10696-008-9050-z
strategic SC alignment, for example, when dealing with product changeovers or
introduction of new product, rather than for operational control ...
THE AGILE SUPPLY CHAIN IN TURBULENT AND VOLATILE MARKETIAEME Publication
Agility is the fundamental characteristic of a supply chain needed for survival in turbulent and volatile markets, which are becoming normal, as product life cycles shorten and environmental forces create additional uncertainty resulting in higher risk in the supply chain management. Agility further helps in providing the right product, at the right time to the consumer, which is the main objective of any supply chain.
Being responsive is an increasingly important skill for firms in today's global economy; thus firms must be agile. Naturally, it follows that an organization's agility depends on its supply chain being agile. However, achieving supply chain agility is a function of other abilities within the organization, specifically supply chain flexibility and technology integration. The integration enables a firm to tap its supply chain flexibility which in turn results in higher supply chain agility and ultimately higher competitive business performance.
Operation Management Strategies 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 7
Literature Reviewin Operation Management Strategies
Qualitative cases in operation management
The study inspects the condition of subjective research endeavors in operation administration. Five fundamental operation administration diaries are incorporated for their effect on the field. The subjective detailed analyzes picked were distributed somewhere around 1993 and 2008. With an expanding pattern to utilizing more subjective research endeavors, there have been significant and huge commitments to the operation administration department, particularly in the territory of hypothesis building.
In a significant number of the subjective detailed analyzes they explored, sufficient points of interest in research outline, information accumulation, and information investigation were absent. For example, there are studies that don't offer examining rationale or a portrayal of the investigation through which research draws results. Further, researches conventions for doing inductive detailed analyze are much better created contrasted with the research conventions for doing deductive careful investigations. Thusly, there is an absence of reliability in how the case technique has been connected. As subjective researchers, they offer recommendations on how we can enhance what have been done and raise the level of thoroughness and consistency (Mei, 2011).
Buyer perceptions of supply disruption risk
Scott argues that as supply chains get to be more minds boggling, firms face expanding dangers of supply interruptions. The process through which purchasers settle on decisions notwithstanding these dangers, nonetheless, has not been investigated. In spite of research highlighting the criticalness of behavioral methodologies to risk, there is restricted research that applies these perspectives of danger in the supply chain writing. This paper addresses this crevice by drawing on behavioral danger hypothesis to examine the causal connections among circumstance, representations of danger, and choice making inside the buying area.
They investigate the relationship between greatness of supply disturbance, likelihood of supply interruption, and general supply disturbance risk. Furthermore, they attract on trade hypotheses to distinguish item and business sector figures that effect purchasers' impression of the likelihood and extent of supply interruption. At last, they take a gander at how representations of danger influence the choice to look for options wellsprings of supply. The model was tested utilizing information gathered from 223 obtaining administrators and purchasers of immediate materials. The results demonstrate that both the likelihood and the size of supply disturbance are paramount to purchasers' general view of supply interruption risk (Ellis, 2010).
Examining supply chain relationships
Gilbert finds out that firm.
Original article from the Flevy business blog can be found here:
http://flevy.com/blog/building-resilience-into-supply-chains/
The supply chains of most companies, large and small, exploit a world of opportunities. But, increasing global exposure comes with an increasing range of risks. These companies’ complex networks of suppliers and customers are as diverse as the goods and resources they manage. Within the same supply chain, giant multinational companies can sit side-by side with small to medium enterprises (SMEs). Yet, among companies large and small, there is growing awareness that extreme weather and a changing climate pose new risks and opportunities to old ways of doing business.
Smart businesses know how to manage uncertainty. As their exposure to extreme weather increases, informed businesses are incorporating the risk of extreme weather into existing risk management. Meanwhile, business continuity planning is growing to embrace the need to think about how a changing climate impacts on business.
Worldwide companies are increasingly aware that their supply chains are exposed to greater weather extremes. International competition and cheap transportation have led to expansive supply chains linked by complex logistics, multiplying risks to business continuity. The Business Continuity Institute’s latest Horizon Scanning Survey, with results from 700 organizations in 62 countries, found 53% of the survey respondents were either ‘extremely concerned’ or ‘concerned’ about the impacts of adverse weather on their businesses (BCI 2013). Business leaders are now urging companies to think about climate change (Business Green, 2013).
Durreesamin (ISSN: 2204-9827) is an Australian peer reviewed quarterly multi-disciplinary journal. Dureesamin journal covers a very wide range of topics and welcome researchers from all over the world to submit original research papers, Literature Review Articles, Hypothesis Papers, book reviews, conference reports, Case Studies and Case Reports. Full articles are published on Durreesamin website are open access to all.
Currently, firm’s dynamics urges management strategies to meet globalized market requirements. This study
analyzes the impact of Logistics Flexibility on Competitiveness of Mexican manufacturing SMEs. By using the
structural equations modeling and path diagram techniques, it shows the effects of the relationship hypothesized.
Managerial significance of results strengthens decision taking and public policy making, providing essential
information to managers, owners and human capital of firms' internal capacities and allocation of their strategical
resources
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
The Hazards of Sole Sourcing RelationshipsChallenges, Pract.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Hazards of Sole Sourcing Relationships:
Challenges, Practices, and Insights
Mark O. Lewis, Appalachian State University
Scott D. Hayward, Appalachian State University
Vijay Kasi, AT Kearney's Supply Chain Practice
Introduction
Fueled by advances in information technology,
supply chain management has moved from a
back office administrative function to a board
room imperative. Today, companies work more
closely with their suppliers to be more respon-
sive to customers' changing needs and to build
competitiveness. Many firms have significantly
reduced the number of suppliers they use,
sometimes to a single, trusted source to enable
tight integration between firms. Operations
management scholars continue to examine the
effects of tight supplier integration and often
point to the positive relationship between in-
tegration and performance (Handfield, Ragatz,
Peterson, and Monczka, 1999; Kulp, Lee, and
Ofek, 2004; Rosenzweig, Roth, and Dean Jr,
2003). With a relationship built on a foundation
of trust, single supplier relationships potentially
offer many benefits. The buyer and a single
supplier can better coordinate shipments and
production, share technological knowledge to
integrate the input into production, and com-
municate design changes to mutual benefit.
Multiple sourcing, in contrast, may weaken the
ties between the firm and its suppliers making
communication, control, and standardization
more difficult.
Though the potential benefits of single sourc-
ing and tight integration are many, the strategy
has its drawbacks. For example, Horwitch and
Thietart (1987) uncovered the costs of coordina-
tion, compromise, and rigidity that may follow
from especially tight firm-supplier relationships.
Similarly, Das (2006) argued that the increased
virtual span of control stemming from tight inte-
gration may lead to coordination costs that offset
savings incurred from single-sourced relation-
ships. In addition to the explicit costs of integra-
tion, Sorenson (2003) focused on other costs of
tight integration that were less measurable, such
as the absence of learning that may come from
limiting a firm's contact with its external envi-
ronment. Clearly, management scholars disagree
about the utility of developing tight firm-supplier
relationships, such as those that might arise from
sole sourcing strategies.
Against this backdrop, this paper offers two
core contributions. First, while grounded in a
real life case study of a large consumer products
company, it offers a theoretical explanation of
the perils of single-sourcing relationships. In
doing so, it shows the actual drivers of bound-
ary drift, a term we develop to represent the
change in organizational boundaries that result
from sourcing decisions. Furthermore, we show
how such a phenomenon can lead to unintended,
and potentially detrimental, strategic outcomes.
Second, by following the focal firm as they
design a new sourcing strategy, we offer impor-
tant insights for practicing manage.
Many countries have seen the importance of financial education by making financial
education a national strategy. In Vietnam, although the National Strategies for Inclusive Financial
Education has been proposed since 2017 and officially included in the National Financial Inclusion
Strategy in 2020, however, financial education is still quite new, and many people are not aware of
the necessity of financial l
Today, in the rapidly emerging globalization process, increasing the competitiveness of enterprises
depends on increasing of their firm performance. Although there are many methods and techniques affecting
firm performance, Information technology (IT) capabilities has become one of the most widely used method,
especially in dealing with supply chain matters of a firm. The aim of our study is to express whether innovation
and organization learning is effective as intermediate variable to the effects of IT capabilities at firm’s
performance. The opinion which claim
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Disruption/Risk Management in supply chains- a reviewBehzad Behdani
This paper describes an integrated framework for handling disruptions in supply chains. The integrated framework incorporates two main perspectives on managing disruptions, namely pre- and post-disruption perspectives, which are usually treated as separate in the existing frameworks. Next, the proposed integrated framework is used to review the literature in supply chain risk/disruption management. The review gives an overview of the key aspects and specific methods that can be used for each step in the framework. Based on the review, some main observations are also discussed. The first is that literature has not uniformly discussed different parts of the framework; pre-disruption steps, such as risk identification and risk treatment, have been explored extensively while post-disruption steps such as disruption detection and learning have been given far less attention. Secondly, there is a lack of quantitative (simulation and modeling) studies for handling supply chain disruptions. These two gaps, therefore, represent avenues for future research on supply chain risk/disruption management.
Effect of Supply Chain Resilience Strategies on Operational Performance of Ma...AkashSharma618775
In Kenya, supply chain resilience is a relatively recent area of supply chain research that focuses on
companies' ability to withstand disruptions. Manufacturing firms would be able to survive delays and continuously
change their supply chains to satisfy the changing requirements and desires of their customers, shareholders, and
other stakeholders thanks to the supply chain's resilience. The study's main goal was to determine was to find out
the effect of supply chain resilience strategies on operational performance of Manufacturing firms in Nairobi city
county, Kenya with specific objective of the study was to be find out the role of Multisourcing, Near shoring,
product harmonization and Inventory management strategies on operational performance of Manufacturing firms
in Nairobi city county, Kenya. The study's participants were all workers of Kenyan manufacturing firms in
Nairobi city county, Kenya. The study's target population was all 454 manufacturing companies in Nairobi and its
environs, drawn from 12 main manufacturing subsectors. The study's sample size was 189 respondents, who were
selected using a simple stratified random sampling technique. To achieve this, the study was adopted cross
sectional survey design. The researcher used questionnaires to collect data from the respondents. Descriptive and
inferential statistics was applied in analyzing the data using SPSS Version 23 software. This study tested the null
hypotheses that Multisourcing, near shoring, product harmonization and Inventory management strategies have
no significant positive effect on operational performance of manufacturing firms in Nairobi city county, Kenya.
The study found out all variables Multisourcing, near shoring, product harmonization and Inventory management
strategies have positive significance on operational performance of Manufacturing to improve on the
Manufacturing firms in Nairobi city county, Kenya. Firm’s operational performance, it was therefore
recommended that firms to some extent should adopt some strategies like Multisourcing, Nearshoring, Product
harmonization stand Inventory management. The study also recommends that manufacturing firms should
advance on the supply chain risk management strategies as mitigation measures. Particularly, they should be
careful on the subsequent dimensions of the supply chain risk management, equal risk sharing, quality planning,
quality assurance and inspection in production. Enhancement of stated elements of risk management of the supply
chain will lead to better supply chain risk mitigation, which will translate into improved performance.
Reading Assignment Report-IIPlease thoroughly go through the R.docxcatheryncouper
Reading Assignment Report-II
Please thoroughly go through the Reading Assignment posted under Chapter 8 on Moodle (Vanteddu et al., 2006, Research Publication) at least twice.
Please make a summary of the research article in your own words that is at least two pages in length, clearly identifying the purpose, research contribution and conclusions of the research. Provide appropriate citations of the works referred to in your summary. Your summary must be typed. Please use appropriate font and 1.5 line spacing.
The material posted on our course website;
Understanding the concepts;
Want to have a one-to-one demonstration of solving a given problem;
Questions about your grade and where you stand at a given point of time in the semester etc.
Supply chain focus dependent safety stock placement
Gangaraju Vanteddu Æ Ratna Babu Chinnam Æ
Kai Yang Æ Oleg Gushikin
Published online: 18 April 2008
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008
Abstract Increasing globalization, growing product range diversity, and rising
consumer awareness are making markets highly competitive, forcing supply chains
to adapt constantly to different stimuli. Growing competition between supply chains
(as well as players within them) is also warranting a priority for overall supply chain
performance over the goals of individual players. It is now well established in the
literature that, among the many order winners, both overall supply chain cost and
responsiveness (i.e., supply chain lead time) are the most significant determinants of
supply chain competitiveness. The literature, however, mostly focuses on supply
chain cost minimization with rather simplistic treatment of responsiveness. By
introducing the concept of a coefficient of inverse responsiveness (CIR), we facil-
itate efficient introduction of responsiveness related costs into the scheme of supply
chain (SC) performance evaluation and/or optimization. Thus, our model aids
supply chain managers in achieving better strategic fit between individual business
unit strategies and overall supply chain requirements in terms of cost efficiency and
responsiveness. In particular, it aids in strategic placement of safety stocks at dif-
ferent stages in the supply chain. Our model also offers managerial insights that help
improve our intuitions into supply chain dynamics. The model is more suited for
G. Vanteddu � R. B. Chinnam (&) � K. Yang
Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, Wayne State University,
4815 Fourth Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
G. Vanteddu
e-mail: [email protected]
K. Yang
e-mail: [email protected]
O. Gushikin
Ford Research and Advanced Engineering, 2101 Village Road, Dearborn, MI 48121, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
123
Int J Flex Manuf Syst (2007) 19:463–485
DOI 10.1007/s10696-008-9050-z
strategic SC alignment, for example, when dealing with product changeovers or
introduction of new product, rather than for operational control ...
THE AGILE SUPPLY CHAIN IN TURBULENT AND VOLATILE MARKETIAEME Publication
Agility is the fundamental characteristic of a supply chain needed for survival in turbulent and volatile markets, which are becoming normal, as product life cycles shorten and environmental forces create additional uncertainty resulting in higher risk in the supply chain management. Agility further helps in providing the right product, at the right time to the consumer, which is the main objective of any supply chain.
Being responsive is an increasingly important skill for firms in today's global economy; thus firms must be agile. Naturally, it follows that an organization's agility depends on its supply chain being agile. However, achieving supply chain agility is a function of other abilities within the organization, specifically supply chain flexibility and technology integration. The integration enables a firm to tap its supply chain flexibility which in turn results in higher supply chain agility and ultimately higher competitive business performance.
Operation Management Strategies 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 7
Literature Reviewin Operation Management Strategies
Qualitative cases in operation management
The study inspects the condition of subjective research endeavors in operation administration. Five fundamental operation administration diaries are incorporated for their effect on the field. The subjective detailed analyzes picked were distributed somewhere around 1993 and 2008. With an expanding pattern to utilizing more subjective research endeavors, there have been significant and huge commitments to the operation administration department, particularly in the territory of hypothesis building.
In a significant number of the subjective detailed analyzes they explored, sufficient points of interest in research outline, information accumulation, and information investigation were absent. For example, there are studies that don't offer examining rationale or a portrayal of the investigation through which research draws results. Further, researches conventions for doing inductive detailed analyze are much better created contrasted with the research conventions for doing deductive careful investigations. Thusly, there is an absence of reliability in how the case technique has been connected. As subjective researchers, they offer recommendations on how we can enhance what have been done and raise the level of thoroughness and consistency (Mei, 2011).
Buyer perceptions of supply disruption risk
Scott argues that as supply chains get to be more minds boggling, firms face expanding dangers of supply interruptions. The process through which purchasers settle on decisions notwithstanding these dangers, nonetheless, has not been investigated. In spite of research highlighting the criticalness of behavioral methodologies to risk, there is restricted research that applies these perspectives of danger in the supply chain writing. This paper addresses this crevice by drawing on behavioral danger hypothesis to examine the causal connections among circumstance, representations of danger, and choice making inside the buying area.
They investigate the relationship between greatness of supply disturbance, likelihood of supply interruption, and general supply disturbance risk. Furthermore, they attract on trade hypotheses to distinguish item and business sector figures that effect purchasers' impression of the likelihood and extent of supply interruption. At last, they take a gander at how representations of danger influence the choice to look for options wellsprings of supply. The model was tested utilizing information gathered from 223 obtaining administrators and purchasers of immediate materials. The results demonstrate that both the likelihood and the size of supply disturbance are paramount to purchasers' general view of supply interruption risk (Ellis, 2010).
Examining supply chain relationships
Gilbert finds out that firm.
Original article from the Flevy business blog can be found here:
http://flevy.com/blog/building-resilience-into-supply-chains/
The supply chains of most companies, large and small, exploit a world of opportunities. But, increasing global exposure comes with an increasing range of risks. These companies’ complex networks of suppliers and customers are as diverse as the goods and resources they manage. Within the same supply chain, giant multinational companies can sit side-by side with small to medium enterprises (SMEs). Yet, among companies large and small, there is growing awareness that extreme weather and a changing climate pose new risks and opportunities to old ways of doing business.
Smart businesses know how to manage uncertainty. As their exposure to extreme weather increases, informed businesses are incorporating the risk of extreme weather into existing risk management. Meanwhile, business continuity planning is growing to embrace the need to think about how a changing climate impacts on business.
Worldwide companies are increasingly aware that their supply chains are exposed to greater weather extremes. International competition and cheap transportation have led to expansive supply chains linked by complex logistics, multiplying risks to business continuity. The Business Continuity Institute’s latest Horizon Scanning Survey, with results from 700 organizations in 62 countries, found 53% of the survey respondents were either ‘extremely concerned’ or ‘concerned’ about the impacts of adverse weather on their businesses (BCI 2013). Business leaders are now urging companies to think about climate change (Business Green, 2013).
Durreesamin (ISSN: 2204-9827) is an Australian peer reviewed quarterly multi-disciplinary journal. Dureesamin journal covers a very wide range of topics and welcome researchers from all over the world to submit original research papers, Literature Review Articles, Hypothesis Papers, book reviews, conference reports, Case Studies and Case Reports. Full articles are published on Durreesamin website are open access to all.
Currently, firm’s dynamics urges management strategies to meet globalized market requirements. This study
analyzes the impact of Logistics Flexibility on Competitiveness of Mexican manufacturing SMEs. By using the
structural equations modeling and path diagram techniques, it shows the effects of the relationship hypothesized.
Managerial significance of results strengthens decision taking and public policy making, providing essential
information to managers, owners and human capital of firms' internal capacities and allocation of their strategical
resources
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
The Hazards of Sole Sourcing RelationshipsChallenges, Pract.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Hazards of Sole Sourcing Relationships:
Challenges, Practices, and Insights
Mark O. Lewis, Appalachian State University
Scott D. Hayward, Appalachian State University
Vijay Kasi, AT Kearney's Supply Chain Practice
Introduction
Fueled by advances in information technology,
supply chain management has moved from a
back office administrative function to a board
room imperative. Today, companies work more
closely with their suppliers to be more respon-
sive to customers' changing needs and to build
competitiveness. Many firms have significantly
reduced the number of suppliers they use,
sometimes to a single, trusted source to enable
tight integration between firms. Operations
management scholars continue to examine the
effects of tight supplier integration and often
point to the positive relationship between in-
tegration and performance (Handfield, Ragatz,
Peterson, and Monczka, 1999; Kulp, Lee, and
Ofek, 2004; Rosenzweig, Roth, and Dean Jr,
2003). With a relationship built on a foundation
of trust, single supplier relationships potentially
offer many benefits. The buyer and a single
supplier can better coordinate shipments and
production, share technological knowledge to
integrate the input into production, and com-
municate design changes to mutual benefit.
Multiple sourcing, in contrast, may weaken the
ties between the firm and its suppliers making
communication, control, and standardization
more difficult.
Though the potential benefits of single sourc-
ing and tight integration are many, the strategy
has its drawbacks. For example, Horwitch and
Thietart (1987) uncovered the costs of coordina-
tion, compromise, and rigidity that may follow
from especially tight firm-supplier relationships.
Similarly, Das (2006) argued that the increased
virtual span of control stemming from tight inte-
gration may lead to coordination costs that offset
savings incurred from single-sourced relation-
ships. In addition to the explicit costs of integra-
tion, Sorenson (2003) focused on other costs of
tight integration that were less measurable, such
as the absence of learning that may come from
limiting a firm's contact with its external envi-
ronment. Clearly, management scholars disagree
about the utility of developing tight firm-supplier
relationships, such as those that might arise from
sole sourcing strategies.
Against this backdrop, this paper offers two
core contributions. First, while grounded in a
real life case study of a large consumer products
company, it offers a theoretical explanation of
the perils of single-sourcing relationships. In
doing so, it shows the actual drivers of bound-
ary drift, a term we develop to represent the
change in organizational boundaries that result
from sourcing decisions. Furthermore, we show
how such a phenomenon can lead to unintended,
and potentially detrimental, strategic outcomes.
Second, by following the focal firm as they
design a new sourcing strategy, we offer impor-
tant insights for practicing manage.
Many countries have seen the importance of financial education by making financial
education a national strategy. In Vietnam, although the National Strategies for Inclusive Financial
Education has been proposed since 2017 and officially included in the National Financial Inclusion
Strategy in 2020, however, financial education is still quite new, and many people are not aware of
the necessity of financial l
Today, in the rapidly emerging globalization process, increasing the competitiveness of enterprises
depends on increasing of their firm performance. Although there are many methods and techniques affecting
firm performance, Information technology (IT) capabilities has become one of the most widely used method,
especially in dealing with supply chain matters of a firm. The aim of our study is to express whether innovation
and organization learning is effective as intermediate variable to the effects of IT capabilities at firm’s
performance. The opinion which claim
Globally, the number of startup companies has rapidly expanded during the last 5-8 years. Offering
products and/or services that greatly enhance the lives of its clients is a major focus for these firms. In India,
local and federal government initiatives have provided new enterprises and entrepreneurs with much
momentum and assistance, helping India become the world's top startup location. The Government of India
(GOI) launched the "Startup India" campaign in 2015 to promote entrepreneurship and support businesses to
achieve this goal (Babu, S., Sridevi, K.,2019). An IBM Center for Business Value and Oxford Economics study
in 2018 found that 90% of Indian companies fail within the first five years of operation. Potential difficulties
that startups may run across, both generally and specifically in the Indian market, have been described by
several authors.
Behaviour finance is the study of how psychological phenomena affect financial behaviour. This
financial science is used in making financial decisions. Amid the development of the digital economy, paylater
innovation has emerged. It is feared that the ease of use of paylater can have a negative impact, one of which is
the attitude of impulsive buying. This research will analyze the effect of financial literacy, self-control, risk
perception, and percieved ease of use on impulsive buying behaviour. This research is based on Decision Affect
Theory, which is a theory that discusses financial decision behaviour that is influenced by self-emotion. This
research is uses purposive sampling wi
Improving the business environment is one of the key strategies to promote local and regional
economic development. However, which factors affect the business environment of the provinces is still
controversial. Using survey data from 400 investors and managers and a multivariate regression analysis
method, this study has identified the factors affecting the business environment of Hai Phong province. The
analysis results show that there are 09 factors affecting the business environment of Hai Phong City, including
entry costs, land access and tenure, transparent, informal charges, time cost, pro-activeness, business support
services, labor training and legal institutions. In
The effect of work attitude and innovation ability on employee innovation performance is of great
significance for improving the innovation ability of manufacturing enterprises and building an "Innovative
Country" in China.This article theoretical analysis was conducted on the mechanism by which the work attitude
of employees in manufacturing enterprises affects innovation performance and the mediating mechanism of
innovation ability. Based on data from Chinese manufacturing enterprises, empirical analysis was conducted
using SEM models. Resear
In this paper, by using the basic method of differential geometry, combined with the optimization
theory and the basic technique of data analysis, the definition, basic properties and statistical characteristics of
nonlinear correlation coefficients on manifolds are studied and given, test the rationality and validity of the
nonlinear correlation coefficient defined in this paper. Therefore, the study of this paper has certain theoretical
value and potential practical significance.
This study aims to analyze and prove whether there is a positive and significant influence
between product quality and poki prices on purchasing decisions for Kobba brand coffee. The survey was
conducted using 53 respondents who were buyers who had purchased Kobba brand coffee more than once.
Information from respondents was obtained through a list of questions that were sent and returned by
respondents
In this paper, we introduce a universal framework for mean-distortion robust risk measurement and
portfolio optimization. We take accounts for the uncertainty based on Gelbrich distance and another uncertainty
set proposed by Delage & Ye. We also establish the model under the constraints of probabilistic safety
criteria and compare the different frontiers and the investment ratio to each asset. The empirical analysis in the
final part explores the impact of different parameters on the model results.
Despite the attainment of the famous Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of reducing the number
of poor people across the globe a significant number still live below the poverty line. The problem of poverty is
more endemic in developing countries like Nigeria. Several intervention efforts have been in place to address
the poverty question which persists partly due to serious financial exclusion and unethical activities of informal
finance providers.
The focus of this research was to establish the effect of entrepreneurship Ecosystem in inculcating
entrepreneurial propensity for community development. Promotion of entrepreneurship in Kenya has existed
ever since independence. The Government has shown tremendous support to entrepreneurship growth. The
Government have channelled financial support through funding such as Women Enterprise fund, Youth
Enterprise Fund and Uwezo Fund
In this paper, we consider an AAI with two types of insurance business with p-thinning dependent
claims risk, diversify claims risk by purchasing proportional reinsurance, and invest in a stock with Heston
model price process, a risk-free bond, and a credit bond in the financial market with the objective of maximizing
the expectation of the terminal wealth index effect, and construct the wealth process of AAI as well as the the
model of robust optimal reinsurance-investment problem is obtained, using dynamic programming, the HJB
equation to obtain the pre-default and post-default reinsurance-investment strategies and the display expression
of the value function, respectively, and the sensitivity of the model parameters is analyzed through numerical
experiments to obtain a realistic economic interpretation. The model as well as the results in this paper are a
generalization and extension of the results of existing studies.
:Textiles and clothing are a fundamental part of everyday life and an important sector in the global
economy. It is hard to imagine a world without textiles. Clothes are worn by almost everyone, almost all the time
and it also becomes an important expression for an individuality. In 2015, emission from textiles production
totaled 1.2 billion tons of CO2 equivalent throughout its lifecycle. The fashion industry is a large consumer of
water, high volumes of water containing
In this paper, we construct a Credit Default Swap pricing model for default recovery rates under
distributional uncertainty based on a structured pricing model and distributional uncertainty theory. The model
is algorithmically transformed into a solvable semi-definite programming problem using the Lagrangian dual
method, and the solution of the model is given using the projection interior point method. Finally, an empirical
analysis is conducted, and the results show that the model constructed in this paper is reasonable and efficient
The closures of schools, colleges, and universities in many countries worldwide during the COVID19 pandemic have reshaped every aspect of our normal lives and educational experience. As a result of
extended periods of lockdown, whole populations have been advised to stay in their households and
communicate with others through distance electronic communications methods such as Zoom, Teams, Google
meetings etc. More than 1
Even though economists and academics have been studying money laundering for many years, there
are still gaps in the research because there is a dearth of trustworthy data on the activity as well as an absence
of specific sources and methods of collection in government-based reporting. The Walker-Unger gravity model
was used in this study to determine the countries that Russian-based money launderers used as funding
destinations between the years 2000 and 2020, as well as whether there are any variations in country rankings
during economic downturns. The investigation's findings indicated that even during recessionary times, money
launderers with Russian bases consistently preferred certain countries as their destination
This study will establish a scientific foundation for analyzing and assessing the development of
human resources in industrial parks of Hai Duong province. According to statistics and primary data, the
study analyzes the current situation of human resource development in the industrial parks in Hai Duong
province, states achievements, limitations and their causes, thereby giving solutions to improve the human
resource development in industrial parks of Hai Duong province in the future for the economic development
of industrial parks in particular and Hai Duong province in general.
Solar photovoltaic systems are becoming essential in renewable energy sources to help reduce
dependence on renewable energy sources, fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. In the world today, many
successful businesses bring efficiency to the environment as well as the global economy. However, to evaluate
the business performance of the global supply chain, it is necessary to find an appropriate method. This article
uses data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) methods to compare
performance across businesses
The objective of this research is 1) to study social media usage behavior of the elderly and 2) to
examine the relationship between factors of the social media usage behavior of the elderly in Surat Thani
Province, Thailand. The data were collected from selected elderly aged 60 years and older in Surat Thani
Province. The number of the sample in this study was 400. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect the
data. Statistics used were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Chi-Square
The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze how the difference between fair value and
book value of assets bank is disclosed and how to present and disclose intangible assets. The case study
qualitative research method was used in this study. Case simulation models at national private banks in
Indonesia and information from informants
More from International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) (20)
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Explore our most comprehensive guide on lookback analysis at SafePaaS, covering access governance and how it can transform modern ERP audits. Browse now!
Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Evaluating Resilience in Commercial Airlines through Supply Chain Flexibility
1. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM)
Volume 8 Issue 3 May-June 2023, P.P. 41-52
ISSN: 2456-4559
www.ijbmm.com
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 41
Evaluating Resilience in Commercial Airlines through Supply
Chain Flexibility
Stephanie Douglas1
, Juan Roman2
, Thomas Schaefer3
1
Department of Business Administration, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, United States
2
Department of Business Administration, Daytona State College, United States
3
Department of Business and Technology, Chipola College, United States
ABSTRACT: The concept of organizational resilience continues to grow in focus and importance, but there
has yet to be an agreed upon measure of organizational resilience. Organizational resilience can be seen as a
corporation’s ability to adapt to change and maintain flexibility within their supply chain. Resilience and
flexibility at all organizational levels is necessary, in a proactive manner, to turn resilience into a competitive
advantage. This study investigates the relationship between factors of supply chain flexibility that may explain
the success of some airline companies throughout various shocks and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic.
The study focuses on the viability of the underlying supply chain models within major U.S. airline companies.
Specifically, the study explores supply chain flexibility as a component of the Supply Chain Operations
Reference metrics. Multiple regressions were performed and found the Supply Chain Flexibility Ratio being a
predictive value of supply chain flexibility p<.05 andindicating supply chain flexibility which can be used as an
indicator of organizational resilience in the Airline – Mainline Passenger industry.
Keywords -Supply Chain Flexibility, COVID-19, Airline – Mainline Passenger Industry, Organizational
Resilience
I. INTRODUCTION
The aviation industry has faced major crises and disruptive shocks throughout the past decades
including the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the 2008 global economic crisis, and most recently the COVID-19
pandemic[1][2][3]. These shocks have brought greater consideration to the concept of resilience for
organizations. Constructing organizational resilience is argued to reduce vulnerability to crisis, by ensuring the
organization is more equipped to respond effectively to a shock with minimum disruption of the organization’s
operations[4][5]. Such events are bringing a greater focusto applying concepts of resilience to financial markets,
organizations, business and organizational strategies, and to supply chain networks.
With the growing interest in the concept of organizational resilience, there has yet to be an agreed-upon
measure of organizational resilience[5][6]. The majority of literature on resilience is predominantly
conceptual,focused on the development of a definition of resilience in organizations, theories, and principles.
Understanding what makes an organization resilient is critical to developingstrategies, identifyingattributes that
signify potential resilience, and how to measure and test organizational resistance. The most typical approach,
until recently, focused on developing and implementing organizational resilience defensively and reactively.
Growing resilience at all organizational levels and in a proactive manner is necessary to make resilience a
competitive advantage and not solely a reactive and defensive response to crises and disruptions[7].
An essential element of organizational resistance falls within the area of supply chain management
(SCM). SCM places focus on movement and storage of all materials, processes in inventory, and transporting
finished goods from their point of origin to the point of consumption [8]. An organization’s performance
[financial and operational], position in the supply chain, and overall resilience to shocks have a bearing on
organizational strategy [8]. Organizations experience risk at many levels with uncertainty increasing in recent
years in addition to the conventional disruptions of capacity constraints, supply-demand, and quality problems
[9]. The ability to recover from a disruption may be improved if the organization builds flexibility into its supply
chain [10][9].
This study investigates the management factors of supply chain flexibility that may explain the success
of some airline companies throughout various shocks and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic, which also
may indicate organizational resilience. The study focuses on the viability of the underlying supply chain models
within major U.S. airline companies. Specifically, the study explores supply chain flexibility as a component of
the Supply Chain Operations Reference metrics and the role of supply chain flexibility as an indicator of
organizational resilience. The development of resilience into organizational operations is considered a strategic
initiative to not only change how the firm operates but also increasing its competitiveness.
2. Evaluating Resilience in Commercial Airlines through Supply Chain Flexibility
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 42
1.1 Research Questions
The following research questions guide this study.
What is the relationship between supply chain flexibility and the SCF ratio?
Are there any outliers in supply chain flexibility based on the SCF ratios for the time periods 2000-2020?
1.2 Research Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis [H1o]: There is no statistically significant relationship between Supply Chain
Flexibility and the SCF ratio.
Null Hypothesis [H2o]: There are no statistically significant outliers identified by the SCF ratio for the time
periods 2000-2020.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The flexibility and agility of a supply chain allow organizations to adjust to rapid changes by
developing organizational and inter-organizational capabilities to detect disruptions and then being able to
respond quickly [9][11]. These capabilities and practices can strengthen organizational resilience to disruptions
while also contributing to the firm’s competitive advantage [11]. Having a supply chain risk management
system is key for achieving supply chain resilience byreducing the overall firm’s supply chains susceptibility to
risk and then increasing the resilience in the supply chain [12]. The evaluation of supply chain resilience
requires a quantification of the levels before developing a response and recovery to disruptions. In a disruptive
event, measures of the supply chain are needed to forecast, prepare, and understand the effect of the disruption.
From this, strategies are developed to respond quickly and adapt resources. The reconfiguration and adaption
allowfor recovery from disruptions, which also can indicate levels of organizational resilience from supply chain
resilience [13]
In aviation and air transport, resilience denotes the capabilities to prevent or mitigate disruptions to air
traffic operations [14]. Studies have begun to emerge in recent years focusing on the resilience of air
transportation systems which typically included cost-benefit analysis, risk assessment models, and disaster
recovery. More inquiry and measures are needed to explore evaluation methods for resilience specific to air
transportation systems [14]. Similar to the concept of resilience of any system and organizational resilience, the
resilience of aviation and air transport networks that serve varying supply chains has been defined as the
capability to withstand and remain operational at optimal safety levels during any given disruptive event. In
comprehensive reviews of research on resilience within aviation and air transportation, the resilience of supply
chains and its relationship to the organizational resilience of aviation firms has been identified as needed
research [15][16]. There exists little data-driven evidence to support global supply chain resilience against
disruptions, as well as how to measure supply chain resilience as an indicator of organizational resilience[13].
The increased research interest in resilience, both organizational and supply chain, notes the need for more
empirical evidence on evaluating supply chains specifically during disruptive events [13]. Building a greater
understanding of supply chain resilience concerning organizational resilience with aviation provides valuable
lessons to other industries that are also coping with ongoing disruptions [13].
The organizations included in the study are publicly held commercial airlines that are headquartered
and based within the United States of America. Using this sample of aviation firms allowed for sufficient access
to financial data whilealso reducing discrepancies in financial reporting. The following aviation firms were
included: Alaska Airlines, Allegiant Air, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Hawaiian Airlines, JetBlue
Airlines, Southwest Airlines, Spirit Airlines, and United Airlines. The sample of aviation firms selected is are
the leading aviation firms in terms of market capitalization. Additionally, the sample of aviation firms represent
the aviation sector and industry regarding the overall financial performance for the prior two decades.
A predominant theme in the resilience literature is that resiliency is derived from access to adequate
resources via the supply chain. The definitions of organizational resilience share a common perspective
implying a definite level of flexibility and adaptation to both positive and negative changes in the external
environment of the firm[17]. Lengnick-Hall et al. (2011) tied organizational resilience to the firm’s aptitude to
manage complexity and adjust as a result of the disruption to become stronger with a better capability to utilize
resources available before and after the adverse or disruptive event. Vogus and Sutcliffe (2007) connected
organizational resilience to the occurrence of underlying resources that then are activated, combined, and
recombined as challenges arise from disruptions or new situations.
Supply chain resiliency as a component of organizational resilience has begunto be considereda
fundamental assessment of how firms are doing in the unstable and ultra-competitive business environment
[20][21]. Supply chain resilience is multi-dimensional and similar to organizational resilience in that there are
multiple definitions. For purposes of this study, the definition of supply chain resilience from Falasca et al.
(2008) is used as it aligns with the organizational resilience definition. According to Falasca et al (2008) supply
3. Evaluating Resilience in Commercial Airlines through Supply Chain Flexibility
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 43
chain resilience is defined as ―the ability of a supply chain system to reduce the probabilities of a disruption, to
reduce the consequences of those disruptions once they occur, and to reduce the time to recover to normal
performance‖(p.1). Supply chain resilience facilitates organizations to quickly respond to unforeseen changes
and in restoring operations by combining and reconfiguring the organization’s available resources, supply chain
components, partners, and capabilities.
Assessing organizational resilience is complex and multi-dimensional in the same fashion as the
multiple definitions of resilience in organizations. Kohno et al. (2012)recommendedresilience be evaluated by
considering the organization’s supply chains. Several scholars in the area of resilience have treated supply chain
integration as a resilient capability of an organization. Supply chain performance serves as a crucial capability
that helps companies to anticipate, prepare, and respond to market volatilities. Organizations with resilient
capabilities, as measured through supply chain performance, should be able to survive in tumultuous and
volatile conditions, and maybe more competitive. The present study considers supply chain management as an
indicator of organizational resilience incorporating the organization’s ability to respond at the time of disruption,
and the ability to connect and maintain control during the recovery stage of resilience.
Research in supply chain managementhas called forusing existing organizational theories in application
to supply chain problems. Despite this call for the increased study, the supply chain theories have not evolved to
include such since the discipline’s inception 30 years prior [24]. Most organizational theories often use supply
chain management concepts including the following: Transaction Cost Economics, Agency theory, Resource-
Based View, Resource-Dependence Theory, Network Theory, and Relational Exchange Theory[24]. A
contribution of this study is to answer the call for applying organizational theories in investigating the
relationship between supply chain theory and organizational resilience.
In the 30 years since the inception of supply chain management, five points of view have emerged.
First, supply chain awareness, which examines the product flow process[25][26][27][28]. Second, linkage
and/or logisticsthat look at the relationship between functional areas [29][30]. The third is information, which
refers to data flow within the supply chain [31]. Fourth, is the process integrationsof corporate functions
[32][33]. Finally, the fifth is seamlessness, which focuses on eliminating challenges to the supply chain
[34][35].
Although several theories related to the undercurrents of the supply chain have emerged in the SCM
literature, research gaps still exist towards a unifying theory [36]. These gaps have led to the rise of several
models as a way for researchers to explain the SCM phenomenon. The most prominent models in SCM
research are (1) strategic; (2) operational; (3) network and (4) behavioral. Forehand et al.(2021) detailed that a
major obstacle to the wide acceptance of existing models is the focus on an internal end-user. To address this
obstacle, the authors developed a model based on the concept of financial ratios whoseaim is to measure supply
chain efficiency, but with an external stakeholder as the end-user. The Supply Chain Efficiency [SCE] Ratio
uses publicly available information to gauge the efficiency of supply chains. Since organizational resilience is
interlinked with supply chain efficiency, any simulation results that measure supply chain performance will give
insights into the degree of organizational resilience.
The concept of organizational resilience in a business context refers to the degree to which corporations
can withstand threats and maintain profitable operations. In essence, organizational resilience is consideredthe
firm or organization’s ability to adapt to change, maintain flexibility, maximize reliability, and minimize risk
whilst maximizing shareholder wealth [37][38]. The organizational resilience literature shows a lack of
consensus on a unifying definition. However, consensus does exist on the impact sound organizational
resilience has on business performance. Data suggests those companies that display strong organizational
resilience tend to outperform those that do not[39].
According to Hillmann(2021), the functions of organizational resilience rest on five pillars, two of
which are: (1) engineering; and (2) safety and reliability. The author stated these functions emerge from High-
Reliability Theory (HRT), which states that organizational threats can be mitigated through sound
organizational design and management. HRT is one of the foundations of business continuity management
(BCM). BCM leads to organizational resilience through the implementation of three criteria: (1) personnel
safety; (2) a secure business core; and [3] stable supply chains [40][41]. Resilience in the supply chain is built
via redundancy and flexibility [42][43][39][44].
This study aims to develop a simple model measuring supply chain flexibility and then evaluating it
from an organizational resilience theoretical lens. The model is based on the efficiency formula from physics
and is an extension of the Supply Chain Efficiency (SCE) Ratio from Forehand et. al (2021). Research gaps
exist on methods that measure supply chain resiliency [45][38]. The objective is todevelop a supply chain
flexibility indicator that will provide insights into the organizational resilience of publicly held U.S.-based
airline companies.
Supply chain flexibility contributes to a competitive advantage in an organization’s operations [9].
Disruptions as a result of abrupt external changes cannot be eliminated nor controlled by an organization; thus,
4. Evaluating Resilience in Commercial Airlines through Supply Chain Flexibility
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 44
responding to external changes require adjustments to the firm’s internal responses [46]. Resilience is the
organization’s capability to survive and adjust during disruptions and then thriving after disruptions [47][48].
Within any system, there are four aspects of resilience according to the National Academy of Sciences: planning
and preparation, ability to absorb, ability to respond, and ability to recover. Organizational resilience, as well as
supply chain resilience, have similar aspects which include flexibility and improvisation [49].
The flexibility and agility of a supply chain allow organizations to adjust to rapid changes by
developing organizational and inter-organizational capabilities to detect disruptions and then being able to
respond quickly [9][11]. These capabilities and practices can strengthen organizational resilience to disruptions
while also contributing to the firm’s competitive advantage [11]. Having a supply chain risk management
system is key for achieving supply chain resilience by reducing the overall firm’s supply chains susceptibility to
risk and then increasing the resilience in the supply chain [12]. The evaluation of supply chain resilience
requires a quantification of the levels before developing a response and recovery to disruptions. In a disruptive
event, measures of the supply chain are needed to forecast, prepare, and understand the effect of the disruption.
From this, strategies are developed to respond quickly and adapt resources. The reconfiguration and adaption
allow for recovery from disruptions, which also can indicate levels of organizational resilience from supply
chain resilience [13].
In aviation and air transport, resilience denotes the capabilities to prevent or mitigate disruptions to air
traffic operations [14]. Studies have begun to emerge in recent years focusing on the resilience of air
transportation systems which typically included cost-benefit analysis, risk assessment models, and disaster
recovery. More inquiry and measures are needed to explore evaluation methods for resilience specific to air
transportation systems [14]. Similar to the concept of resilience of any system and organizational resilience, the
resilience of aviation and air transport networks that serve varying supply chains has been defined as the
capability to withstand and remain operational at optimal safety levels during any given disruptive event. In
comprehensive reviews of research on resilience within aviation and air transportation, the resilience of supply
chains and its relationship to the organizational resilience of aviation firms has been identified as needed
research [15][16]. There exists little data-driven evidence to support global supply chain resilience against
disruptions, as well as how to measure supply chain resilience as an indicator of organizational resilience [13].
The increased research interest in resilience, both organizational and supply chain, notes the need for more
empirical evidence on evaluating supply chains specifically during disruptive events [13]. Building a greater
understanding of supply chain resilience concerning organizational resilience with aviation provides valuable
lessons to other industries that are also coping with ongoing disruptions [13].
The organizations included in the study are publicly held commercial airlines that are headquartered
and based within the United States of America. Using this sample of aviation firms allowed for sufficient access
to financial data while also reducing discrepancies in financial reporting. The following aviation firms were
included: Alaska Airlines, Allegiant Air, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Hawaiian Airlines, JetBlue
Airlines, Southwest Airlines, Spirit Airlines, and United Airlines. The sample of aviation firms selected is are
the leading aviation firms in terms of market capitalization. Additionally, the sample of aviation firms represent
the aviation sector and industry regarding the overall financial performance for the prior two decades.
A predominant theme in the resilience literature is that resiliency is derived from access to adequate
resources via the supply chain. The definitions of organizational resilience share a common perspective
implying a definite level of flexibility and adaptation to both positive and negative changes in the external
environment of the firm [17]. Lengnick-Hall et al. (2011) tied organizational resilience to the firm’s aptitude to
manage complexity and adjust as a result of the disruption to become stronger with a better capability to utilize
resources available before and after the adverse or disruptive event. Vogus and Sutcliffe (2007) connected
organizational resilience to the occurrence of underlying resources that then are activated, combined, and
recombined as challenges arise from disruptions or new situations.
Supply chain resiliency as a component of organizational resilience has begun to be considered a
fundamental assessment of how firms are doing in the unstable and ultra-competitive business environment
[20][21]. Supply chain resilience is multi-dimensional and similar to organizational resilience in that there are
multiple definitions. For purposes of this study, the definition of supply chain resilience from Falasca et al.
(2008) is used as it aligns with the organizational resilience definition. According to Falasca et al (2008) supply
chain resilience is defined as ―the ability of a supply chain system to reduce the probabilities of a disruption, to
reduce the consequences of those disruptions once they occur, and to reduce the time to recover to normal
performance‖ (p.1). Supply chain resilience facilitates organizations to quickly respond to unforeseen changes
and in restoring operations by combining and reconfiguring the organization’s available resources, supply chain
components, partners, and capabilities.
Assessing organizational resilience is complex and multi-dimensional in the same fashion as the
multiple definitions of resilience in organizations. Kohno et al. (2012) recommended resilience be evaluated by
considering the organization’s supply chains. Several scholars in the area of resilience have treated supply chain
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International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 45
integration as a resilient capability of an organization. Supply chain performance serves as a crucial capability
that helps companies to anticipate, prepare, and respond to market volatilities. Organizations with resilient
capabilities, as measured through supply chain performance, should be able to survive in tumultuous and
volatile conditions, and maybe more competitive. The present study considers supply chain management as an
indicator of organizational resilience incorporating the organization’s ability to respond at the time of disruption,
and the ability to connect and maintain control during the recovery stage of resilience.
Research in supply chain management has called for using existing organizational theories in
application to supply chain problems. Despite this call for the increased study, the supply chain theories have
not evolved to include such since the discipline’s inception 30 years prior [24]. Most organizational theories
often use supply chain management concepts including the following: Transaction Cost Economics, Agency
theory, Resource-Based View, Resource-Dependence Theory, Network Theory, and Relational Exchange
Theory [24]. A contribution of this study is to answer the call for applying organizational theories in
investigating the relationship between supply chain theory and organizational resilience.
In the 30 years since the inception of supply chain management, five points of view have emerged.
First, supply chain awareness, which examines the product flow process [25][26][27][28]. Second, linkage
and/or logistics that look at the relationship between functional areas [29][30]. The third is information, which
refers to data flow within the supply chain [31]. Fourth, is the process integrations of corporate functions
[32][33]. Finally, the fifth is seamlessness, which focuses on eliminating challenges to the supply chain
[34][35].
Although several theories related to the undercurrents of the supply chain have emerged in the SCM
literature, research gaps still exist towards a unifying theory [36]. These gaps have led to the rise of several
models as a way for researchers to explain the SCM phenomenon. The most prominent models in SCM
research are (1) strategic; (2) operational; (3) network and (4) behavioral. Forehand et al. (2021) detailed that a
major obstacle to the wide acceptance of existing models is the focus on an internal end-user. To address this
obstacle, the authors developed a model based on the concept of financial ratios whose aim is to measure supply
chain efficiency, but with an external stakeholder as the end-user. The Supply Chain Efficiency (SCE) Ratio
uses publicly available information to gauge the efficiency of supply chains. Since organizational resilience is
interlinked with supply chain efficiency, any simulation results that measure supply chain performance will give
insights into the degree of organizational resilience.
The concept of organizational resilience in a business context refers to the degree to which corporations
can withstand threats and maintain profitable operations. In essence, organizational resilience is considered the
firm or organization’s ability to adapt to change, maintain flexibility, maximize reliability, and minimize risk
whilst maximizing shareholder wealth [37][38]. The organizational resilience literature shows a lack of
consensus on a unifying definition. However, consensus does exist on the impact sound organizational
resilience has on business performance. Data suggests those companies that display strong organizational
resilience tend to outperform those that do not [39].
One criticism of the SCE Ratio is that its theoretical underpinnings are not tied to supply chain
literature. The model has a sound mathematical base but lacks a clear link to contemporary supply chain theory.
One of the most common and well-known metrics in supply chain management is the Supply Chain Operations
Reference (SCOR) metrics. The SCOR metrics were developed in 1996 by the PRTM management consulting
firm and later adopted by the Supply-Chain Council and the Association for Supply Chain Management
(APICS). The SCOR model is one of the most widely accepted metrics to evaluate efficiency in supply chain
processes, among them supply chain flexibility. However, the SCOR metrics have not been used as a
benchmark to quantify results for an external user. The SCOR metrics are the foundation of the Supply Chain
Flexibility (SCF) Ratio developed in this article.
The Supply Chain Council and APICS associate SCOR metrics with the following indicators:
Responsiveness, reliability, flexibility, costs, and asset management. Flexibility is associated with supply chain
response to the external environment, represented in the operating income and capital expenditures accounts.
TheSupply Chain Flexibility indicators can be grouped into the function:
= [Operating Income, Capital Expenditures]
Using the SCE Ratio as a guide, we interpret which variables represent the work produced by the
process (i.e., operational results)along with the work put into the process(i.e. resources needed/used). The
results will also provide insight into the degree of organizational resilience. Table 1 below details the SCF
formula with additional details.
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Table 1.Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR)Flexibility Metrics
Source: Supply Chain Council [2017].
Figure 1 shows the conceptual outline of the SCOR ratios, including the variables in the model, the
relationships among the variables, and estimations generated by the model.
Figure 1. SCF Ratio
Note:SCF Ratio Conceptual Map.
The SCFratioisunderstoodsimilarly as the SCE Ratio meaning if the result increases, this indicates
greater flexibility the more flexible the supply chainand the stronger the organizational resilience. In the case of
the ratio, a high figure indicates supply chain and organizational flexibility; however, a low ratio indicates
theopposite suggesting inflexibility in the supply chain and organization.
III. METHOD
The objective of this study is to investigate SCOR ratios as a predictor of supply chain flexibility based
on changes to Supply Chain Reliability, Supply Chain Responsiveness, Production Flexibility, Supply Chain
Costs, Supply Chain Asset Management. The SCOR ratios drivethis study’s analysis as it combines numerous
independent variablesconstructed on supply chain information. The model’s variables allow the researchers to
evaluate the supply chain performance through financial data. Indicators for the SCOR ratios are supply chain
reliability, supply chain responsiveness, production flexibility, supply chain costs, supply chain asset
management. The data analysis is done by testing the ability of the independent variables to determine supply
chain flexibility.
The SCOR ratiosgenerate a ―score.‖ This score is assessed in a comparative table to determine the
significance of the score. Comparisons across sectors and industries are possible with the ratio results, which is
akin to the sector and industry analysis. A context of categories is then used to interpret the score for analytic
significance. Through multiple regression analysis, the research hypotheses were examined given the objective
of the study is to determine a flexibility score from the various predictors [51].
3.1.Research Instrument
Secondary data from the annual reports for each of the organizations included in the study were
collected for analysis via regression modeling within Excel at the .05 significance level. The approach utilized
in the study mirrored the approach utilized by Forehand et al. (2021). Modifications to the regression model
Attribute
Performance
Attribute
Definition
Level 1 Metric
Chart of
Accounts
Ratio
Financial
Statement
Supply
Chain
Flexibility
The agility of a
supply chain in
responding to
marketplace changes
to gain or maintain a
competitive
advantage.
Supply Chain
Response Time
Operating
Income Operating
Income /
Capital
Expenditures
Income
Statement
Production
Flexibility
Capital
Expenditures
Statement of
Cash Flows
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were made to align the time period being examined. The focus of the analysis was to determine if the
independent variables could be predicted at a statistically significant level at different points in time. It is noted
that since publicly available secondary data was used within the study that organizational bias may have some
level of minor influence on the findings. Similar to by Forehand et al. (2021), it was assumed that the published
publicly available data was objective, accurate, and maintain neutrality.
IV. DATA
4.1 SCF Ratios for U.S.-Based Airline – Mainline Passenger Companies
Table 2. SCF Ratios
Note: The SCF Ratios for U.S.-Based Airline – Mainline Passenger Companies.
4.1 Regression Results for the Investigation’s Hypotheses
Table 3. Regression Results
Note: Results of the regression model
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V. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The first hypothesis was to determine if there was a statistically significant relationship between
Supply Chain Flexibility and the SCF ratio. A multiple regression model in the form of an SCF Ratio was used
to test the first hypothesis with the indicators in the regression model examined to disprove or prove the
hypotheses. The results found the SCF Ration as an indicator of supply chain flexibility in the airline – mainline
passenger industry. After applying the SCF Ratio to test the hypothesis, the p-value was found to be less than
0.05 and that all results were statistically significant; thus, rejecting the first null hypothesis.
In the second hypothesis, the outliers were examined as to whether they could be identified in a
statistically significant manner using the SCF ratios for the time periods 2000-2020. After analyzing the
relevant indicators in the regression model, the model was found to show an associationbetween SCF Ratios for
the periods under study. After applying the SCF Ratio to test the hypothesis, the p-value was found to be less
than 0.05 which indicates statistical significance; thus,rejecting the second null hypothesis.
4.1 Explanation of SCF Ratio Results
The model results indicate the SCF Ratio as an indicator of supply chain flexibility. The correlations
between the SCF Ratio scores and supply chain flexibility identified in the model results connect to supply chain
flexibility issues that are well-known and publicly documented. For instance, all companies suffered supply
flexibility disruptions in 2020, likely a direct result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, well-known
economic disruptions like 9/11 and the 2008 Financial Crisis also had an impact on supply chain flexibility in
most companies.
Looking at the SCF Ratios of each company, we also find interesting results. For instance, Southwest
Airlines seems to have the most flexible supply chain only having one negative SCF score in the last 20 years
[in 2020]. Southwest’s supply chain appears to be flexible enough to withstand external economic trends, a
notion aligned with recent independent assessments of Southwest’s supply chain [52]. Resilient firms, such as
Southwest, are less vulnerable to supply chain disruptions and then have more capability in absorbing the shocks
and adversity resulting from such disruptions[53] as indicated with Southwest’s supply chain flexibility ratio.
Allegiant, Hawaiian, JetBlue, and Spirit Airlines were also able to whether the downturn of the 2008
Financial Crisis [i.e. they were not yet public companies during the 9/11 attacks whilst Spirit incorporated in
2011] but they are newer companies and don’t have the maturity in the industry as their competitors.
Additionally, being new companies those airlines were likely in a newer stage in the organizational life cycle
which allowed more flexibility and adaptability contributing to the supply chain flexibility ratio indicating
resilience. Such firms that are in an earlier organizational life cycle tend to have growth, innovation, and
flexibility [54]; whereas, the more mature firms are linked to decreasing flexibility and increased rigidity
through strategic rigidities, bureaucracy, and often have difficulty in overcoming barriers to change and
adaptation [55]. This aligns with the findings of the supply chain flexibility ratios indicating more flexibility in
the newer aviation firms and decreased supply chain flexibility in the more mature firms of Delta, United, and
American. According to Böhme(2009), newer companies tend to be more flexible because they have not yet
reached the maturity in supply chain relationships that older companies experience, this may have been the
catalyst to these companies withstanding the 2008 disruption. If true, this highlights the impact of COVID-19
on industry supply chains since the downturn was across the board.
4.2 Implications of SCF Results on Organizational Resiliency in the Airline – Mainline Passenger
Industry
In comparing the Airline – Mainline Passenger Industry average SCF Ratio, the overall supply chain
flexibility is down from 2019 into 2020 from 0.969 to -3.974as presented in Table 3. This average decline in
supply chain flexibility is a result supply chain inefficiencies across all observed companies. Concerning the
COVID-19 pandemic, the results indicate all of the aviation firms studied had a reduction in supply chain
flexibility during 2020 with the biggest one-year differences being Alaska, American, Delta, and Hawaiian
Airlines. These figures suggest these companies may need to assess the flexibility of their current supply
chains. Given the association between flexibility and supply resilience, the companies with the lowest SCF
Ratio scores may need to adjust their strategies to improve organizational resilience.
The SCF Ratio results also reveal downturns in the score for the years 2001 through 2004, and 2008.
These reductions in scores correlate with the 9/11 attacks and the 2008 Financial Crisis, both of which had an
impact on the Airline – Mainline Passenger industry. The dramatic change in SCF Ratio scores from these three
time periods affirms the current literature that the Airline – Mainline Passenger industry is highly volatile and
susceptible to national economic trends.
4.3 Implications for Organizational Resilience
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The above-mentioned results indicate levels of resilience of commercial airlines as a component of the
levels of supply chain flexibility. This brings to question the strategies for organizations and specifically
aviation firms to mitigate the effect of disruptive events on the airlines and theirassociated supply chains.
Disruptions, specifically the external events noted in this study, should be viewed through the resilience lens as
an opportunity to develop various organizational strategies for increasing resilience for the aviation firms and
associated supply chains to then withstand risk associated with disruptive events. The strategies for this revolve
around increasing flexibility, creating redundancy, and improving the agility of supply chains [15].
The analysis of SCF of the U.S.-based commercial airlines demonstrated the effect of disruptive events
(i.e. 9/11 terrorist attacks, the Great Recession, and COVID-19). The analysis also shows how such disruptive
events cannot be controlled by the firms; however, indicates the need for the firms to increase resilience by
making the firms and supply chains able to withstand the risk associated with the impact of the disruption. The
flexible capability indicates the ability to respond to uncertainties from disruptions [56].
The findings concerning the organizational life cycle and the newer aviation firms having greater
supply chain flexibility imply the need for firms to be cognizant of the rigidities in the structures and strategies
of the firm based on the organizational life cycle stage. Understanding that flexibility and adaptability are key to
organizational resilience [15] implies that more mature firms should scan organizational structures and systems
for rigidities that may inhibit supply chain flexibility and thus limit organizational resilience.
Southwest Airlines having a high supply chain flexibility also presents implications around human
capital management strategies and organizational culture concerning building supply chain flexibility and
organizational resilience. Southwest Airlines is often noted as a highly resilient company as it has been in
existence for many years and has weathered many disruptions and crises whilst surviving and thriving during
and after those disruptions [45]. High morale within the human capital and the organizational culture increases
the likelihood and speed of an organization overcoming a crisis [45]. Human capital management strategies
focused on individual capabilities and resilience can be aggregated to an organizational level which in turn then
influences the organization’s resilience development [57]. Southwest Airlines' organizational culture is
described as encouraging employees to cooperate, focus on taking care of the customers, and have fun [58]. The
results of this study showing the supply chain flexibility of Southwest Airlines indicates a correlation between
the organizational culture and human capital focus at Southwest Airlines as a lever for organizational resilience.
This particular finding warrants further research on the role of human capital management strategies concerning
supply chain flexibility and organizational resilience.
Expanding the scope of knowledge on organizational resilience and the need for more empirical evidence
on evaluating supply chains specifically during disruptive events [13], the findings of this study explore the
relationship between resilience and key performance indicators such as supply chain flexibility. Monitoring non-
financial KPIs helps managers and organizations generate resilience [59]. The results of this study can help
managers to monitor supply chain flexibility indicators as a way of identifying early signs of risk and to take
actions to mitigate operational impacts from a disruption.
VI. Conclusion
In conclusion, the correlations between the SCF Ratio scores and supply chain flexibility may provide
empirical evidence of the supply chain deficiencies and potential effects on the airlines' organizational
resilience. correlations were found between SCF Ratio scores and supply chain flexibility. The findings may
provide empirical proof of supply chain impacts and deficiencies experienced by the airlines studied. The results
may also provide insight into the degree of each company’s organizational resilience and reveal the need for
improvement in supply chain resilience. The supply chain rigidity can be traced and correlated to both Airline –
Mainline Passenger industry concerning airline operations and publicly available financial results. In addition,
the application of the SCF Ratio provides proof of supply chainflexibilities and possible organizational
resilience.This study’s results indicated that during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, all companies
suffered supply chain flexibility difficulties but some more seriously than others. These differences in supply
chain flexibility and possible resilience have an impact on corporate revenues.
The research of resilience of aviation firms and the supply chain should continue to develop the general
definitions and measures of resilience to the aviation context. In addition to the airlines, studies should continue
using supply chain flexibility as an evaluation of resilience for the networks associated with aviation. As
previously noted, the literature suggests more research in supply chain performance and the impact on firm
financials is needed. This study answers this call for further research as it is an initial attempt to investigate the
impact of supply chain flexibility on firm performance within the Airline – Mainline Passenger industry. The
foundational motivation of this study was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on supply chain and firm
finances. Additional research is needed to continue the investigation of the COVID-19 pandemic’s influence on
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supply chains within other industries and sectors. In addition, exploration of the measurement of SCOR metrics
to other aspects of the supply chain is an important research gap.
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