The survey of over 1,000 Ukrainian exporters and importers found:
1. Respondents estimated the average share of "gray imports" (goods imported in violation of customs regulations) in their markets was 21.1%, down from previous years.
2. To reduce gray imports, respondents most often proposed simplifying customs procedures and reducing costs.
3. Over three-quarters supported criminalizing commercial goods smuggling, mostly without imprisonment.
4. Gray imports were not among the top obstacles for importers. Non-transparent customs valuation and delays in clearance were seen as bigger problems.
The sixth wave of annual survey of Ukrainian exporters and importers Theme 2. TRADE FACILITATION IN UKRAINE: customs procedures, appeals and digital products. Summary of key results.
The document discusses the results of an annual survey of Ukrainian exporters and importers regarding trade facilitation and customs procedures. It finds that:
(1) The most common customs procedures for exporters are obtaining certificates of origin and customs inspections, while importers most often deal with customs inspections and providing certificates of origin.
(2) Exporters report the main difficulties with procedures are their significant duration and technical issues. Importers particularly struggle with inconsistencies between Ukrainian and foreign documents and the duration of advance customs clearance.
(3) When deciding on the classification and valuation of imported goods, importers say the top problems are unreasonable determinations that increase duty rates and the refusal to recognize declared or contract
the cross boarder model of E- commerce in ChinaZhi Lin
This document analyzes the development and bottlenecks of China's cross-border e-commerce. It finds that China's cross-border e-commerce has grown rapidly in recent years at an average annual rate of 33.1%, but now faces bottlenecks. Specifically, the mismatch between traditional supervision measures and innovative business models has hindered development. The document reviews the status of China's cross-border e-commerce, analyzes key issues, and proposes policy recommendations to address bottlenecks.
Trends in Trade in Counterfeit & Pirated Goods - OECD EUIPO report.OECD Governance
This study examines the value, scope and trends of trade in counterfeit and pirated goods. First, it presents the overall scale of this trade and discusses which parts of the economy are particularly at risk. Next, it looks at the main economies of origin of fakes in global trade. Finally, it analyses recent trends in terms of changing modes of shipment and the evolution of trade flows.
See: oe.cd/global-fake-trade
Objectives:
1. Obtain a general description of the business environment which is comparable to data from across the world.
2. Obtain basic financial information of the businesses that permit the measurement of effect of the business environment on real variables, such as productivity, performance of the business, access to credit, growth, employment, etc.
The survey of over 1,000 Ukrainian exporters and importers found:
1. Respondents estimated the average share of "gray imports" (goods imported in violation of customs regulations) in their markets was 21.1%, down from previous years.
2. To reduce gray imports, respondents most often proposed simplifying customs procedures and reducing costs.
3. Over three-quarters supported criminalizing commercial goods smuggling, mostly without imprisonment.
4. Gray imports were not among the top obstacles for importers. Non-transparent customs valuation and delays in clearance were seen as bigger problems.
The sixth wave of annual survey of Ukrainian exporters and importers Theme 2. TRADE FACILITATION IN UKRAINE: customs procedures, appeals and digital products. Summary of key results.
The document discusses the results of an annual survey of Ukrainian exporters and importers regarding trade facilitation and customs procedures. It finds that:
(1) The most common customs procedures for exporters are obtaining certificates of origin and customs inspections, while importers most often deal with customs inspections and providing certificates of origin.
(2) Exporters report the main difficulties with procedures are their significant duration and technical issues. Importers particularly struggle with inconsistencies between Ukrainian and foreign documents and the duration of advance customs clearance.
(3) When deciding on the classification and valuation of imported goods, importers say the top problems are unreasonable determinations that increase duty rates and the refusal to recognize declared or contract
the cross boarder model of E- commerce in ChinaZhi Lin
This document analyzes the development and bottlenecks of China's cross-border e-commerce. It finds that China's cross-border e-commerce has grown rapidly in recent years at an average annual rate of 33.1%, but now faces bottlenecks. Specifically, the mismatch between traditional supervision measures and innovative business models has hindered development. The document reviews the status of China's cross-border e-commerce, analyzes key issues, and proposes policy recommendations to address bottlenecks.
Trends in Trade in Counterfeit & Pirated Goods - OECD EUIPO report.OECD Governance
This study examines the value, scope and trends of trade in counterfeit and pirated goods. First, it presents the overall scale of this trade and discusses which parts of the economy are particularly at risk. Next, it looks at the main economies of origin of fakes in global trade. Finally, it analyses recent trends in terms of changing modes of shipment and the evolution of trade flows.
See: oe.cd/global-fake-trade
Objectives:
1. Obtain a general description of the business environment which is comparable to data from across the world.
2. Obtain basic financial information of the businesses that permit the measurement of effect of the business environment on real variables, such as productivity, performance of the business, access to credit, growth, employment, etc.
The online retail market in Russia reached $16.5 billion in 2013, growing by around 30% annually. Around 30 million Russians shopped online for physical goods. While still lagging major European countries, internet penetration in Russia is growing rapidly at over 10% per year. The largest segments are household appliances, electronics, clothing, shoes and accessories. The market is dominated by Moscow and St. Petersburg, but regional e-commerce is growing fast as internet access expands across Russia.
Curbing illicit trade focus on the reform of nbrM S Siddiqui
Bangladesh can curb illicit trade through political leadership and reform of the National Board of Revenue (NBR) and laws/rules. The NBR plays a key role in international trade but discretionary powers have created opportunities for corruption and illicit trade through tax assessments, exemptions, and manual customs processes. Studies show corruption facilitates duty evasion, hurting government revenue and businesses. Reforms like simplifying procedures, upgrading IT systems, and reducing discretionary powers can strengthen compliance and reduce illicit trade in Bangladesh.
A short version of our legendary report about e-commerce in Russia. Specially designed for international players to get an understand of this fast-growing market, its opportunities, and its challenges. (EWDN.COM)
Presentation from the launch of the OECD report "Trade in Counterfeit Goods a...OECD Governance
The document summarizes a study on the impacts of counterfeiting and piracy on the Italian economy. Some key findings include:
- Up to 16% of goods imported to Italy are counterfeit, primarily from China and Hong Kong. Counterfeit clothing, handbags, and electronics are most common.
- Global trade in fake goods infringing on Italian trademarks was worth €31.7 billion in 2013, equal to 3.6% of Italian manufacturing sales.
- Counterfeiting led to €7.9 billion in lost sales for Italian retailers, €24 billion for manufacturers, and 88,000 lost jobs, representing 2.1% of Italian employment.
- Italy lost €10.
The e-commerce market in Russia saw slow growth in 2014-2015 due to economic crisis and currency fluctuations. Total e-commerce sales reached $21.4 billion in 2014, with domestic sales growing 3% and cross-border sales increasing more rapidly at 50% annually. Mobile commerce is an emerging trend, accounting for 10% of online purchases. Key drivers for future growth include expanding internet access, convenience of online shopping, and the potential of new product categories like groceries. International retailers may find opportunities through acquisitions as the competitive landscape changes.
The Agricultural sector accounts for less than 1% of the GDP, but is very productive.
Main crops are potatoes, beetroot, wheat and barley.
Livestock farming (especially sheep and cattle) continues to be a major agricultural activity, despite the crises of "mad cow" and "foot and mouth" diseases.
The fishing sector is also well developed but is currently suffering from the depletion of fish volumes in the traditional fishing areas.
The United Kingdom has considerable mineral resources.
Once the world's 10th biggest oil producer with huge natural gas reserves, its production is dropping fast.
Groups like BP and Shell continue to be amongst the global leaders in the petroleum industry
2014: Wikimart and the Russian Ecommerce HighlightsWikimart
The document discusses the Russian ecommerce market from 2014 to 2017. It notes that the market has doubled in size over the last 5 years and is one of the largest in Europe. However, most online retailers only operate in major cities like Moscow, leaving growth opportunities in other regions. The document predicts that from 2014-2017 the market will consolidate further and new players like financial investors will enter as retailers focus on efficiency amid economic challenges. It forecasts the market growing to $27 billion by 2017, led by categories like electronics, high-margin goods, and cross-border sales.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to the 2017 edition of "The Link Between Transfer Pricing and Customs Valuation—Country Guide" published by Deloitte. The guide summarizes customs valuation rules and implications of transfer pricing adjustments in 53 countries. New this year are profiles for Croatia and Slovakia. The introduction notes several global developments that may impact related party customs valuation, including BEPS implementation, revised EU customs code, and increased WCO guidance harmonizing customs and tax authority cooperation.
The document summarizes Mexico's key industries and economic sectors. It notes that agriculture accounts for 4% of GDP but is hindered by lack of credit. Mexico is a top global producer of minerals, oil, beer and automobiles. It has grown industries like aerospace, automotive and IT through foreign investment. Tertiary sector contributes 60% to GDP. Mexico has signed many trade agreements and exports mainly to the US and partners in North America and Europe. However, it also faces challenges like crime, corruption and dependence on the US economy.
Report of Kreston GCG "Fraud in Ukrainian Business 2017" based on independent survey results obtained from representatives of 130 companies across the entire country.
E-commerce in Russia: Situation and perspectivesAli Bulut
This document provides a summary of the e-commerce market in Russia. It discusses key trends such as strong growth in internet usage and the e-commerce market size. It outlines differences between regions in Russia. It profiles online shoppers and popular product categories. It also describes the types of merchants and emerging models like private shopping clubs and group buying. The document discusses payment methods and issues that still need to be addressed. It concludes with information about the company faberNovel that produced the report.
The document provides an overview of Vietnam's economy, covering its main industries, economic growth rates, foreign direct investment trends, trade relations, and strengths and weaknesses for attracting business. It notes that Vietnam has experienced strong economic growth supported by exports and FDI, though it fell during the global financial crisis, and its main industries include agriculture, textiles, and energy. The country's strengths are its young workforce and economic growth potential, while weaknesses include lack of property rights protections and corruption.
This paper analyzes the impact of corruption on trade costs using highly disaggregated US trade data at the 10-digit level. The results show corruption is significantly correlated with higher trade costs. Additionally, capital-intensive products are found to be more susceptible to higher trade costs through corruption than labor-intensive products. Regressions control for product, geographic, and institutional factors and address endogeneity. Across specifications, distance, weight, and corruption positively impact trade costs as expected.
Comert Electronic In Rusia, Softkey, Tatiana Tsvetkova, Varsovia 2007Claudiu Gamulescu
1) The document discusses internet usage and e-commerce in Russia, noting that there are about 36 million internet users in Russia in 2011.
2) Online advertising in Russia totaled approximately $430 million in 2007, while e-commerce was less than 0.5% of the total Russian retail market. In comparison, e-commerce was 5.6% of the total US retail market.
3) The document also provides details on the Russian e-commerce company Softkey, noting it was created in 2001 and now does online sales of software, internet distribution through reseller networks, and order processing. Softkey's turnover grew over 200% from 2006 to 2007.
Solveigh on Chinese Outbound Mergers & AcquisitionsErnst Jan Kruis
China's overseas acquisitions have increased more than five-fold from 2006 to 2012. Most Chinese acquirers are headquartered in Beijing, with mining being the largest target industry. Chinese acquirers in mid-market deals are mostly private companies. Top destinations for Chinese M&A are Australia, New Zealand, and Asia, followed by North America and Europe. Differences in deal failure rates and duration between state-owned, private, and public acquirers are small after excluding mining deals.
Us tax-the-link-between-transfer-pricing-and-customs-valuationJavierAparicio35
The customs authorities in Angola may require transfer pricing reports to substantiate the use of the transaction value method for related party imports, though such reports alone are not viewed as sufficient. It is recommended to conduct an analysis showing that intercompany prices are consistent with market prices. While possible in theory, agreeing on the same price for tax and customs purposes has not occurred in practice. No detailed guidance from customs on related party prices or transfer pricing adjustments is publicly available.
Grant Thornton Illicit Trade Survey Findings March 2014Amarach Research
Details of surveys of consumers and retailers about illicit trade in relation to alcohol, tobacco, fuel, food, pharmaceutical products and digital copyright.
The surveys were conducted on behalf Grant Thornton as inputs into their report Illicit Trade in Ireland.
Crossborder: a estratégia por trás do crescimento da exportação via e-commerc...E-Commerce Brasil
Maurits Bruggink - Secretary General, EMOTA e Igor Subow - Vice Presidente de Logística e Cross Border, E-Commerce Russia Association falaram sobre Crossborder: a estratégia por trás do crescimento da exportação via e-commerce da Rússia e o varejo online entre países da união européia durante o Fórum E-Commerce Brasil 2019.
The main results:
- 2/3 of Russian freelancers work cross-border
- Freelancers who work with foreign orders are on average more mature and more prosperous
- 1/3 of freelancers started to work with foreign clients no more than a year ago
- 83% of freelancers see international market as extremely promising
- More than a half of freelancers experience a remarkable rise in income from foreign orders
- Main difficulties of working with foreign clients: competition, language and time gap
The survey of 366 Ukrainian enterprises found that:
1) The Customs Performance Perception Index was unchanged at 0.37, indicating customs performance was viewed positively despite challenges from the war.
2) The top problems cited were queues at borders due to increased volume, imperfect customs legislation, and insufficient checkpoint capacity, as the war changed priorities.
3) While most types of controls like customs, phytosanitary and food safety faced few problems, importers saw more issues with customs and exporters with veterinary/food safety checks.
4) Two-thirds said customs efficiency was unchanged from 2021, though the balance of opinions on changes deteriorated for the first time, suggesting a view that
This document summarizes the results of a survey of Ukrainian importers and exporters regarding trade facilitation. It finds that while assessments of customs performance have improved slightly in recent years, respondents still believe reforms are needed to comply with Ukraine's EU Association Agreement. Inadequate infrastructure, unpredictable trade policy, and bureaucracy are top export barriers, while import barriers include complicated customs legislation and valuation processes. Most respondents report problems like flawed laws, lack of transparency, and corruption at customs. While costs of exporting are rising, times are falling slightly. Overall assessments vary regionally but show room for improvement.
The online retail market in Russia reached $16.5 billion in 2013, growing by around 30% annually. Around 30 million Russians shopped online for physical goods. While still lagging major European countries, internet penetration in Russia is growing rapidly at over 10% per year. The largest segments are household appliances, electronics, clothing, shoes and accessories. The market is dominated by Moscow and St. Petersburg, but regional e-commerce is growing fast as internet access expands across Russia.
Curbing illicit trade focus on the reform of nbrM S Siddiqui
Bangladesh can curb illicit trade through political leadership and reform of the National Board of Revenue (NBR) and laws/rules. The NBR plays a key role in international trade but discretionary powers have created opportunities for corruption and illicit trade through tax assessments, exemptions, and manual customs processes. Studies show corruption facilitates duty evasion, hurting government revenue and businesses. Reforms like simplifying procedures, upgrading IT systems, and reducing discretionary powers can strengthen compliance and reduce illicit trade in Bangladesh.
A short version of our legendary report about e-commerce in Russia. Specially designed for international players to get an understand of this fast-growing market, its opportunities, and its challenges. (EWDN.COM)
Presentation from the launch of the OECD report "Trade in Counterfeit Goods a...OECD Governance
The document summarizes a study on the impacts of counterfeiting and piracy on the Italian economy. Some key findings include:
- Up to 16% of goods imported to Italy are counterfeit, primarily from China and Hong Kong. Counterfeit clothing, handbags, and electronics are most common.
- Global trade in fake goods infringing on Italian trademarks was worth €31.7 billion in 2013, equal to 3.6% of Italian manufacturing sales.
- Counterfeiting led to €7.9 billion in lost sales for Italian retailers, €24 billion for manufacturers, and 88,000 lost jobs, representing 2.1% of Italian employment.
- Italy lost €10.
The e-commerce market in Russia saw slow growth in 2014-2015 due to economic crisis and currency fluctuations. Total e-commerce sales reached $21.4 billion in 2014, with domestic sales growing 3% and cross-border sales increasing more rapidly at 50% annually. Mobile commerce is an emerging trend, accounting for 10% of online purchases. Key drivers for future growth include expanding internet access, convenience of online shopping, and the potential of new product categories like groceries. International retailers may find opportunities through acquisitions as the competitive landscape changes.
The Agricultural sector accounts for less than 1% of the GDP, but is very productive.
Main crops are potatoes, beetroot, wheat and barley.
Livestock farming (especially sheep and cattle) continues to be a major agricultural activity, despite the crises of "mad cow" and "foot and mouth" diseases.
The fishing sector is also well developed but is currently suffering from the depletion of fish volumes in the traditional fishing areas.
The United Kingdom has considerable mineral resources.
Once the world's 10th biggest oil producer with huge natural gas reserves, its production is dropping fast.
Groups like BP and Shell continue to be amongst the global leaders in the petroleum industry
2014: Wikimart and the Russian Ecommerce HighlightsWikimart
The document discusses the Russian ecommerce market from 2014 to 2017. It notes that the market has doubled in size over the last 5 years and is one of the largest in Europe. However, most online retailers only operate in major cities like Moscow, leaving growth opportunities in other regions. The document predicts that from 2014-2017 the market will consolidate further and new players like financial investors will enter as retailers focus on efficiency amid economic challenges. It forecasts the market growing to $27 billion by 2017, led by categories like electronics, high-margin goods, and cross-border sales.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to the 2017 edition of "The Link Between Transfer Pricing and Customs Valuation—Country Guide" published by Deloitte. The guide summarizes customs valuation rules and implications of transfer pricing adjustments in 53 countries. New this year are profiles for Croatia and Slovakia. The introduction notes several global developments that may impact related party customs valuation, including BEPS implementation, revised EU customs code, and increased WCO guidance harmonizing customs and tax authority cooperation.
The document summarizes Mexico's key industries and economic sectors. It notes that agriculture accounts for 4% of GDP but is hindered by lack of credit. Mexico is a top global producer of minerals, oil, beer and automobiles. It has grown industries like aerospace, automotive and IT through foreign investment. Tertiary sector contributes 60% to GDP. Mexico has signed many trade agreements and exports mainly to the US and partners in North America and Europe. However, it also faces challenges like crime, corruption and dependence on the US economy.
Report of Kreston GCG "Fraud in Ukrainian Business 2017" based on independent survey results obtained from representatives of 130 companies across the entire country.
E-commerce in Russia: Situation and perspectivesAli Bulut
This document provides a summary of the e-commerce market in Russia. It discusses key trends such as strong growth in internet usage and the e-commerce market size. It outlines differences between regions in Russia. It profiles online shoppers and popular product categories. It also describes the types of merchants and emerging models like private shopping clubs and group buying. The document discusses payment methods and issues that still need to be addressed. It concludes with information about the company faberNovel that produced the report.
The document provides an overview of Vietnam's economy, covering its main industries, economic growth rates, foreign direct investment trends, trade relations, and strengths and weaknesses for attracting business. It notes that Vietnam has experienced strong economic growth supported by exports and FDI, though it fell during the global financial crisis, and its main industries include agriculture, textiles, and energy. The country's strengths are its young workforce and economic growth potential, while weaknesses include lack of property rights protections and corruption.
This paper analyzes the impact of corruption on trade costs using highly disaggregated US trade data at the 10-digit level. The results show corruption is significantly correlated with higher trade costs. Additionally, capital-intensive products are found to be more susceptible to higher trade costs through corruption than labor-intensive products. Regressions control for product, geographic, and institutional factors and address endogeneity. Across specifications, distance, weight, and corruption positively impact trade costs as expected.
Comert Electronic In Rusia, Softkey, Tatiana Tsvetkova, Varsovia 2007Claudiu Gamulescu
1) The document discusses internet usage and e-commerce in Russia, noting that there are about 36 million internet users in Russia in 2011.
2) Online advertising in Russia totaled approximately $430 million in 2007, while e-commerce was less than 0.5% of the total Russian retail market. In comparison, e-commerce was 5.6% of the total US retail market.
3) The document also provides details on the Russian e-commerce company Softkey, noting it was created in 2001 and now does online sales of software, internet distribution through reseller networks, and order processing. Softkey's turnover grew over 200% from 2006 to 2007.
Solveigh on Chinese Outbound Mergers & AcquisitionsErnst Jan Kruis
China's overseas acquisitions have increased more than five-fold from 2006 to 2012. Most Chinese acquirers are headquartered in Beijing, with mining being the largest target industry. Chinese acquirers in mid-market deals are mostly private companies. Top destinations for Chinese M&A are Australia, New Zealand, and Asia, followed by North America and Europe. Differences in deal failure rates and duration between state-owned, private, and public acquirers are small after excluding mining deals.
Us tax-the-link-between-transfer-pricing-and-customs-valuationJavierAparicio35
The customs authorities in Angola may require transfer pricing reports to substantiate the use of the transaction value method for related party imports, though such reports alone are not viewed as sufficient. It is recommended to conduct an analysis showing that intercompany prices are consistent with market prices. While possible in theory, agreeing on the same price for tax and customs purposes has not occurred in practice. No detailed guidance from customs on related party prices or transfer pricing adjustments is publicly available.
Grant Thornton Illicit Trade Survey Findings March 2014Amarach Research
Details of surveys of consumers and retailers about illicit trade in relation to alcohol, tobacco, fuel, food, pharmaceutical products and digital copyright.
The surveys were conducted on behalf Grant Thornton as inputs into their report Illicit Trade in Ireland.
Crossborder: a estratégia por trás do crescimento da exportação via e-commerc...E-Commerce Brasil
Maurits Bruggink - Secretary General, EMOTA e Igor Subow - Vice Presidente de Logística e Cross Border, E-Commerce Russia Association falaram sobre Crossborder: a estratégia por trás do crescimento da exportação via e-commerce da Rússia e o varejo online entre países da união européia durante o Fórum E-Commerce Brasil 2019.
The main results:
- 2/3 of Russian freelancers work cross-border
- Freelancers who work with foreign orders are on average more mature and more prosperous
- 1/3 of freelancers started to work with foreign clients no more than a year ago
- 83% of freelancers see international market as extremely promising
- More than a half of freelancers experience a remarkable rise in income from foreign orders
- Main difficulties of working with foreign clients: competition, language and time gap
The survey of 366 Ukrainian enterprises found that:
1) The Customs Performance Perception Index was unchanged at 0.37, indicating customs performance was viewed positively despite challenges from the war.
2) The top problems cited were queues at borders due to increased volume, imperfect customs legislation, and insufficient checkpoint capacity, as the war changed priorities.
3) While most types of controls like customs, phytosanitary and food safety faced few problems, importers saw more issues with customs and exporters with veterinary/food safety checks.
4) Two-thirds said customs efficiency was unchanged from 2021, though the balance of opinions on changes deteriorated for the first time, suggesting a view that
This document summarizes the results of a survey of Ukrainian importers and exporters regarding trade facilitation. It finds that while assessments of customs performance have improved slightly in recent years, respondents still believe reforms are needed to comply with Ukraine's EU Association Agreement. Inadequate infrastructure, unpredictable trade policy, and bureaucracy are top export barriers, while import barriers include complicated customs legislation and valuation processes. Most respondents report problems like flawed laws, lack of transparency, and corruption at customs. While costs of exporting are rising, times are falling slightly. Overall assessments vary regionally but show room for improvement.
Beyond Doing Business: the Unfinished Investment Climate Reform Agenda in Uzb...Mirzo Ibragimov
A presentation was delivered by Mrs Stefka Slavova, Lead Economist, Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice at the World Bank, on 8 November 2017, in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
SYSTEMIC REPORT "PROBLEMS WITH ADMINISTERING BUSINESS TAXES IN UKRAINE" (OCTO...Iaroslav GREGIRCHAK
The Report commences by studying recently introduced system of the VAT electronic administration – one of the most turbulent issues for the corporate taxpayers in Ukraine – followed by the analysis of the current situation with VAT cash refund, which has historically been one of the most significant problems in the Ukrainian tax system. The third issue we paid attention to in the Report is the practice at the part of the tax authorities to abuse their authority to verify the actual location of the taxpayers by assigning taxpayers’ with the so-called “state 9 status”, which triggers various negative ramifications for the latter. The fourth systemic issue described in the Report is the problem with the tax audits carried out by the tax authorities. The last systemic problem studied in the Report is the inefficient functioning of the procedure of the so-called “administrative appeal” aimed at enabling taxpayers to challenge the malpractice of the tax authorities.
Our analysis of the foregoing systemic problems unveiled two major cross-cutting deficiencies attributable to the Ukrainian tax administration system as a whole. In our view, both of them require adequate redress, at least by ensuring that the contemplated amendments to the Tax Code are sufficiently effective.
First, it is the poor level of communication management of the Ukrainian tax authorities at all levels (including both the State Fiscal Service and tax authorities at the lower levels). Hence, there is a strong need to regularly disclose certain data and statistics to the public. Among other things it is expected that such an approach should enable the latter to better monitor the activities of the State Fiscal Service. The specific list of such information and/or data shall be elaborated in cooperation with the representatives of the public and non-governmental organizations. Yet, in our view, it may include, inter alia, amounts of incomings to the State Budget (with a breakdown into major taxes); amounts of VAT reimbursed and VAT outstanding for reimbursement; amounts of taxes overpaid by the taxpayers; amount of the taxpayers’ tax debt; number of tax audits with breakdown into various types of audits; number of appeals against the decisions of the tax authorities (with a breakdown into successful and non-successful), etc.
Second, the contemplated “tax reform” shall be implemented with the view of the subsequent predictability (stability) of the revised tax legislation. The respective principle has been historically embodied in Ukrainian tax legislation, but rarely complied with in practice. Over the past year, the tax legislation has been amended and changed many times, thus, provoking the public outcry and disturbing the normal day-to-day operations of the Ukrainian businesses. Hence, it is expected from the Government, that once the “tax reform” is implemented, it will not undergo further significant change for a reasonably long period of time.
The Commission for the Prevention of Corruption in Slovenia developed an online application called Supervizor to increase transparency of public sector finances. Supervizor provides information on money transfers between public bodies and private entities. It detects patterns of financial dependence on the government and analyzes flows to specific companies. The Commission plans to upgrade Supervizor with additional data sources to allow more advanced network analysis and detection of potential corruption.
This document summarizes customs reforms in Madagascar and their results. It outlines that customs are a major source of government revenue but were previously inefficient and corrupt. Reforms included individual performance contracts for inspectors based on metrics like revenue and time, removing 1/3 of inspectors, and randomizing processes. Results included doubling customs revenues from 2014-2018, reducing clearance times and fraud, and improving risk analysis. However, challenges remain in fully addressing corruption and changing inspector incentives not to detect fraud due to financial interests. Further reforms like relocating customs may be needed.
1) The document compares Mongolia's competitiveness to other countries across several metrics from the perspectives of consumers, companies, and the state. Mongolia scores highest in areas like price, product quality, and tax environment.
2) It outlines Mongolia's goals to increase coal production and exports over the period of 2014-2018, with exports projected to reach 59 million tons by 2018. A large portion of increased state budget revenue is expected to come from coal.
3) The government aims to improve infrastructure, expand markets and buyers, set up a commodities exchange, reduce taxes and barriers to bilateral trade, and increase border port capacity to achieve these goals. Companies are encouraged to improve efficiency and cash flow.
1) The document compares Mongolia's competitiveness to other countries across several metrics from the perspectives of consumers, companies, and the state. Mongolia scores highest in areas like price, product quality, and tax environment.
2) It outlines Mongolia's goals to increase coal production and exports over the period of 2014-2018, with exports projected to reach 59 million tons by 2018. A large portion of increased state budget revenue is expected to come from coal.
3) The government aims to improve infrastructure, expand markets and buyers, set up a commodities exchange, reduce taxes and barriers to bilateral trade, and increase border port capacity to achieve these goals. Companies are encouraged to improve efficiency and cash flow.
VIETNAMESE MARKET ANALYSIS Practical and Legal PerspectiveDr. Oliver Massmann
The document is a presentation by Oliver Massmann of Duane Morris Vietnam LLC providing an overview of investing in Vietnam. It discusses why Vietnam is an attractive investment destination due to its strong economic growth rates and integration into regional and international trade agreements. Several key points are made about Vietnam's economy in 2015, its transition from a rice importer to exporter, and projected growth rates. The benefits of trade agreements such as the ASEAN Economic Community, EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement, and Trans-Pacific Partnership for Vietnam and foreign investors are also summarized.
This document summarizes key findings from the Longitudinal Small Business Survey (LSBS) for 2022. It provides data on various metrics like employment levels, turnover, profitability, innovation, exporting, access to finance, and obstacles faced by small businesses over multiple years. It shows trends like a decline in employment increases during the pandemic, followed by recovery. Innovation rates fell in 2020 but have since recovered. Exporting levels declined slightly each year. Risk appetite for external finance has decreased somewhat. Growth expectations and actual growth have improved since 2021. Training and innovation are consistently linked to better outcomes, while evidence is less clear for other activities.
This document discusses how three megatrends - transparency, technology, and talent - are transforming indirect taxation. Transparency is increasing tax authority scrutiny and changing business models. Technology such as 3D printing will radically alter supply chains, challenging indirect tax systems. A shortage of tax talent means the indirect tax function must adapt. The trends are influencing economic growth, government policy, and how businesses navigate indirect tax.
This document provides an overview of key issues and recommendations to reduce barriers to trade and investment in ASEAN countries. It identifies common barriers such as import restrictions, non-transparent customs practices, regulatory requirements, restrictions on foreign investment and ownership, and lack of standards harmonization. It then provides recommendations in key areas like gradually eliminating all non-tariff barriers, harmonizing standards and regulations, streamlining and automating customs procedures, improving inter-agency coordination, implementing a common de minimis baseline, abolishing restrictions on foreign investment, and providing targeted support for SMEs. The document includes a country-by-country analysis of issues and a section on the EU-ASEAN Business Council.
Key Challenges of the Inspection System in the Republic of Slovenia: Good pra...OECD Governance
Presentation by Andrejka Grlic, Chief Market Inspector, Market Inspectorate of the Republic of Slovenia, Slovenia, at the OECD Conference on Enforcement and Inspections which took place at the OECD Headquarter in Paris on 9 November 2017. Further information is available at http://oe.cd/regpol
World Bank_Reform By Numbers_Chapter 8_publishedso young yang
This document discusses the use of performance measurement in customs and tax administrations in developing countries. It notes that while measurement is important for reform, there are also risks like gaming the system and unintended consequences. The book examines cases where indicators were used to evaluate customs offices in Cameroon and France. It also explores how new tools like risk management systems, mirror trade statistics, and measures of smuggling can help customs administrations modernize and address challenges in transparent, targeted ways. Overall, the document stresses the importance of experimenting with indicators and continuously evaluating reforms to ensure measurements are achieving their goals.
GST and ecommerce - from traditional to marketplace consumption via the inernetRaoul D'Cruz
The document provides an overview of developments regarding taxation of digital and e-commerce transactions, particularly regarding the goods and services tax (GST) in Australia. It notes the rapid growth of online spending and shift to marketplace models. It discusses the OECD's base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) action plan to address tax challenges of the digital economy. It outlines measures some countries have introduced to apply GST to low-value imports from overseas suppliers. It indicates the Australian government is under pressure to apply GST to cross-border digital transactions and that legislation is forthcoming. It examines different online marketplace models and how their contractual role impacts GST liability.
This document discusses professional services in Eastern and Southern Africa. It notes that filling information gaps through business surveys of over 2,200 firms can provide data on professionals, prices/wages, trade flows, barriers, and regulations. Domestic regulations like price controls and advertising bans significantly reduce the likelihood of firms exporting, while foreign limits on investment and non-transparent procurement also hinder exports. National reforms removing restrictions on competition and reducing education costs, along with regional cooperation eliminating trade barriers and increasing regulatory coordination, could better integrate professional services markets.
Similar to Results of the fifth wave of the Annual survey of Ukrainian exporters and importers (20)
Отримання Україною статусу «країни кандидата на вступ до ЄС» поставило перед Держмитслужбою та українським урядом серйозні виклики й одночасно відкрило амбітні перспективи щодо побудови в Україні сучасної митної системи.
Функціонування і реформування митних органів в Україні протягом всієї історії свого існування носило найбільш неоднозначний і суперечливий характер. Митниця – один із рекордсменів серед інших органів влади в спробах постійного реформування. Кожна нова владна команда робила спроби запровадити різноманітні нововведення на митниці. Вона пройшла складний шлях інституційних метаморфоз протягом своєї історії: від створення Державного митного комітету України до об’єднання з Державною податковою службою в один державний орган – Міністерство доходів та зборів, а згодом Державну фіскальну службу і до відновлення Державної митної служби як окремого органу у 2019 році.
Значні зміни відбуваються в здійсненні митних процедур і зараз: заходи зі спрощення процедур торгівлі через поступову цифровізацію митних процедур та мінімізацію впливу людського фактору, наближення українського митного законодавства до європейських норм, поступова інтеграція з європейськими IT системами тощо. Однак це лише незначна частина домашнього завдання, яке має виконати України на шляху інтеграції до Митного союзу ЄС.
Реформа митниці супроводжується низкою викликів. Зокрема, на думку громадян, це один із найбільш корумпованих органів. З іншого боку, Держмитслужба забезпечує близько третини надходжень до державного бюджету України. Під час повномасштабної війни митні надходження стали одним із головних джерел фінансування потреб безпеки та оборони. Саме від ефективності роботи митниці також залежить виконання безпекових функцій, захист легальної торгівлі, захист споживачів (боротьба з контрафактом).
Отримання Україною перспективи вступу до ЄС чітко визначає вектор розвитку митниці. На відміну від інших сфер, ми маємо абсолютно чітку ціль: куди ми маємо прийти, і чітке розуміння, як це має бути технічно та законодавчо. Але залишається питання, як ми будемо йти до цієї цілі.
Якою ж має бути українська митниця в умовах вступу України до ЄС?
Це питання ми дослідили в цій аналітично-консультативній роботі. Ми проаналізували європейський досвід реформування митних органів, зокрема спільні виклики та пріоритети ЄС у цій сфері, досвід цифровізації митних процедур, національні особливості реформування митниці в окремих країнах-членах ЄС. Також визначили основні виклики для України та перешкоди на її шляху до європейської інтеграції. Насамкінець, ми запропонували наш погляд на те, як має виглядати митниця в момент вступу України в ЄС.
Це дослідження стало можливим завдяки підтримці Міжнародного Фонду «Відродження». Зміст є виключно відповідальністю ГО «Інститут економічних досліджень та політичних консультацій» і не обов’язково відображає позицію МФ «Відродження».
Інститут економічних досліджень та політичних консультацій (ІЕД) випустив 24-тє Щомісячне опитування підприємств «Український бізнес під час війни» за квітень 2024 року.
Метою проєкту є швидкий збір інформації про поточний стан економіки на рівні підприємства.
Польовий етап опитування тривав з 15 до 30 квітня 2024 року.
Усього в 24й хвилі було опитано 532 підприємства. Підприємства розташовані у Вінницькій, Волинській, Дніпропетровській, Закарпатській, Запорізькій, Житомирській, Івано-Франківській, Київській, Кіровоградській, Львівській, Одеській, Полтавській, Рівненській, Сумській, Тернопільській, Харківській, Хмельницькій, Черкаській, Чернівецькій, Чернігівській областях та в місті Києві.
Ключові результати 24-го щомісячного опитування підприємств:
• У квітні на фоні зростання небезпеки як перешкоди веденню бізнесу плани підприємств у довгостроковій перспективі залишаються незмінно позитивними, а очікування на середньострокову та короткострокову перспективу є оптимістичними.
• Індекс Відновлення Ділової Активності незначним чином зменшився, а Агрегований Показник Перспектив Промисловості залишився без змін.
• Частка підприємств, які працюють на повну потужність суттєво не змінилася.
• Значення показників поточної оцінки фінансово-економічної ситуації на підприємстві та загальноекономічного середовища дещо зменшилися, водночас очікування на пів року зростають та мають один із найвищих показників за весь період дослідження.
• Виробничі показники порівняно з попереднім місяцем покращились, а очікування на три місяці залишаються позитивними.
• Слабка тенденція до зменшення зайнятості триває, а труднощі з пошуком працівників зростають.
• Перша трійка перешкод ведення бізнесу у військовий час залишилась незмінною, але перешкоди міняються місцями. «Небезпечно працювати» стало більш вагомим для бізнесу та очолило список, а друге та третє місця, відповідно, посідають «зростання цін» та «брак робочої сили».
• Частка негативних оцінок економічної політики уряду дещо зросла.
The Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting (IER) has released the Twenty-third monthly enterprise survey “Ukrainian business in wartime” for March 2024.
The goal of the project is to quickly collect information on the current state of the economy at the enterprise level.
The field stage of the Twenty-third wave lasted from March 18 to March 29, 2024. The enterprise managers compared the work results in March 2024 with February, assessed the indicators at the time of the survey (February 2024), and gave forecasts for the next two, three, or six months, depending on the question. In certain issues (where indicated), the work results were compared with the pre-war period (before February 24, 2022). In March 2024, 523 companies were surveyed.
Main results of the Twenty-third monthly enterprise survey:
• Two-year uncertainty is now at the lowest point for two years, with improved near-term production expectations, but short- and medium-term uncertainty has increased.
• The Business Activity Recovery Index and the Industrial Confidence Indicator are rising, while the percentage of businesses operating at full capacity remains unchanged.
• Six-month expectations regarding the business activity of enterprises and the overall economic environment have improved, and production indicators have improved for the second month in a row.
• The export results of enterprises and expectations in the three-month perspective have improved.
• At the same time, difficulties in finding workers with the required qualifications are increasing and the lack of skilled workers ranks second in the ranking of obstacles with the highest value as of May 2022.
• After the attacks on the energy infrastructure, the importance of the obstacle "power outages" has increased significantly, while "unsafe to work" remains without significant changes.
• Assessments of the government's economic policy remain mostly neutral.
The Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting (IER) has released the 22-th monthly enterprise survey “Ukrainian business in wartime” for February 2024.
The goal of the project is to quickly collect information on the current state of the economy at the enterprise level.
The field stage of the 22-th wave lasted from February 19 to February 29, 2024. The enterprise managers compared the work results in February 2024 with January, assessed the indicators at the time of the survey (February 2024), and gave forecasts for the next two, three, or six months, depending on the question. In certain issues (where indicated), the work results were compared with the pre-war period (before February 24, 2022). In February y 2024, 542 companies were surveyed.
Main results of the 22-th monthly enterprise survey:
• Against the backdrop of improved short-term expectations and a traditionally high level of two-year uncertainty, the shortage of workers has become one of the key obstacles to business development.
• The Industrial Confidence Indicator increased, as did the share of businesses operating at full capacity.
• At the same time, the Business Activity Recovery Index has been decreasing for the second month in a row.
• Uncertainty remains high in the long-term perspective and has increased for the overall economic environment in the six-month perspective.
• Business expectations for the two-year and half-year perspectives remain unchanged.
• Production indicators and expectations for the three months have improved, while expectations for exports remain unchanged.
• The share of enterprises operating at full capacity increased slightly compared to the pre-war period.
• For the first time in several months, the trend of reducing the number of workers was interrupted.
• However, the lack of labor as an impediment to doing business ranks second in the rating of challenges to doing business, and problems with finding workers remained unchanged compared to the previous month.
• "Unsafe to work," although has not changed significantly in terms of percentage, fell from first to third place in the rating of impediments. The recovery of export activity continues to stagnate. The percentage of negative assessments of state policy slightly increased.
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
Резюме
• Темпи зростання реального ВВП сповільнились через проблеми з доступом до електроенергії внаслідок руйнування маневреної генерації електроенергії російськими дронами та ракетами.
• Експорт та імпорт продовжили зростати завдяки ліпшій логістиці як Українським морським коридором, так і автомобільним транспортом. Зокрема, польські фермери та перевізники припинили блокування кордонів в кінці квітня.
• В квітні як податкова, так і митна служби перевиконали розпис доходів, тоді як НБУ перерахував до бюджету вдвічі більше прибутків.
• Європейська сторона схвалила План України, який було ухвалено урядом для визначення індикаторів у межах Механізму для України (Ukraine facility). Це дозволить в травні отримати 1,9 млрд євро позики від ЄС. При цьому ЄС вже надав Україні 1,5 млрд євро позики в квітні, оскільки уряд вже виконав п’ять індикаторів за Планом України.
• США нарешті схвалили пакет допомоги Україні, в якому 7,8 млрд дол. США передбачено на бюджетну підтримку: однак умови та час надання допомоги досі невідомі.
• У квітні, як і у березні, річна споживча інфляція склала 3,2% дпр.
• НБУ на квітневому засідання з монетарної політики знову знизив облікову ставку з 14,5% до 13,5% річних.
• За останні чотири тижні курс гривні стабілізувався у проміжку 39-40 грн за дол. США.
ІЕД готує публікацію Макроекономічного моніторингу України за фінансової підтримки Європейського Союзу в рамках проєкту «Економіка України під час війни та підтримка українців, постраждалих від війни».
Вперше за два роки відсоток українського бізнесу, який вважає небезпеку найбільшою перешкодою для ділової активності, досяг 55%. Про це свідчать результати щомісячного опитування підприємств New Monthly Enterprises Survey (#NRES), яке Інститут економічних досліджень та політичних консультацій провів у квітні 2024-го.
Частка підприємств, які повідомили, що працювати небезпечно, суттєво зросла, збільшившись із 46% до 55%. Це найвищий показник за весь період досліджень з травня 2022-го з травня 2022-го. Ця перешкода для ведення бізнесу стала головною у квітні для українських підприємств.
Водночас зростають позитивні очікування бізнесу щодо 6-місячної перспективи: як щодо фінансово-економічної ситуації на підприємстві, так і стосовно загально-економічного середовище в країні. Оцінка ситуації за цими двома параметрами позитивна вже другий місяць поспіль.
«Зважаючи на складну безпекову ситуацію, можна було б очікувати песимістичні настрої бізнесу, але насправді вийшло навпаки. Ми стикнулися з небувалим оптимізмом щодо бачення фінансово-економічної ситуації на підприємстві та в країні в цілому в піврічній перспективі. Невизначеність піврічної перспективи діяльності підприємств задекларували 20% опитаних компаній – і це можна вважати базовим рівнем. Продовжується тренд щодо зміцнення визначеності стосовно подальшої роботи підприємства у довгостроковій, тобто дворічній перспективі. При цьому ускладнюється ситуація з пошуком працівників – як кваліфікованих, так і некваліфікованих. Тренд щодо зростання цих труднощів спостерігаємо з вересня 2023 року», - зазначила виконавча директорка ІЕД Оксана Кузяків.
Так, частка підприємств, яким стало складніше знайти кваліфікованих працівників зросла з 38,9% у березні до 43 % у квітні. Аналогічний показник щодо некваліфікованої робочої сили зріс із 31,7% у березні до 36,6% у квітні.
Рейтинг перешкод для бізнесу суттєвих змін не зазнав, змінилося ранжування.
«Три головні перешкоди для ведення підприємницької діяльності залишилися такими ж, як минулого місяця, але у квітні «лідером» стала небезпека працювати (55% опитаних), на другому місці – зростання цін на сировину, матеріали, товари (51%), на третьому - брак робочої сили (43%). Значення небезпеки для роботи значно зросло для великого та середнього бізнесу. Дещо інша картина у розрізі перешкод для зростання бізнесу в контексті довгострокових тенденцій. Так, серед перешкод для зростання виробництва у квітні 2024 року найчастіше називали війну та несприятливу безпекову ситуацію. Наступними йшли, відповідно, низький попит, несприятлива політична ситуація та брак кваліфікованих працівників», - зазначив експерт ІЕД Євген Ангел.
Дисклеймер:
У щомісячному опитуванні Інституту економічних досліджень та політичних консультацій беруть участь понад 500 українських промислових підприємств, що розташовані у 21 із 27 областей України. Опитування у даному форматі проводиться з травня 2022 року. Польовий етап 23-ї хвилі дослідження тривав з 15 по 30 квітня 2024 року.
Інститут економічних досліджень та політичних консультацій (ІЕД) випустив 23-тє Щомісячне опитування підприємств «Український бізнес під час війни» за березень 2024 року.
Метою проєкту є швидкий збір інформації про поточний стан економіки на рівні підприємства.
Польовий етап опитування тривав з 18 по 29 березня 2024 року.
Усього в 23й хвилі було опитано 523 підприємства. Підприємства розташовані у Вінницькій, Волинській, Дніпропетровській, Закарпатській, Запорізькій, Житомирській, Івано-Франківській, Київській, Кіровоградській, Львівській, Одеській, Полтавській, Рівненській, Сумській, Тернопільській, Харківській, Хмельницькій, Черкаській, Чернівецькій, Чернігівській областях та в місті Києві.
Ключові результати 23-го щомісячного опитування підприємств:
• Дворічна невизначеність зараз знаходиться на найнижчій точці за два роки з покращеними найближчими очікуваннями виробництва, але коротко- та середньострокова невизначеність зросла.
• Індекс Відновлення Ділової Активності та Агрегований Показник Перспектив Промисловості зростають, водночас, відсоток підприємств, що працюють на повну потужність, залишається без суттєвих змін.
• Шестимісячні очікування щодо фінансово-економічної активності підприємств та загальноекономічного середовища покращились, а виробничі показники два місяці поспіль покращуються.
• Результати роботи підприємств з експорту та очікування в тримісячній перспективі покращились.
• Разом із цим, зростають труднощі з пошуком працівників потрібної кваліфікації, брак кваліфікованих працівників посідає 2-ге місце в рейтингу перешкод із найвищим значенням від травня 2022 року.
• Після обстрілів енергетичної інфраструктури значення перешкоди «перебої з електрикою» суттєво зросло, а «небезпечно працювати» залишається без суттєвих змін.
• Оцінки економічної політики уряду залишаються переважно нейтральними.
Summary
• Businesses faced problems with access to electricity due to the russian shelling of energy facilities. This restrained GDP growth.
• Transportation by railway and through the Ukrainian Sea Corridor is growing, contributing to the development of several sectors of the economy.
• The value of goods exports declined sharply in March on a year-on-year basis amid continued decline in grain and iron ore prices.
• In March, a record external financing of USD 9 bn was received. Half the funds came from the EU as bridge financing under the Facility for Ukraine.
• The Government approved the Ukraine Plan, which defines priority steps and measures, the implementation of which should become the basis for the EU budget support.
• State fiscal revenues continued to grow, partly due to the windfall taxation of banks' profits.
• Inflation slowed to 3.2% yoy in March. Inflation was last at this level in the COVID year of 2020 and before the start of the russian aggression in 2014.
• The NBU lowered the policy rate to 14.5% p.a. in response to the low inflation and the resumption of aid from donors to Ukraine. However, the NBU moved cautiously as the Ukrainian economy faces serious risks.
• The hryvnia weakened to UAH 39 per USD as the NBU paced its support.
Резюме
• Підприємства стикнулись із обмеженнями у на постачання електроенергії внаслідок російських обстрілів енергетичних об’єктів. Це стримувало приріст ВВП.
• Транспортні перевезення Укрзалізницею та через Український морський коридор зростають, що сприяє розвитку ряду секторів економіки.
• Вартість товарного експорту різко скоротилась у березні у вимірі рік до року на тлі продовження зниження цін на зерно та залізні руди.
• В березні надійшло рекордне зовнішнє фінансування у сумі 9 млрд дол. США. Половина коштів надійшла від ЄС в межах перехідного фінансування за Механізмом для України.
• Уряд ухвалив План України, який визначає пріоритетні кроки та заходи, виконання яких має стати основою для надання бюджетної підтримки з боку ЄС.
• Доходи Державного бюджету продовжують зростати, частково завдяки оподаткуванню надприбутків банків.
• В березні інфляція сповільнилась до 3,2% дпр. До цього інфляція була на такому рівні у ковідному 2020 році та до початку російської агресії у 2014 році.
• НБУ знизив ставку до 14,5% річних на фоні низької інфляції та відновлення надходження допомоги від донорів України. Втім, НБУ рухався обережно через значні ризики.
• Гривня ослабла до 39 грн за дол. США на фоні стриманих інтервенцій НБУ.
Бізнес оптимістичніше дивиться у майбутнє, виробничі показники другий місяць поспіль покращуються, кількість працівників на підприємствах продовжує зростати. Водночас ускладнився пошук працівників та стало більше проблем з електропостачанням.
Такі висновки можна зробити з щомісячного опитування підприємств New Monthly Enterprises Survey (#NRES), яке Інститут економічних досліджень та політичних консультацій провів у березні 2024-го.
Основні результати спостережень
У березні частка компаній, що не можуть передбачити свою діяльність на наступні два роки, опустилась нижче 40% (до 39,4%). Тобто частка тих, хто планує свою діяльність у дворічній перспективі, збільшилась до 60,6%. Це найкращий показник з початку проведення щомісячних опитувань бізнесу під час війни – тобто з жовтня 2022.
У березні дещо зріс Індекс Відновлення Ділової Активності (ІВДА) - із 0,34 до 0,37 (за шкалою від -1 до +1). Частка підприємств, які повідомили, що їх ділова активність краща, ніж у попередньому році, збільшилась із 44,8% у лютому до 47,4% у березні. Показник ІВДА корелює із розміром підприємств. У березні значення ІВДА суттєво не змінилось і є найнижчим для мікропідприємств та поступово зменшується для малих. Водночас показник для середніх та великих підприємств збільшився.
Виробничі показники другий місяць поспіль покращуються, очікування щодо виробництва в перспективі на 3 місяці покращились. Частка підприємств, які планують зростання виробництва в найближчі 3-4 місяці, зросла із 43,8% до 54,4%.
“Дані, які ми отримали в ході березневого опитування, дають підстави говорити про весняне пробудження українського бізнесу. Минулого місяця невизначеність бізнесу на дворічну перспективу стала найнижчою за останні півтора роки, тобто з початку наших спостережень у жовтні 2022 року. На фоні цього ми спостерігали покращення короткострокових очікувань бізнесу щодо завантаженості власних потужностей, наявності клієнтів тощо, але разом з тим — і деяке зростання середньострокової та короткострокової невизначеності”, — зазначила Оксана Кузяків, виконавча директорка ІЕД.
Кількість працівників на підприємствах продовжує зростати одночасно зі зростанням труднощів у пошуку працівників необхідної кваліфікації.
“Результати опитування відображають складну ситуацію щодо доступу бізнесу до робочої сили. Фактично вперше половина українського підприємництва вказує про те, що це є суттєвою перешкодою. Наприклад, у 2022 році про це говорили лише близько 20% опитаних, минулого року ця перешкода трохи актуалізувалася і про неї вказувало близько третини опитаних. Але під кінець 2023 року ця перешкода в них опитуваннях почала постійно зростати”, - пояснив Євген Ангел, старший науковий співробітник ІЕД.
22-ге Щомісячне опитування підприємств «Український бізнес під час війни» (лютий 2024)
Інститут економічних досліджень та політичних консультацій (ІЕД) випустив 22-ге Щомісячне опитування підприємств «Український бізнес під час війни» за лютий 2024 року.
Метою проєкту є швидкий збір інформації про поточний стан економіки на рівні підприємства.
Польовий етап опитування тривав з 19 до 29 лютого 2024 року..
Усього в 22й хвилі було опитано 542 підприємства. Підприємства розташовані у Вінницькій, Волинській, Дніпропетровській, Закарпатській, Запорізькій, Житомирській, Івано-Франківській, Київській, Кіровоградській, Львівській, Одеській, Полтавській, Рівненській, Сумській, Тернопільській, Харківській, Хмельницькій, Черкаській, Чернівецькій, Чернігівській областях та в місті Києві.
Ключові результати 22-го щомісячного опитування підприємств:
• У лютому 2024 року на тлі покращення короткострокових очікувань і традиційно високого рівня дворічної невизначеності дефіцит працівників став однією з ключових перешкод для розвитку бізнесу.
• Агрегований показник перспектив промисловості зріс, як і частка підприємств, що працюють на повну потужність.
• Водночас Індекс Відновлення Ділової Активності зменшується вже другий місяць поспіль.
• Невизначеність залишається високою у довгостроковій перспективі, та зросла для загальноекономічного середовища у піврічній перспективі.
• Очікування бізнесу на дворічну та піврічну перспективи залишаються без суттєвих змін.
• Виробничі показники та очікування на три місяці покращились, водночас очікування щодо експорту залишаються без змін.
• Незначною мірою зросла частка підприємств, які працюють на повну потужність порівняно з довоєнним періодом.
• Вперше за кілька місяців перервалась тенденція до скорочення кількості працівників, проте брак робочої сили як перешкода у веденні бізнесу займає другу позицію рейтингу перешкод ведення бізнесу, а проблеми із пошуком працівників залишились без змін порівняно до попереднього місяця.
• «Небезпечно працювати» хоча і не змінилась суттєво у відсотковому значенні, проте опустилась з першого на третє місце у рейтингу перешкод.
• Продовжується стагнація відновлення експортної діяльності.
• Відсоток негативних оцінок державної політики незначним чином зріс.
Resume
• According to the IER, real GDP growth accelerated to 5.6% yoy (year-on-year) in February 2024 from 3.1% yoy in January, partly due to the calendar effect.
• The power system survived the winter: the use of coal from thermal power plants and nuclear reactors increased. During this heating season, Ukraine used only gas of its own production for the first time in its history.
• Sea and rail transport had record performance against the backdrop of the blockade of the Polish border for trucks: 8 million tons and 14.6 million tons, respectively.
• According to preliminary customs estimates, trade in goods in February remained at the level of January 2024.
• State Budget revenues increased in February due to advance payment of dividends by state-owned banks and enterprises.
• In February, international financial assistance remained low, but we expect EUR 4.5 bn of bridge financing from the EU under the Ukraine Facility in March.
• Consumer inflation decelerated further to 4.3% yoy in February due to moderate growth in consumer demand and lower global commodity prices.
• Hryvnia remained stable for most of the first quarter of 2024, likely due to lower demand for foreign currency, including cash.
The Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting (IER) has released the 21-th monthly enterprise survey “Ukrainian business in wartime” for January 2024.
The goal of the project is to quickly collect information on the current state of the economy at the enterprise level.
The field stage of the 21-th wave lasted from January 16 to January 31, 2024. The enterprise managers compared the work results in January 2024 with December 2023, assessed the indicators at the time of the survey (January 2023), and gave forecasts for the next two, three, or six months, depending on the question. In certain issues (where indicated), the work results were compared with the pre-war period (before February 24, 2022).
In January 2024, 552 companies were surveyed.
Main results of the 21-th monthly enterprise survey:
• In January 2024, long-term expectations are improving, and uncertainty is easing, but the "here and now" recovery is stagnating amid business concerns about security, labor shortages, and demand issues.
• The Business Activity Recovery Index is positive but lower than a month ago.
• The Industrial Confidence Indicator is also positive, but the downward trend continues for the second month in a row.
• Uncertainty in the 2-year perspective has decreased. Uncertainty in the six-month perspective for the business activity continued to decrease gradually and remained unchanged for the overall economic environment. Uncertainty in the 3-month perspective is decreasing (or not increasing) for core expectations, excluding exports.
• Production indicators in January significantly worsened compared to December. At the same time, expectations regarding production in the three months horizon have not changed for the fourth month.
• Employment indicators are declining, and businesses are having trouble finding skilled workers.
• The enterprises' export results have worsened, but the expected changes in the short term remain positive. The share of enterprises operating at full capacity has remained unchanged for the third month in a row.
• The first place in the list of obstacles is shared by "unsafe to work" and "rising prices."
• The main events that businesses are waiting for are the end of the war and the reduction of taxes.
• More than half of the respondents have a neutral assessment of the Government's economic policy.
Резюме
• За оцінкою ІЕД темпи приросту реального ВВП прискорились до 5,6% дпр (до попереднього року) в лютому 2024 року з 3,1% дпр в січні частково через календарний ефект.
• Енергосистема витримала зиму: збільшилось використання вугілля ТЕС, а також атомних реакторів. В цьому опалювальному сезоні Україна вперше використовувала газ лише власного видобутку.
• На фоні блокади польського кордону для вантажівок морський та залізничний види транспорту б’ють рекорди з перевезень: 8 млн т та 14,6 млн т відповідно.
• За попередніми оцінками митниці, показники торгівлі товарами у лютому залишились на рівні січня 2024 року.
• Доходи Держбюджету в лютому зросли через авансову сплату дивідендів державними банками та підприємствами.
• Міжнародна фінансова допомога залишилась низькою в лютому, але вже в березні очікуємо 4,5 млрд євро перехідного фінансування від ЄС в межах Механізму для України.
• В лютому споживча інфляція надалі сповільнилась до 4,3% дпр на фоні помірного зростання споживчого попиту та зниження світових цін на сировину.
• Гривня залишалась стабільною протягом (більшості) першого кварталу 2024 року ймовірно через нижчий попит на іноземну валюту в тому числі готівкову.
ГО «Інститут економічних досліджень та політичних консультацій» (ІЕД) в рамках співпраці з регіонами підготував спеціальний звіт «Бізнес під час війни: Черкаська область» (грудень 2023).
Команда ІЕД зробила моніторинг економічної ситуації в Черкаській області в співпраці з Черкаською обласною державною адміністрацією. На основі Нового щомісячного опитування підприємств «Український бізнес під час війни» експерти ІЕД підготували шостий випуск дослідження для Черкаської області.
Щомісячне опитування підприємств проводиться за допомогою поєднання декількох методів збору даних: самостійне заповнення онлайн-форми та особисте опитування представників бізнесу із внесенням відповідей до онлайн-форми.
Польовий етап опитування тривав із 13 до 31 грудня 2023 року.
У листопаді 2023 року у Черкаській області було опитано 30 підприємств.
Серед них представлені підприємства від мікро до великого розмірів (найчастіше – середні). Усі опитані підприємства – промислові. Серед них найбільшу частку складають підприємства харчової промисловості.
Основне з дослідження:
• У грудні 2023 року керівники підприємств Черкаської області оцінюють власну фінансово-економічну ситуацію гірше, ніж загалом по країн.
• Спостерігається погіршення оцінок загальноекономічного середовища.
• Прогнози на піврічну перспективу щодо фінансово-економічної ситуації та загальноекономічного середовища, хоча і залишаються гіршими, ніж загалом по країні, але без суттєвих змін.
• При цьому, підприємці області утримуються від прогнозів на дворічну перспективу, тоді як загальноукраїнський показник довгострокових очікувань погіршився.
• Результати виробництва покращились і для регіону, і загалом по країні.
• На підприємствах Черкаської області відчувають незначні труднощі у пошуку кваліфікованих працівників, тоді як загалом по Україні збільшились труднощі і для кваліфікованих, і для некваліфікованих працівників.
ГО «Інститут економічних досліджень та політичних консультацій» (ІЕД) продовжує багаторічну роботу з українськими регіонами.
На основі Нового щомісячного опитування підприємств «Український бізнес під час війни» експерти ІЕД підготували черговий випуск дослідження для Київської області «Бізнес Київської області під час війни» за грудень 2023.
Польовий етап опитування тривав із 13 до 31 грудня 2023 року.
У грудні 2023 року в Київській області було опитано 21 підприємство. Серед них представлені підприємства від малого до великого розміру (найчастіше – великі). Усі опитані підприємства – промислові. Серед них найбільшу частку складають підприємства харчової промисловості.
Основне з дослідження:
• У грудні 2023 року оцінки підприємців Київської області щодо фінансово-економічної ситуації суттєво не змінились порівняно з листопадом, проте спостерігається поступове погіршення очікувань на піврічну перспективу.
• Оцінки та очікування щодо загальноекономічної ситуації по області поступово погіршуються, на відміну від загальноукраїнських значень, за якими суттєвих змін не відбувається.
• Динаміка відновлення в порівнянні з аналогічним періодом минулого року для області погіршилась, тоді як загалом по країні змін не відбулось.
• Очікування щодо дворічних перспектив погіршились як загалом по країні, так і для області.
• На відміну від загальноукраїнських показників, за якими спостерігається незначне покращення виробничих результатів та відсутні різкі зміни щодо очікувань на короткострокову перспективу, по області погіршились як показники результатів, так і очікування.
• Темпи скорочення зайнятості прискорились як по області, так і загалом по країні. Водночас, підприємці Київщини не відчувають труднощів у пошуку кваліфікованих або некваліфікованих працівників.
• На підприємствах Київської області рівень завантаження потужностей вищий ніж в цілому по Україні.
Інститут економічних досліджень та політичних консультацій (ІЕД) випустив 21-ше Щомісячне опитування підприємств «Український бізнес під час війни» за січень 2024 року.
Метою проєкту є швидкий збір інформації про поточний стан економіки на рівні підприємства.
Польовий етап опитування тривав з 16 по 31 січня, 2024 року.
Усього в 21й хвилі було опитано 552 підприємства. Підприємства розташовані у Вінницькій, Волинській, Дніпропетровській, Закарпатській, Запорізькій, Житомирській, Івано-Франківській, Київській, Кіровоградській, Львівській, Одеській, Полтавській, Рівненській, Сумській, Тернопільській, Харківській, Хмельницькій, Черкаській, Чернівецькій, Чернігівській областях та в місті Києві.
Ключові результати 21го щомісячного опитування підприємств:
• У січні 2024 довгострокові очікування покращуються, невизначеність зменшується, але відновлення «тут та тепер» стагнує на фоні занепокоєнь бізнесу щодо безпеки, браку працівників та проблем із попитом.
• Індекс Відновлення Ділової Активності додатний, але менший ніж місяць тому. Агрегований показник перспектив промисловості також додатний, але два місяці поспіль триває тренд до зменшення.
• Невизначеність у дворічній перспективі знизилася.
• Невизначеність у піврічній перспективі для фінансово-економічної ситуації продовжує поступово зменшуватись та залишається без змін для загально-економічного середовища.
• Невизначеність у тримісячній перспективі зменшується (або не зростає) для основних очікувань, за винятком експорту.
• Виробничі показники в січні порівняно з груднем значно погіршилися, водночас, очікування щодо виробництва в перспективі на три місяці не змінюються вже чотири місяці.
• Показники зайнятості знижуються, а бізнес має проблеми з пошуком кваліфікованих працівників.
• Результати роботи підприємств з експорту погіршилися, але очікувані зміни в короткостроковій перспективі залишаються позитивними.
• Частка підприємств, що працюють на повну потужність, три місяці поспіль залишається без суттєвих змін.
• Перше місце в списку перешкод ділять перешкоди «працювати небезпечно» та «зростання цін».
• Головні події, на які очікує бізнес, - завершення війни та зниження податків.
• Більше половини опитаних нейтрально оцінюють економічну політику уряду.
Період моніторингу: з 1 січня по 15 лютого 2024 року
У цьому випуску:
Парламент погодив норми Податкового кодексу України з Митним тарифом України
Уряд вніс технічні зміни до переліків товарів, експорт та імпорт яких підлягає ліцензуванню, та квот на 2024 рік
Держмитслужба затвердила формат обміну даними з магазинами безмитної торгівлі
Підготовлено чергові зміни до Митного кодексу України в контексті його наближення до норм ЄС
Держмитслужба разом із молдовськими колегами запустила спільний контроль у п/п “Кучурган-Новосавицьке” для залізничного сполучення
Держмитслужба розпочала пілотний проєкт щодо здійснення постмитного контролю
На порталі «Єдине вікно для міжнародної торгівлі» додано можливість перегляду митної декларації в актуальному стані - із урахуванням коригувань
На двох митних постах – «Ужгород-автомобільний» і «Астей» Закарпатської митниці - буде встановлено сучасні модульні конструкції
Одним з пріоритетів у повоєнній відбудові України повинна стати безбар’єрність, адже в результаті війни суттєво зростає кількість осіб з інвалідністю - впевнена Олександра Бетлій, провідна наукова співробітниця Інституту економічних досліджень та політичних консультацій (ІЕД). Своє бачення майбутньої безбар’єрної України вона представила під час обговорення лютневого моніторингу “Контролю витрат на відновлення України” консорціуму RISE, в який входить ІЕД.
Як пояснює Бетлій, наразі лише 22% обстежених Мінсоцполітики адміністратвних будівель є доступними, ще 32% – частково доступними. Найкраща ситуація — у ЦНАПах та закладах охорони здоров’я. Найгірша — у будинках, де розташовані органи держвлади.
На думку експертки, для покращення ситуації важливо ухвалити Національну стратегію зі створення безбар’єрного простору в Україні на період до 2030 року. Ця стратегія має на меті сформувати загальний підхід до формування та імплементації державної політики для забезпечення безперешкодного доступу всіх груп населення до різних сфер життєдіяльності.
Також, як вважає Бетлій, надзвичайно важливим є підвищення обізнаності о принципах безбар’єрності на місцях. Місцеві органи влади повинні включати принципи безбар’єрності при підготовці планів та програм відновлення. А громадська ініціатива спонукати чиновників швидше впроваджувати зміни. Крім того, потрібна подальша зміна будівельних стандартів та їх гармонізація з правилами ЄС.
Загалом, як витікає з оприлюдненої 15 лютого третьої редакції звіту про потреби відновлення України (RDNA-3), який відображає узгоджені оцінки Світового банку, ЄС та ООН загальна сума прямих збитків України внаслідок російської агресії становить $152,5 млрд, а потреби коштів на відновлення – $486 млрд. Звіт охоплює період з 24 лютого 2022-го по 31 грудня 2023-го.
Оцінка потреб у відновленні на 2024 рік становить $15 млрд, або 2% від загальних потреб. Втім, навіть за таких цифр у 2024 році брак фінансування становить $9,5 млрд, чи 62% від необхідного обсягу.
Дискусію можна подивитися на YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLtuUJpz2kg
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financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
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Concluding remarks
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Results of the fifth wave of the Annual survey of Ukrainian exporters and importers
1. Trade Facilitation in Ukraine:
Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
according to the results of the fifth wave of the annual survey
Ukrainian exporters and importers
Kyiv 2020
Project "Support to Public Initiative
"For fair and transparent customs"
2. ABOUT THE PROJECT
The overall goal of the project is to increase the capacity of civil society to participate in economic policy
development in Ukraine.
Expected results:
(1) strengthening the capacity and effectiveness of the initiative;
(2) intensification of political dialogue between civil society and the state on the implementation of customs
reform
Project implementation period : 36 months, from January 1, 2020.
With the financial support of the European Union, the International Renaissance Foundation and the ATLAS Network (USA).
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 2
The initiative is an informal network of
CSOs from different regions of Ukraine that
care about improving the business climate.
26 members as of September 2020
The activities of the initiative are aimed at
monitoring the implementation of customs reform
and promoting dialogue on the implementation of
institutional reform of customs in accordance with
the principles of good governance and the
principles of free trade.
The public initiative was created in 2018 in the
process of implementing the project "Trade
Facilitation Dialogue", which was implemented by
the IER with the support of the EU and The
International Renaissance Foundation
3. Annual survey of Ukrainian exporters and importers: the
basis of advocacy and analytical work of the Initiative
The IER has developed and has been implementing since 2015 a special national policy
monitoring and evaluation tool, Trade Facilitation Monitoring.
It is a tool for measuring progress in facilitating and simplifying international trade and customs
procedures, which is based on the assessments of the direct participants in the policy
implementation process - business representatives.
The monitoring is based on the results of the annual survey of 1000 exporting / importing
enterprises throughout Ukraine.
There were 5 annual surveys: 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 3
4. 5th Annual Survey: Topics
How the business assesses
the activities of customs
authorities and the
implementation of reforms
in the customs sector
What are the quantitative
and qualitative estimates
of the cost and duration of
foreign trade procedures
How the business assesses
various procedures (preliminary
customs clearance, decision-
making on the customs value of
goods, classification of goods;
post-customs audit, etc.)
How the "single window" and
electronic document
management work
Why are cargoes delayed during
customs control?
Is it easy for companies to appeal
the actions of customs
authorities?
What's with the corruption at
customs
What do businesses think about
"smuggling" and "gray imports"
What are the obstacles for
importers and exporters
How the Association Agreement
affected business activities
What is the role of business
associations
Where companies get
information
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 4
6. Sample: what are the types of the surveyed enterprises
6
• 1000+ surveyed representatives of enterprises
engaged in export and / or import
• Businesses of all sizes were surveyed: from
micro-enterprises to large enterprises. Most are
micro and small enterprises
• Most of the respondents are representatives of
industry and trade
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
24,4%
40,8% 34,8%
0%
25%
50%
Only exporting
enterprises
Only importing
enterprises
Exporting and
importing
enterprises
Enterprises by foreign trade, %
42,3%
28,0%
21,4%
8,2%
0%
25%
50%
Micro Small Medium Large
Enterprises by size, %
6,6%
46,3% 42,5%
4,6%
0%
25%
50%
Agriculture Industry Trade Services
Enerprises by sector, %
8. Customs performance perception index (CPP)
8
• The assessment of the work of customs has improved: the value of the CPP Index reached 0.43 on
the scale from -1 to 1
• The CPP Index has been rising over the last three waves of the survey.
0,21
0,10
0,21
0,33
0,43
-1,00
-0,50
0,00
0,50
1,00
2015 2016 2017 2018 2020
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
9. Assessment of customs work: what is behind the CPP Index
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 9
• Almost a third of the respondents
consider the customs effective and in
no need of change. This is the highest
frequency of such responses in all
five waves of this survey
• More than half of the respondents
indicated that the work of customs is
generally effective, but requires some
changes
• The share of the respondents who
said the work of the customs is
completely or generally inefficient is
the lowest in all the five waves of the
survey
3,9%
15,3%
52,9%
27,9%
0% 20% 40% 60%
Completely ineffective and needs
a complete replacement
Generally ineffective, but large-
scale reforms can improve the
situation
Generaly effective, but requires
some changes
Effective and does not need
changes
10. CPP Index: comparison by customs offices
10
• The values of the CPP Index for all
customs offices are positive
• Poliska Customs Office received the
best score: the value of the CPP Index
for it was 0.61.
• The lowest value of the CPP Index is
for Volyn, Kyiv and Dniprovska
Customs Offices, but even there
positive assessments prevail.
* Azov and Skhidna Customs Offices are
not included in this analysis due to the
insufficient number of the respondents
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
0,33
0,38
0,38
0,40
0,42
0,45
0,50
0,57
0,58
0,58
0,59
0,61
-1,00 -0,50 0,00 0,50 1,00
Volyn
Kyiv
Dniprovska
Slobozhanska
Halytska
Odesa
Zakarpattia
Bukovynska
Chornomorska
Pivnichna
Podilska
Poliska
11. CPP Index: comparison by types of enterprises
• Exporters assess the work of customs best.
Importers assess customs worse than others
and more often require large-scale reforms
• The best estimates by industry are in the
agricultural sector
• Medium and large enterprises assess the work
of customs much better than small and micro
enterprises
11Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
0,63
0,47 0,36 0,38
-1,00
-0,50
0,00
0,50
1,00
Agriculture Industry Trade Services
CPP Index by sector
0,38 0,38
0,55 0,51
-1,00
-0,50
0,00
0,50
1,00
Micro Small Medium Large
CPP Index by size
0,62
0,32 0,42
-1,00
-0,50
0,00
0,50
1,00
Only exporting
enterprises
Only importing
enterprises
Exporting and
importing
enterprises
CPP Index by foreign trade
12. Problems in the work of customs according to business
estimates
12
13. Problems in the work of customs
13
• The share of the enterprises that did not
experience any problems has doubled
since 2016
• About a third of only exporting
enterprises did not experience any
problems; this is twice as many as among
those that are only importing
• Among the enterprises of different sizes,
micro-enterprises most often report
problems at customs
• The share of agricultural businesses
(34.4%) that did not encounter problems
in the work of customs is twice as high as
the one in trade (18.1%).
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
12,9%
17,3%
21,2%
23,5%
0% 10% 20% 30%
No problems in the work of
the customs
Share of the enterprises that said there are no
problems in the work of the customs, %
2020 2018 2017 2016
14. Problems in the work of customs (2)
14
• Imperfect customs legislation ranks first for
all respondents, regardless of their size,
sector and type of foreign economic activity
• Agriculture is the only sector where the
share of the enterprises that did not face
any problems (34.4%) exceeds the share of
those that named other problems
• Deliberate overestimation of the customs
value of goods is the second most urgent
problem for micro and small enterprises,
while frequent changes in the structure and
management of the customs, for medium
ones, and outdated technical equipment,
for large businesses
• Micro and small businesses are more likely
to report corruption than large and
medium-sized businesses
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
23,5%
9,2%
14,0%
18,8%
19,5%
20,2%
20,3%
25,2%
33,3%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
No problems in the work of the
customs
Fiscal function of the customs
Unprofessionalism of the inspectors
Frequent changes in the structure and
management
Outdated technical equipment
Corruption and bribery
Insufficient transparency and
openness
Deliberate overstatement of the
customs value of goods
Flawed customs legislation
Problems in the work of customs, 2020 , %
15. Problems in the work of customs (3)
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 15
• The situation with problems such
as flawed customs legislation and
insufficient transparency and
openness at customs improved in
2020
• The share of the enterprises that
report these problems decreased
compared to previous years
• The reduction of the problem of
flawed legislation, which was
mentioned by more than half of
the respondents in 2016, is
especially noticeable
56,2%
47,4%
45,6%
33,3%
0% 20% 40% 60%
Flawed customs legislation
Share of the enterprises that reported flawed customs
legislation among the problems with the customs, %
2020 2018 2017 2016
30,1%
25,6%
25,1%
20,3%
0% 20% 40% 60%
Insufficient transparency and
openness
Share of the enterprises that reported insufficient
transparency and openness among the problems with the
customs, %
2020 2018 2017 2016
16. Problems in the work of customs (4)
• Frequent changes in the structure
and management of customs is
one of the obstacles reported by
the respondents. The importance
of this obstacle increased in 2020
compared to previous years
• This indicates that in the process
of change and reform at customs,
care must be taken to ensure that
this does not interfere with
business operations.
• This problem is more relevant for
medium and large enterprises than
for micro and small ones
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 16
23,7%
18,1%
13,8%
18,8%
0% 10% 20% 30%
Frequent changes in the
structure and management
Share of the enterprises that reported frequent
changes in the structure and leadership among the
problems with the customs, %
2020 2018 2017 2016
17. Assessment of passing various types of control
• The level of problems of all types of control is low: from
61.1% (customs control) to 86.6% (food safety control)
respondents have no problems.
• Customs control is more problematic compared to other
types of control, but the problems are mostly minor.
• Passing different types of control is more problematic for
importers than for exporters.
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 17
86,6%
78,9%
78,1%
61,1%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
Food safety control
Veterinary and sanitary
Phytosanitary
Customs
Distribution of estimates for different types of
control,%
0 points (No problems) 1 point
2 points 3 points
4 points 5 points (significant problems)
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,5
0,5
0,6
0,5
0,9
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
Food safety control
Veterinary and sanitary
Phytosanitary
Customs
Average scores of the difficulty of passing
Only importers Only exporters
19. Perception of the work of the "New Customs"
19
Respondents evaluated the work of the New
Customs (NС), i. e. the customs that has been
operating since December 2019. A comparison
was made between the time of the survey
(April-June 2020) and the same period in 2019
Almost half of the respondents rated the work
of the NC as good and excellent. Only 8%
assessed its work as unsatisfactory. Average
score is 3.6 out of 5.
Only exporters rated the work of the NC
higher than other respondents (4 points)
• 2/3 of respondents believe that the
efficiency of customs has not changed
compared to 2019, but positive
assessments outweigh negative ones by
+13.8 pp
• There is almost no difference in the
assessment of changes in the work of
customs by the type of the enterprises.
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
48,1%
29,7%
8,0%
14,2%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Excellent or above
average (4 and 5)
Average (3) Poor or below
average (1 and 2)
Hard to say
Assessment of the work of the customs
in 2020 (1 to 5), %
18,6%
66,2%
4,8% 10,4%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Improved Has not changed Got worse It is difficult to
estimate
How did the work of the New Customs change
compared to the same period last year?, %
20. Assessment of individual aspects of the work
of the New Customs
20
• Assessment is are made on the scale from 1 to 5, where 1 is a negative rating and 5 is a positive one. For the "level of
corruption“ indicator 1 point means a high level of corruption, 5 points mean a low level or no corruption
• Assessment of individual aspects of the work of the New Customs, except technical equipment, is better than the
general assessment of its work (3.6)
• The technical equipment of the customs was rated slightly lower than other aspects: an average of 3.5 points
• 62.3% of respondents rated the level of corruption as low (4 and 5 points). This is more than the share of positive
assessments of technical equipment (49.7%), and less compared to other aspects (66% +)
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
3,5 3,8 3,8 3,9 3,9
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
Technical equipment of
the customs
General impression from
communicating with
customs officers
Competences of customs
officers
Thoroughness of
inspection
Level of corruption
Average assessment of individual aspects of the work
of the New Customs (1 to 5 points)
21. Assessment of individual characteristics
of technical equipment at customs
• Assessment of all the studied characteristics
of technical equipment of customs are rather
high
• The ability to submit documents in electronic
form is assessed best, which may indicate the
success of the implemented measures to
automate the work of customs
• Software operation speed and the presence of
other technical equipment for customs control
are assessed the lowest, which indicates the
need for further investment in customs
infrastructure
• Only exporters rated all the characteristics
better than others
• Large enterprises gave the best marks to such
characteristics as the ability to submit
documents electronically and the presence of
software
• In trade, the ability of software to perform its
functions is assessed the worst
21Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
3,7
3,7
3,8
3,9
3,9
4,1
4,2
1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
Fast operation of the software
Presence of other technical equipment
for customs control
Ability of other technical equipent to
perform its functions
Ability of the software to perform its
functions
Presence of necessary computer
hardware
Presence of the necessary software
Ability to submit documents
electronically
Assessment of individual characteristics of the
technical equipment of the customs
22. Assessment of individual qualifications
of customs inspectors
22
• Respondents rated almost all of the listed
qualifications of customs inspectors at 4 or
4+ points out of five
• The ability to answer entrepreneurs'
questions and provide the necessary
information is the lowest: 3.8 out of five.
This means there is a need for further
training for inspectors
• Only exporters are slightly better able to
assess the ability of inspectors to answer
questions and work with technical
equipment for customs control
• Medium and large enterprises evaluate all
qualifications somewhat better
• In trade, the ability of inspectors to answer
questions was assessed the lowest, and in
the agricultural sector, the highest
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
3,8
4,0
4,1
4,2
4,3
1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
Ability to answer questions from
entrepreneurs and provide the
information they need
Ability to carry out customs clearance
professionally and without mistakes
Familiarity with legislation
Ability to work with other technical
equipment for customs control
Ability to use software
Assessment of individual qualifications
of customs inspectors
24. Change in the cost of customs clearance procedures
compared to 2018: exports
24Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
• The cost of customs clearance of exports continues to grow, but not so fast. For most exporters,
monetary expenses did not change, but they have been increasing more often than decreasing. The
largest growth was in the agricultural sector, while the least one was in the service sector.
• The time of customs clearance of exports continues to decline. The share of the businesses for which
customs clearance has become faster exceeds the share of those spent more time on it. The most
noticeable decrease is for large enterprises.
0,08
0,13
0,25
0,15
-0,32 -0,35 -0,31
-0,27
-0,4
-0,2
0
0,2
0,4
2016 2017 2018 2020
Dynamics of monetary and time expenses for all customs procedures for exports
(balance indicator)
Monetrary expenses Time expenses
25. Change in the cost of customs clearance procedures
compared to 2018: imports
25
• The cost of customs clearance of imports continues to increase, but at a slower pace. Importers mostly
report that their monetary expenses for customs clearance of imports have not changed over the last 2 years.
Only in services the reduction of cost is more common than its growth.
• The duration of customs clearance of imports is decreasing, but at a slower pace too. For most importers, it
has not changed. For the rest of the importers it mostly reduced. The services sector reports the reduction of
the clearance time with the least frequency.
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
0,03
0,15 0,20
0,12
-0,29 -0,30 -0,30
-0,21
-0,4
-0,2
0
0,2
0,4
2016 2017 2018 2020
Dynamics of monetary and time expenses for all customs procedures for imports
(balance indicator)
Monetrary expenses Time expenses
26. Speed of customs clearance
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 26
Speed of customs clearance: (1) duration in hours and
(2) assessment of respondents.
• Duration of customs clearance: 10.4 hours.
• Respondents' score: 3.6 points out of 5 possible.
The difference between the scores of different types of
enterprises is insignificant.
High marks "4" or "5" points were indicated by 50.4% of
respondents, and low marks "1" or "2" points - only
8.8%.
7,7
14,1
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
Exclusively exporters Exclusively importers
The average duration of customs clearance, by
foreign trade
Average duration of examination (h)
Average duration for all respondents (h)
12,6
11,1
7,4
4,5
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
Micro Small Medium Large
Average duration of customs clearance, by
size of enterprises (h)
Average durationfor all respondents (h)
11,6 7,9
12,7 12,8
0,0
20,0
Agriculture Industry Trade Services
Average duration of customs clearance, by sector
(h)
Average duration of examination (h)
Average duration for all respondents (h)
27. Speed of customs clearance (by customs)
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 27
Note: Due to insufficient filling of the subsample, Azov and Shidna
Customs Offices are not included in this analysis. It is also not possible to
analyze by groups (sector, size) for individual customs.
Duration of customs clearance:
• Fastest: Zakarpattia (4.3 hours) and Pivnichna
(4.8 hours) Customs Offices.
• Longest: Odesa Customs Office (16.7 hours).
Evaluation of respondents :
• The highest scores - at the Pivnichna Customs
(3.9 points), where the duration of registration is
one of the lowest.
• The lowest score is for Odesa Customs Office (3.4
points), where the longest clearance.
• For most customs, the scores are almost the
same as the average for all respondents (3.6
points)
16,7
13,3
13,1
11,9
11,7
11
8,5
8,2
6,6
6,4
4,8
4,3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Odesa
Volyn
Dniprovska
Chornomorska
Slobozhanska
Kyiv
Podilska
Halytska
Bukovynska
Poliska
Pivnichna
Zakarpattia
Average duration of customs inspection, by
customs (hours)
28. Speed of customs inspection
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 28
Speed of customs inspection: (1) duration in hours
and (2) assessment of respondents.
• Duration of customs inspection: 2.5 hours.
• Respondents' score: 3.8 points out of 5 possible.
The difference between the scores of different types
of enterprises is insignificant.
High scores of "4" or "5" points were given by 51.5%
of respondents, and low scores of "1" or "2" points -
only 5.1 %.
2,2
3,3
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
Exclusively exporters Exclusively importers
Average duration of customs inspection, by foreign
trade
Average durationof examination (h) Average durationfor all respondents (h)
2,8 3,1
2,1
1,5
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
Micro Small Medium Large
Average duration of customs inspection, by size of
enterprises (h)
Average durationof examination (h) Average durationfor all respondents (h)
11,6
7,9
12,7 12,8
0,0
20,0
Agriculture Industry Trade Services
Average duration of customs clearance, by sector
(h)
Average duration of examination (h)
Average duration for all respondents (h)
29. Speed of customs inspection (by customs offices)
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 29
Duration of customs inspection:
• Fastest: Zakarpattia (1.1 hours) and Pivnichna (1.4
hours) Customs Offices.
• The longest inspection: Odesa Customs Office (4.3
hours).
Evaluation of respondents:
• The highest score is at the Pivnichna Customs Office
(4.3 points), where the duration of the inspection is
one of the lowest.
• One of the lowest scores is for Odesa Customs Office
(3.7 points), where the longest inspection.
• For most customs, the scores are almost the same as
the average for all respondents (3.8 points).
Note: Due to insufficient filling of the subsample, Azov and Skhidna
customs are not included in this analysis. It is also not possible to analyze
by groups (sector, size) for individual customs.
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Odesa
Slobozhanska
Dniprovska
Podilska
Kyiv
Halytska
Chornomorska
Bukovynska
Volyn
Poliska
Pivnichna
Zakarpattia
Average duration of customs inspection, by customs
offices (hours)
31. Expenses for customs procedures in export operations
The total cost of 1 export transaction can average 4186
UAH.
• The average time cost for 1 export operation is 8.9
hours, which is almost 2 times less than for imports.
• Official and unofficial payments, penalties for exports
are on average 2-3 times lower than for imports.
• Penalties can be the largest component of the financial
cost of exports.
• The average fine during export operations exceeds the
average size of unofficial payments by almost 30 times.
• Low informal payments in the context of high fines may
indicate a low probability of punishment.
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 31
721 2879
49022
1784
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Labor costs Official
payments
Penalties Informal
payments
Average costs per export transaction (by
type of costs), UAH
Average total costs
32. Costs of customs procedures for import operations
The total cost of 1 import transaction can average UAH
8429.
The average time cost for passing 1 import operation is 16
hours, which is almost 2 times more than for exports.
• Official and unofficial payments, penalties for imports
are on average 2-3 times higher than for exports.
• Penalties can be the largest component of the financial
cost of imports.
• The average fine during import operations exceeds the
average amount of informal payments by almost 16
times.
• Low informal payments in the context of high fines may
indicate a low probability of punishment.
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 32
1296 5820
102687
6453
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Labor costs Official
payments
Penalties Informal
payments
Average costs per import transaction (by type
of costs), UAH
Average total costs
33. Expenses for customs procedures in export and import
operations
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 33
• On average, the cost of one export
operation is 2 times lower than for one
import operation.
• The higher costs of import operations than
export operations may be reflected in other
aspects of customs procedures (e.g. passing
various types of controls), for which
importers' assessments are worse than
those of exporters.
Note: The filling of the subsamples is insufficient for the
analysis of average costs in terms of size of enterprises
and sectors.
721 1296
3465
71334186
8429
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Export Import
Total average costs
for an export of import operation, UAH
Labor costs Average financial costs
34. CUSTOMS REFORMS: ASSESSMENT AND EXPECTED
RESULTS
34Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses
35. Is the customs reform moving in the right direction?
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 35
• The share of enterprises that
consider the direction of reforms at
customs to be right exceeds the
share of those that consider it wrong.
• About half of the respondents do not
know about the reform or could not
evaluate it ("Hard to say" + "I do not
know" / refusal to answer)
• Large enterprises more often than
others call the direction of reforms
right
• Importing companies, more often
than not exclusively exporters,
consider the direction of reforms to
be wrong.
15,8%
10,3%
36,9%
36,9%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Do not know about the
reform/Refused to answer
In the wrong or mostly wrong
direction
Hard to say
In the right or mostly right direction
36. Expectations of businesses from the customs reforms
• The main expectations of business respondents from the customs reform are to reduce the time of
customs procedures, the automation of customs procedures with minimization of the human factor, as
well as the ability to submit documents completely electronically.
• The lowest priority has been given to the increase in customs revenues to the state budget.
Trade Facilitation in Ukraine: Customs Reform Through the Eyes of Businesses 36
34,4%
37,8%
46,9%
47,7%
51,8%
54,5%
61,1%
61,4%
62,6%
65,6%
66,0%
67,9%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Increase in customs revenues to the state budget
Reduction of the fiscal role of the customs
Reduction of the financial cost of customs procedures
Reduction of corruption
Improvement in the technical equipment of customs
Raising professional qualification of customs officers
Strengthening security functions
Personal responsibility of customs officers for the caused harm
Strengthening the fight against smuggling
Ability to submit documents only in an electronic form
Automation of procedures
Reduction of time of customs procedures
39. CONTACTS
Project "Support to the Public Initiative" For Fair and Transparent Customs "
performed by the Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting
with financial support
European Union, the International Renaissance Foundation and Atlas Network
web: www.tfd.ier.com.ua
e-mail: customs@ier.kyiv.ua
Facebook: www.facebook.com/tfd.ier
39