1.
INTRODUCTION
• Water conservation
encompasses the
policies, strategies
and activities to
manage fresh water
as a sustainable
resource to protect
the water environment
and to meet current
and future human
demand.

2.
NEED FOR WATER
CONSERVATION
• Sustainability: To ensure availability for future
generations, the withdrawal of fresh water from an
ecosystem should not exceed its natural
replacement rate.
• Energy conservation: Water pumping, delivery, and
wastewater treatment facilitiesconsume a significant
amount of energy. In some regions of the world
over 15% of total electricityconsumption is devoted
to water management.
• Habitat conservation: Minimizing human water use
helps to preserve fresh water habitatsfor local
wildlife and migrating waterfowl, as well as reducing
the need to build new dams andother water
diversion infrastructure

3.
RAINWATER HARVESTING
• Rainwater harvesting is a technique used for
collecting, storing, and using rainwater for
landscape irrigation and other uses. The rainwater is
collected from various hard surfaces such as roof
tops and/or other types of manmade above ground
hard surfaces.
• In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting has traditionally
been practiced by the people of the Thar Desert.
There are many ancient water harvesting systems in
Rajasthan, which have now been revived. Water
harvesting systems are widely used in other areas of
Rajasthan as well, for example the chauka system
from the Jaipur district.

4.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• A watershed is the area of land where all of the water
that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same
place.
• Watershed management is the study of the relevant
characteristics of a watershed aimed at the
sustainable distribution of its resources and the
process of creating and implementing plans,
programs, and projects to sustain and
enhance watershed functions that affect
the plant,animal, and human communities within a
watershed boundary.
• Features of a watershed that agencies seek to
manage include water supply,water
quality, drainage, stormwater runoff, water rights,
and the overall planning and utilization of
watersheds.

5.
INTRODUCTION
• Recycled Water is the end product of
wastewater reclamation that meets water
quality requirements for biodegradable
materials, suspended matter and pathogens.
In more recent conventional use, the term
refers to water that is not treated as highly in
order to offer a way to conserve drinking
water. This water is given to uses such as
agriculture and sundry industry uses.

6.
METHODS TO RECYCLE WATER
• Use rain collection barrels. This is one of the
most efficient ways of collecting water. The
stored water can be used for a short or long term
needs. As well,because rain water lacks all the
chemicals added to tap water, it can be used for
other purposes such as feeding livestock, or
watering the garden with.
• Re-use water that drains out of flower pots.
Depending on the size of the pot, simply place a
plastic plate or bucket under the flower pot and
any water that drains out can be re-used in the
garden.

7.
• Save kitchen water Water used to clean dishes
can be dumped in the toilet bowl for flushing. Water
used to cook vegetables or pasta with can be
dumped (the water must be cooled) into the compost
pile, in the garden or in the vermiculture area. *Make
sure the water has completely cooled so that we do
not harm the microorganisms or worms.
• Water that has been poured in cups
and not drank or water bottles with
water in them already can be re-used
Simply boil the water to kill any germs (the boiling
method also oxygenates the water and “freshens” it
up), and can be used for drinking water. If this
method does not sound kosher, the water could
also be used to water house plants. And the plastic
bottles can be used in the garden as miniature water
irrigation systems.

8.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO
RECYCLE WATER
• It is important because about 75 percent of
earth is covered in water. It sounds like a lot,
but only 1 percent of that is freshwater,
available for serving the water needs of more
than 6.6 billion people in the world today.
Because of drought and pollution, that 1
percent is slowly dwindling. To make matters
worse, the world's population continues to
grow, increasing the demand for water.

9.
SUSUTAINABLE WATER
MANAGEMENT
Water is life. Growing
pressure on water resources –
from population and economic
growth, climate change,
pollution, and other challenges
– has major impacts on our
social, economic, and
environmental well-being.
Many of our most important
aquifers are being overpumped, causing widespread
declines in groundwater levels.
Major rivers – including the
Colorado River in the western
United States and the Yellow
River in China – no longer
reach the sea in most years.
Half of the world’s wetlands
have been lost to development.
The world’s water is
increasingly becoming
degraded in quality,
threatening the health of
people and ecosystems and
increasing the cost of

10.
SINGAPORE
SUSTAINABILITY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The SSA will be a smart community
made up of government agencies,
industry verticals, business chambers
and NGO partners as well as
Singapore-based companies and
academic institutions and research
centres across different
sustainability clusters.
Hosted by Sustainable Development
Business Group (SDBG) of Singapore
Business Federation as the
secretariat, the founding members of
the Alliance include Economic
Development Board (EDB),
Sustainable Energy Association of
Singapore (SEAS), Waste
Management & Recycling Association
of Singapore (WMRAS) and
Singapore Water Association (SWA).
Alliance members are represented
across different sustainability
clusters such as
Clean energy and energy efficiency
Environmental management
Green IT
Sustainable manufacturing

11.
HISTORY OF WATER
SUSTAINABILITY
•
Multinational companies
have historically taken
water availability for
granted. But this is
changing. A 2013 World
Economic Forum report
named water scarcity as
one of the top global risks
facing companies in the 21st
century. So far, 93
multinational corporations
have committed to the UN
Global Compact's CEO
Water Mandate, a publicprivate partnership to
advance water
sustainability -- an
exponential increase from
the original six signatories
in 2007. As more business
leaders recognise pressures
related to water
availability on their supply
chains and profits, they are
growing more aware of the
impact of irresponsible
water use on "intangible"

12.
INTRODUCTION
• Many industrial and
domestic water users
are concerned about
the hardness of their
water. Hard water
requires more soap and
synthetic detergents for
home laundry and
washing, and
contributes to scaling
in boilers and industrial
equipment.

13.
CAUSES OF HARDNESS
• Hardness is caused by compounds of
calcium and magnesium, and by a variety of
other metals. Water is an excellent solvent
and readily dissolves minerals it comes in
contact with. As water moves through soil
and rock, it dissolves very small amounts of
minerals and holds them in solution. Calcium
and magnesium dissolved in water are the
two most common minerals that make water
"hard."

14.
TWO TYPES OF HARDNESS
OF WATER…
•
•
Temporary Hardness: It is a
type of water hardness caused
by the presence of dissolved
bicarbonate minerals (calcium
bicarbonate and magnesium
bicarbonate). When dissolved
these minerals yield calcium
and magnesium cations (Ca2+,
Mg2+) and carbonate and
bicarbonateanions (CO32-,
HCO3-). The presence of the
metal cations makes the water
hard.
Permanent Hardness: It is
hardness (mineral content) that
cannot be removed by boiling.
When this is the case, it is
usually caused by the presence
of calcium sulphate and/or
magnesium sulfates in the
water, which do not precipitate
out as the temperature
increases.

15.
HOW CAN HARDNESS OF
WATER BE REMOVED
•
Temporary hardness can be
removed by boning, addition
of lime, addition of sodium
carbonate and by permuted
process.
• Permanent hardness can be
removed by addition of
sodium carbonate and by
base exchange processes
like distillation,washing
soda,deionising,ion
exchange resin can also be
used.

16.
INTRODUCTION
• Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a social
movement consisting of adivasis, farmers,
environmentalists, and human rights
activists against a number of large dams
being built across the Narmada river.
• The river flows through the states of Gujarat,
Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh in India.
• Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat is one of the
biggest dams on the river and was one of the
first focal points of the movement.

17.
MODE OF CAMPAIGN
• Their mode of campaign includes hunger
strikes and garnering support from film and
art personalities (notably Bollywood actor
Aamir Khan).
• Narmada Bachao Andolan, with its leading
spokespersons Medha Patkar and Baba
Amte, received the Right Livelihood Award in
1991.
• Friends of River Narmada is the official
website of the Narmada Bachao Andolan.

18.
REASONS FOR STRUGGLE
• The plan is Unjust and inequitous.
• The cost and benefit analysis is grossly inflated in
the favour of building the dam.
• The plans rest on untrue and unfounded
assumptions of hydrology and seismicity of the area
and the construction is causing large scale abuse of
human rights and displacement of many poor and
underprivileged communities.
• An extremely devastating effect on the riverine
ecosystem and have rendered destitute large
numbers of people (whose entire sustenance and
modes of living are centered around the river).

19.
SOLUTION
• The demonstrations, protests, rallies, hunger
strikes, blockades, and written
representations by Narmada Bachao Andolan
have all made an impact on the direction of
the movement to stop the building of large
and small dams along the Narmada.
• Media attention from these events has taken
the issues from a local level to a more
national scale.
• The NBA was an integral force in forcing the
World Bank to withdraw its loan from the
projects by pressuring the Bank with
negative media attention.

20.
INTRODUCTION
•
The connection between energy and water is more apparent
during times of drought. Recent droughts have had unexpected
- and unprecedented - impacts on the energy sector, impacting
both electricity demands and power plants' ability to meet
them.
•
Thermoelectric power plants consume substantial amounts of
water each year, impacting the West's valuable rivers, lakes,
and groundwater aquifers. New, proposed coal plants threaten
to consume even more water. Fortunately, energy efficiency
and many forms of renewable energy use negligible amounts of
freshwater. Adopting these resources can help meet the West's
future energy and water demands. Many renewable sources of
energy like wind, solar PV, geothermal, and certain types of
concentrating solar power consume negligible amounts of
water

21.
HYDROPOWER
•
Hydropower is electrical energy
derived from falling or running
water. The water pressure that is
created by water is used to turn the
blades of a turbine. The turbine is
connected to a generator, which
converts the mechanical energy into
electricity. There are two basic
types of hydropower plants — those
that impound water behind a dam
and those that divert water into a
channel parallel to the river (often
called "run-of-river" hydropower
plants). Hydroelectric plants can be
developed at existing dams or at
water control structures built for
other purposes such as water level
control of rivers, lakes and irrigation
schemes.

22.
BENEFITS OF HYDROPOWER
•
•
•
•
Hydropower is a complementary power
source to more intermittent renewable
energy power sources such as wind and
solar because the flow can be regulated
to reserve generating capacity during
periods of peak demand or when the
generating capacity of other renewable
energy sources is limited.
Small hydro facilities can be integrated
into existing irrigation structures, flood
control and dams. Because existing
structures are used, adding generating
capacity only requires the construction
of small engineering works.
Small hydro production has an important
role to play in providing electricity In
Canada, hydroelectric generation can
provide clean electricity and a source of
income to many remote communities
that would otherwise be forced to rely on
diesel generation.
Hydroelectric energy is a proven
technology, and hydroelectric stations
have a long life

23.
DISADVANTAGES OF
HYDROPOWER
•
•
•
•
•
Dams are extremely expensive to
build and must be built to a very
high standard.
The high cost of dam construction
means that they must operate for
many decades to become profitable.
The flooding of large areas of land
means that the natural environment
is destroyed.
In some countries, people are
forcibly removed so that hydropower schemes can go ahead.
The building of large dams can
cause serious geological damage.
For example, the building of the
Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a
number of earth quakes and has
depressed the earth’s surface at its
location.